|
1
Wenner M. Humans carry more bacterial cells than human ones. Scientific American. 2007.
2
Salzberg SL, White O, Peterson J, Eisen JA. Microbial genes in the human genome: lateral transfer or gene loss? Science. 2001; 292 (5523): 1903–6.
3
Everson T. The Gene: A Historical Perspective. Greenwood Publishing Group; 2007.
4
Tuck S. The control of cell growth and body size in Caenorhabditis elegans. Exp Cell Res. 2014; 321 (1): 71–76.
5
Kramer M. How worms survived NASA’s Columbia shuttle disaster. Space.com, www.space.com/19538-columbia-shuttle-disaster-worms-survive.html. 2013.
6
Sulston JE, Brenner S. The DNA of Caenorhabditis elegans. Genetics. 1974; 77 (1): 95–104.
7
Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer. 1972; 26 (4): 239–57.
8
Hotchkiss RS, Strasser A, McDunn JE, Swanson PE. Cell death. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361 (16): 1570–83.
9
Lotze MT, Tracey KJ. High-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1): nuclear weapon in the immune arsenal. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005; 5 (4): 331–42.
10
Festjens N, Vanden Berghe T, Vandenabeele P. Necrosis, a well-orchestrated form of cell demise: signalling cascades, important mediators and concomitant immune response. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2006; 1757 (9–10): 1371–87.
11
Taylor RC, Cullen SP, Martin SJ. Apoptosis: controlled demolition at the cellular level. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2008; 9 (3): 231–41.
12
Narula J, Arbustini E, Chandrashekhar Y, Schwaiger M. Apoptosis and the systolic dysfunction in congestive heart failure. Story of apoptosis interruptus and zombie myocytes. Cardiol Clin. 2001; 19 (1): 113–26.
13
Melino G. The sirens’ song. Nature. 2001; 412 (6842): 23.
14
Horvitz R. Worms, life and death. In: Frängsmyr T, ed. Les Prix Nobel. Stockholm; 2003.
15
Gompertz B. On the nature of the function expressive of the law of human mortality, and on a new mode of determining the value of life contingencies. In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1825; 115: 513–83.
16
Caserio at the guillotine. New York Times. August 16, 1894.
17
Comroe JH Jr. Who was Alexis who? Cardiovasc Dis. 1979; 6 (3): 251–70.
18
Moseley J. Alexis Carrel, the man unknown: journey of an idea. JAMA. 1980; 244 (10): 1119–21.
19
Moseley, Alexis Carrel.
20
Weismann A. Essays upon Heredity and Kindred Biological Problems. Poulton EB, Schönland S, Shipley AE, eds. 2nd ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press; 1891–92.
21
Carrel A. On the permanent life of tissues outside of the organism. J Exp Med. 1912; 15 (5): 516–28.
22
Friedman DM. The Immortalists: Charles Lindbergh, Dr. Alexis Carrel, and Their Daring Quest to Live Forever. Ecco; 2007.
23
Carrel A. Man, the Unknown. Halcyon House; 1938.
24
Witkowski JA. Dr. Carrel’s immortal cells. Med Hist. 1980; 24 (2): 129–42.
25
Hayflick L. The limited in vitro lifetime of human diploid cell strains. Exp Cell Res. 1965; 37: 614–36.
26
Shay JW, Wright WE. Hayflick, his limit, and cellular ageing. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2000; 1 (1): 72–76.
27
Carrel, Man, the Unknown.
28
Watson JD. Origin of concatemeric T7 DNA. Nat New Biol. 1972; 239 (94): 197–201.
29
Blackburn EH, Gall JG. A tandemly repeated sequence at the termini of the extrachromosomal ribosomal RNA genes in Tetrahymena. J Mol Biol. 1978; 120 (1): 33–53.
30
Cooke HJ, Smith, BA. Variability at the telomeres of the human X/Y pseudoautosomal region. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol. 1986; 51: 213–19.
31
Moyzis RK, Buckingham JM, Cram LS, Dani M, Deaven LL, Jones MD, et al. A highly conserved repetitive DNA sequence, (TTAGGG) n, present at the telomeres of human chromosomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1988; 85 (18): 6622–26.
32
Harley CB, Futcher AB, Greider CW. Telomeres shorten during ageing of human fibroblasts Nature. 1990; 345 (6274): 458–60.
