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Encyclopedia Iranica, ed. Ehsan Yarshater (London and New York, 1996—) Eph’al, L: «Ishmael» and «Arab(s)»: A Transformation of Ethnological Terms’ (journal of Near Eastern Studies 35, 1976).

Esmonde Cleary, A. S.: The Ending of Roman Britain (London, 1989) Ettinghausen, Richard: Arab Painting (Geneva, 1962).

Evans, J. A. S.: The Age of Justinian: The Circumstances of Imperial Power (London, 1996).

Farrokh, Kaveh: Sassanian Elite Cavalry, ad 224–642 (Oxford, 2005).

Ibid. Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War (Oxford, 2007).

Flood, Finbarr Barry: The Great Mosque of Damascus: Studies on the Makings of an Umayyad Visual Culture (Leiden, 2001).

Flusin, Bernard: ‘L’Esplanade du Temple a l’arrivee des Arabes, d’apres deux recits byzantins’, in Raby and Johns.

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Ibid. Ephesus after Antiquity: A Late Antique, Byzantine and Turkish City (Cambridge, 1979).

Fowden, Garth: ‘Constantine’s Porphyry Column: the Earliest Literary Allusion’ (Journal of Roman Studies 81, 1991).

Ibid. Empire to Commonwealth: Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity (Princeton, 1993).

Frankfurter, David T. M.: ’Stylites and Phallobates: Pillar Religions in Late Antique Syria’ (Vigiliae Christianae 44, 1990).

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Friedman, Richard Elliot: Who Wrote the Bible& (New York, 1987).

Frye, Richard N.: The Golden Age of Persia: The Arabs in the East (London, 1975).

Ibid. The History of Ancient Iran (Munich, 1984).

Gabriel, Richard A.: Muhammad: Islam’s First Great general (Norman, 2007).

Gager, John G.: ‘Did Jewish Christans See the Rise of Islam?’, in Becker and Reed

Garnsey, p.D.A., and Whittaker, C.R. (eds): Imperialism in the Ancient World (Cambridge, 1978).

Gaspar, C.: ‘The King of Kings and the Holy Men: Royal Authority and Sacred Power in the Early Byzantine World’, in Monotheistic Kingship: The Medieval Variants, ed. Aziz Al-Azmeh and Janos M. Bak (Budapest, 2004).

Gaube, Heinz: ‘Mazdak: Historical Reality or Invention’ (Studia Iranica 11, 1982).

Ghirshman, R.: Les Chionites-Hephthalites (Cairo, 1948).

Ibid. Persian Art: The Parthian and Sasanian Dynasties (London, 1962).

Ibid. Persia. From the Origins to Alexander, trans. Stuart Gilbert and James Emmons (London, 1964).

Gibbon, Edward: The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (3 vols) (London, 1994).

Gilliot, Claude: ’Muhammad, le Coran et les «Contraintes de l’Histoire’», in Wild Gnoli, Gherardo: Zoroaster’s Time and Homeland: A Study on the Origins of Mazdeism and Related Problems (Naples, 1980).

Ibid. The Idea of Iran An Essay on its Origin (Rome, 1989).

Goldziher, Ignaz: Muslim Studies, trans. Barber and Stern (2 vols) (London, 1967–1971).

Ibid. Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law, trans. Andras Hamori and Ruth Hamori (Princeton, 1981).

Gonen, Rivka: Contested Holiness: Jewish, Muslim and Christian Perspectives on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem (Jersey City, 2003).

Goodblatt, David M.: Elements of Ancient Jewish Nationalism (Cambridge, 2006) Grabar, Oleg: The Formation of Islamic Art (New Haven, 1973).

Ibid. The Dome of the Rock (Cambridge, Mass., 2006).

Graf, David F.: Rome and the Arabian Frontier: From the Nabataeans to the Saracens (Aldershot, 1997).

Graf, David F. and O’Connor, M.: ‘The Origin of the Term Saracen and the Rawwafa Inscriptions’ (Byzantine studies 4, 1977).

Green, Tamara M.: The City of Moon God: Religious Traditions of Harran (Leiden, 1992).

Gregory, Timothy E.: A History of Byzantium (Oxford, 2005).

Grierson, Philip: ‘The Monetary Reforms of ‘Abd al-Malik” (Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 3, 1960).

Griffith, S.H.: ‘’’Syriacisms” in the Arabic Qur’an: Who Were ‘Those who said that Allah is third of three, according to al-Ma'idah 73?', in A Word Fitly Spoken: Studies in Mediaeval Exegesis of the Hebrew Bible and the Quran, ed. Meir M. Bar-Asher, Simon Hopkins, Sarah Stroumsa and Bruno Chiesa (Jerusalem, 2007).

Ibid. ‘Christian Lord and the Arabic Qur’an: The “Companions of the Cave” in Surat al-Kahf and in Syriac Christian Tradition’, in Reynolds Grohmann, A.: ‘Apercu de papyrologie arabe’ (Etudes de Papyrologie 1, 1932).

Ibid. Arabic Papyri from Hirbet el-Mird (Louvain, 1963).

Gruen, Erich S.: Culture and National Identity in Republican Rome (Ithaca, 1992) Grunebaum, G. E. von: Classical Islam: A History, 600 ad to 1258 ad, trans. Katherine Wilson (New Brunswick, 2005).

Guidi, M.: ‘Mazdak’, in Encyclopaedia of Islam Guilland, Ro-dolphe: L’Expedition de Maslama contre Constantinople’ (Etudes Byzantines 1, 1959).

Gutas, Dimitri: Greek Thought, Arabic Culture (London, 1998).

Gyselen, Rika: The Four Generals of the Sasanian Empire: Some Sigillographic Evidence (Rome, 2001).

Haas, Christopher: Alexandria in Late Antiquity: Topography and Social Conflict (Baltimore, 1997).

Hakim, Avraham: ‘Conflicting Images of Lawgivers: The Caliph and the Prophet’, in Berg 2003.

Haldon, J. F.: Byzantium in the Seventh Century: The Transformation of a Culture (Cambridge, 1990).

Haldon J. F. and Kennedy, H.: ‘The Arab-Byzantine Frontier in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries: Military Organisation and Society in the Borderlands’ (Zbornik Radova 19, 1980).

Hallaq, Wael В.: ’Was the Gate of ljtihad Closed?’ (International Journal of Middle East Studies 16, 1984).

Hardy, Edward R.: ’The Egyptian Policy of Justinian’ (Dumbarton Oaks Papers 22, 1968).

Harris, Anthea: Byzantium, Britain and the West: The Archaeology of Cultural Identity, ad 400–650 (Stroud, 2003).

Harvey, Susan Ashbrook and Hunter, David G. (eds): The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Studies (Oxford, 2008).

Hawting, G. R.: ’The Disappearance and Rediscovery of Zamzam and the «Well of the Ka’ba’» (Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 43, 1980).