33
Greider CW, Blackburn EH. Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts. Cell. 1985; 43 (2 Pt 1): 405–13.
34
Bodnar AG, Ouellette M, Frolkis M, Holt SE, Chiu CP, Morin GB, et al. Extension of life span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells. Science. 1998; 279 (5349): 349–52.
35
Jaskelioff M, Muller FL, Paik JH, Thomas E, Jiang S, Adams AC, et al. Telomerase reactivation reverses tissue degeneration in aged telomerase-deficient mice. Nature. 2011; 469 (7328): 102–6.
36
Lopez-Otin C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G. The hallmarks of aging. Cell. 2013; 153 (6): 1194–217.
37
Kim NW, Piatyszek MA, Prowse KR, Harley CB, West MD, Ho PL, et al. Specific association of human telomerase activity with immortal cells and cancer. Science. 1994; 266 (5193): 2011–15.
38
Clark A, ed. Aubrey’s Life of John Graunt (1620–1674). Oxford at the Clarendon Press; 1898.
39
Jones HW. John Graunt and His Bills of Mortality. Bull Med Libr Assoc. 1945; 33 (1): 3–4.
40
Smith R, lecturer. John Graunt, the law of natural decline and the origins of urban historical demography. Part of conference: Mortality Past and Present: John Graunt’s Bills of Mortality — Part One. Barnard’s Inn Hall, London. November 29, 2012.
41
«Old Medical Terminology.» www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~usgwkidz/oldmedterm.htm.
42
King JA, Ubelaker DH, eds. Living and Dying on the 17th Century Patuxent Frontier. Crownsville, MD: The Maryland Historical Trust Press. www.jefpat.org/Documents/King, Julia A. & Douglas H. Ubelaker-Living and Dying on the 17th Century Patuxent Frontier.pdf.
43
Abstract of the Bill of Mortality for the Town of Boston. N Engl J Med Surg. 1812: 1: 320–21.
44
Howe HF. Boston and New England in 1812. N Engl J Med. 1962; 266: 20–22.
45
Death-rates for 1911 in the United States and its large cities. Boston Medical and Surgical Journal. 1912; CLXVI (2): 63–64.
46
The state of US health, 1990–2010: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors. JAMA. 2013; 310 (6): 591–608.
47
Hsiang-Ching Kung DLH, Xu J, Murphy SL. Deaths: Final Data for 2005. National Vital Statistics Report. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2008.
48
Bodenheimer T, Chen E, Bennett HD. Confronting the growing burden of chronic disease: can the U. S. health care workforce do the job? Health Aff (Millwood). 2009; 28 (1): 64–74.
49
Narayan KM, Boyle JP, Thompson TJ, Sorensen SW, Williamson DF. Lifetime risk for diabetes mellitus in the United States. JAMA. 2003; 290 (14): 1884–90.
50
Jones DS, Podolsky SH, Greene JA. The burden of disease and the changing task of medicine N Engl J Med. 2012; 366 (25): 2333–38.
51
Ziv S. President Harding’s mysterious S. F. death. San Francisco Chronicle. December 9, 2012.
52
Gladwell M. Blink: The Power of Thinking Without Thinking. Back Bay Books; 2007: 72–75.
53
Stewart J. America (The Book): A Citizen’s Guide to Democracy Inaction. Grand Central Publishing; 2004: 378–84.
54
Voo J. America’s 10 unhealthiest presidents. Fitness Magazine. January 2009.
55
Taylor M. A mystery of presidential proportions; new book analyzes Warren G. Harding’s death in S. F. San Francisco Chronicle. August 1, 1998.
56
Wilbur RL, ed. The Memoirs of Ray Lyman Wilbur 1875–1949. Stanford University Press; 1960.
57
Ford ES, Ajani UA, Croft JB, Critchley JA, Labarthe DR, Kottke TE, et al. Explaining the decrease in U. S. deaths from coronary disease, 1980–2000. N Engl J Med. 2007; 356 (23): 2388–98.
58
Rago J. The story of Dick Cheney’s heart. Wall Street Journal. July 11, 2011.
59
Shane S. For Cheney, 71, new heart ends 20-month wait. New York Times. March 24, 2012.
60
Go AS, Mozaffarian D, Roger VL, Benjamin EJ, Berry JD, Blaha MJ, et al. Executive summary: heart disease and stroke statistics — 2014 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014; 129 (3): 399–410.
61
National Cancer Institute, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Dis-ease Control and Prevention. SEER Cancer Statistics Review 1975–2005. 2008.
62
Marelli AJ, Mackie AS, IonescuIttu R, Rahme E, Pilote L. Congenital heart disease in the general population: changing prevalence and age distribution. Circulation. 2007; 115 (2): 163–72.
63
Isaacs B, Gunn J, McKechan A, McMillan I, Neville Y. The concept of pre-death. Lancet. 1971; 1 (7709): 1115-18.
64
Whitney CR. Jeanne Calment, world’s elder, dies at 122. New York Times. August 5, 1997.
65
Genesis 5: 27.
66
Burger O, Baudisch A, Vaupel JW. Human mortality improvement in evolutionary context. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012; 109 (44): 18210-14.
67
Ruse M, ed. Evolution: The first Four Billion Years. The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press; 2009.
68
Schwartz L. 17th-century childbirth: «exquisite torment and infinite grace.» Lancet. 2011; 377 (9776): 1486-87.
69
Gurven M, Kaplan, H. Longevity among hunter-gatherers: a cross-cultural examination. Population and Development Review. 2007; 33 (2): 321-65.
70
Griffin JP. Changing life expectancy throughout history. J R Soc Med. 2008; 101 (12): 577.
71
Riley JC. Low Income, Social Growth, and Good Health. University of California Press; 2007.
72
Oeppen J, Vaupel JW. Demography. Broken limits to life expectancy. Science. 2002; 296 (5570): 1029-31.
73
Wilmoth JR, Deegan LJ, Lundstrom H, Horiuchi S. Increase of maximum life span in Sweden, 1861–1999. Science. 2000; 289 (5488): 2366-68.
74
Olshansky SJ, Carnes BA, Cassel C. In search of Methuselah: estimating the upper limits to human longevity. Science. 1990; 250 (4981): 634-40.
75
Wilmoth et al., Increase.
76
Hayflick L. «Anti-aging» is an oxymoron. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004; 59 (6): B573-78.
77
Olshansky et al., In search of Methuselah.
78
Hutchison ED. Dimensions of Human Behavior: The Changing Life Course. 4th ed. Sage Publications; 2010.
79
Weon BM, Je JH. Theoretical estimation of maximum human lifespan. Biogerontology. 2009; 10 (1): 65–71.
80
Ageing in the Twenty-first Century: A Celebration and a Challenge. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), New York and HelpAge International, London; 2012.
81
Burger et al., Human mortality improvement.
82
Cohen AA. Female post-reproductive lifespan: a general mammalian trait. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc. 2004; 79 (4): 733-50.
83
Jones OR, Scheuerlein A, Salguero-Gomez R, Camarda CG, Schaible R, Casper BB, et al. Diversity of ageing across the tree of life. Nature. 2014; 505 (7482): 169-73.
84
Validated Living Supercentenarians Super Centenarian Research Foundation: Gerontology Research Group; 2014. www.supercentenarian-research-foundation.org/TableE.aspx.
85
Hamilton WD. The moulding of senescence by natural selection. J Theor Biol. 1966; 12 (1): 12–45.
86
Kim PS, Coxworth JE, Hawkes K. Increased longevity evolves from grandmothering. Proc Biol Sci. 2012; 279 (1749): 4880-84.
87
Johnstone RA, Cant MA. The evolution of menopause in cetaceans and humans: the role of demography. Proc Biol Sci. 2010; 277 (1701): 3765-71.
88
Outhwaite RB. Population change, family structure and the good of counting. The Historical Journal. 1979; 22 (1): 229-37.
89
Bird DW, Bird BB. Children on the reef. Human Nature. 2002; 13 (2): 269-97.
90
Jones BJ, Marlowe FW. Selection for delayed maturity. Human Nature. 2002; 13 (2): 199–238.
91
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation. The State of US Health: Innovations, Insights, and Recommendations from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Seattle, WA: Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington; 2013.
92
Whelan D. Cranking up the volume. Forbes. February 8, 2008. www.forbes.com/forbes/2008/0225/032.html.
93
United States Census Bureau. Fairfax County, Virginia. quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/51/51059.html. 2013.
94
United States Census Bureau. McDowell County, West Virginia. quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/54/54047.html. 2013.
95
Kochanek KD, Arias E, Anderson RN. How Did Cause of Death Contribute to Racial Differences in Life Expectancy in the United States in 2010? NCHS data brief, no. 125. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2013.
96
Riley, Low Income.
97
Ariès P. Western Attitudes toward Death: From the Middle Ages to the Present. Johns Hopkins University Press; 1975.
98
Boston Mortality Statistics. Boston Med Surg J. 1912; CLXVI (2): 66.
99
Hunt RW, Bond MJ, Groth RK, King PM. Place of death in South Australia. Patterns from 1910 to 1987. Med J Aust. 1991; 155 (8): 549-53.
100
Katz BP, Zdeb MS, Therriault GD. Where people die. Public Health Rep. 1979; 94 (6): 522-27.
101
Brock DB, Foley DJ. Demography and epidemiology of dying in the U. S. with emphasis on deaths of older persons. Hosp J. 1998; 13 (1–2): 49–60.
102
Flynn A, Stewart DE. Where do cancer patients die? A review of cancer deaths in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, 1957–1974. J Community Health. 1979; 5 (2): 126-30.
103
Cartwright A. Changes in life and care in the year before death 1969–1987. J Public Health Med. 1991; 13 (2): 81–87.
104
Zander L, Chamberlain G. ABC of labour care: place of birth. BMJ. 1999; 318 (7185): 721-23.
105
Illich I. Medical Nemesis: The Expropriation of Health. Pantheon Books; 1976.
106
Distress of dying. BMJ. 1972; 3 (5820): 231.
107
Brock and Foley, Demography.
108
Where do people die? J Coll Gen Pract. 1960; 3 (4): 393-94.
109
Broad JB, Gott M, Kim H, Boyd M, Chen H, Connolly MJ. Where do people die? An international comparison of the percentage of deaths occurring in hospital and residential aged care settings in 45 populations, using published and available statistics. Int J Public Health. 2013; 58 (2): 257-67.
110
Decker SL, Higginson IJ. A tale of two cities: factors affecting place of cancer death in London and New York. Eur J Public Health. 2007; 17 (3): 285-90.
111
Gomes B, Higginson IJ. Where people die (1974–2030): past trends, future projections and implications for care. Palliat Med. 2008; 22 (1): 33–41.
112
Higginson IJ, Sen-Gupta GJ. Place of care in advanced cancer: a qualitative systematic literature review of patient preferences. J Palliat Med. 2000; 3 (3): 287–300.
113
Solloway M, LaFrance S, Bakitas M, Gerken M. A chart review of seven hundred eighty-two deaths in hospitals, nursing homes, and hospice/home care. J Palliat Med. 2005; 8 (4): 789-96.
114
Gruneir A, Mor V, Weitzen S, Truchil R, Teno J, Roy J. Where people die: a multilevel approach to understanding influences on site of death in America. Med Care Res Rev. 2007; 64 (4): 351-78.
115
Weitzen S, Teno JM, Fennell M, Mor V. Factors associated with site of death: a national study of where people die. Med Care. 2003; 41 (2): 323-35.
116
Gomes B, Higginson IJ. Factors influencing death at home in terminally ill patients with cancer: systematic review. BMJ. 2006; 332 (7540): 515-21.
117
Bell CL, Somogyi-Zalud E, Masaki KH. Factors associated with congruence between preferred and actual place of death. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2010; 39 (3): 591–604.
118
Fischer CS, Hout M. Century of Difference: How America Changed in the Last One Hundred Years. Russell Sage Foundation; 2008.
119
Silverstein M, Bengtson VL. Intergenerational solidarity and the structure of adult child — parent relationships in American families. Am J Sociology. 1997; 103 (2): 429-60.
120
Bianchi S, McGarry K, Seltzer J. Geographic Dispersion and the Well-Being of the Elderly. Michigan Retirement Research Center, University of Michigan; 2010.
121
Moinpour CM, Polissar L. Factors affecting place of death of hospice and non-hospice cancer patients. Am J Public Health. 1989; 79 (11): 1549-51.
122
Gooch RA, Kahn JM. ICU bed supply, utilization, and health care spending: an example of demand elasticity. JAMA. 2014; 311 (6): 567-68.
123
Broad et al., Where do people die?
124
Munday D, Petrova M, Dale J. Exploring preferences for place of death with terminally ill patients: qualitative study of experiences of general practitioners and community nurses in England. BMJ. 2009; 339: b2391.
125
Finkelstein A. The aggregate effects of health insurance: evidence from the introduction of medicare. Q J Econ. 2005; 122 (3): 1-37.
126
Sampson WI. Dying at home [letter]. JAMA. 1976; 235 (17): 1840.
127
Flory J, Yinong YX, Gurol I, Levinsky N, Ash A, Emanuel E. Place of death: U. S. trends since 1980. Health Aff (Millwood). 2004; 23 (3): 194–200.
128
National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2010: With Special Feature on Death and Dying. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2011.
129
Flory et al., Place of death.
130
Hanchate A, Kronman AC, Young-Xu Y, Ash AS, Emanuel E. Racial and ethnic differences in end-of-life costs: why do minorities cost more than whites? Arch Intern Med. 2009; 169 (5): 493–501.
131
Smallwood N. Poorest people are more likely to die in hospital. BMJ. 2010; 341: c4518.
132
Bigger than Marx, Economist. May 3, 2014.
133
McEwan I. The Cement Garden. Anchor; 1994.
134
Smithers D. Where to die. BMJ. January 6, 1973; 1 (5844): 34–35.
135
Mills J, ed. Body Mechanics and Transfer Techniques. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2004.
136
Turk LN III, Glenn WW. Cardiac arrest; results of attempted cardiac resuscitation in 42 cases. N Engl J Med. 1954; 251 (20): 795–803.
137
2 Kings 4: 34 (KJV).
138
Mitka M. Peter J. Safar, MD: «father of CPR», innovator, teacher, humanist. JAMA. 2003; 289 (19): 2485-86.
139
Kacmarek RM. The mechanical ventilator: past, present, and future. Respir Care. 2011; 56 (8): 1170-80.
140
Perman E. Successful cardiac resuscitation with electricity in the 18th century? BMJ. 1978; 2 (6154): 1770-71.
141
Delgado H, Toquero J, Mitroi C, Castro V, Lozano IF. Principles of external defibrillators. In: Erkapic D, Bauernfeind T, eds. Cardiac Defibrillation. InTech; 2013.
142
Beck CS, Pritchard WH, Feil HS. Ventricular fibrillation of long duration abolished by electric shock. JAMA. 1947; 135 (15): 985.
143
Cohen SI. Resuscitation great. Paul M. Zoll, M. D. — the father of «modern» electrotherapy and innovator of pharmacotherapy for life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. Resuscitation. 2007; 73 (2): 178-85.
144
Zoll PM, Linenthal AJ, Gibson W, Paul MH, Norman LR. Termination of ventricular fibrillation in man by externally applied electric countershock. N Engl J Med. 1956; 254 (16): 727-32.
145
Nadkarni VM, Larkin GL, Peberdy MA, Carey SM, Kaye W, Mancini ME, et al. first documented rhythm and clinical outcome from in-hospital cardiac arrest among children and adults. JAMA. 2006; 295 (1): 50–57.
146
Vallejo-Manzur F, Varon J, Fromm R Jr, Baskett P. Moritz Schiff and the history of open-chest cardiac massage. Resuscitation. 2002; 53 (1): 3–5.
147
Hake T. Studies on ether and chloroform, from Prof. Schiff’s physiological laboratory. In: Anstie F, ed. The Practitioner: A Journal of Therapeutics and Public Health. London, UK: Macmillan and Co; 1874.
148
Eisenberg MS. Life in the Balance: Emergency Medicine and the Quest to Reverse Sudden Death. Oxford University Press; 1997: 110.
149
American Medical Association. Section on Surgery and Anatomy. Transactions of the Section on Surgery and Anatomy of the American Medical Association at the 57th Annual Session. American Medical Association Press; 1906: 518.
150
Kouwenhoven WB, Jude JR, Knickerbocker GG. Closed-chest cardiac massage. JAMA. 1960; 173: 1064-67.
151
Lawrence G. Tobacco smoke enemas. Lancet. 2002; 359 (9315): 1442.
152
Satya-Murti S. Rectal fumigation. A core rewarming practice from the past. Pharos Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Med Soc. 2005; 68 (1): 35–38.
153
Relman AS. The new medical-industrial complex. N Engl J Med. 1980; 303 (17): 963-70.
154
Tracking progress toward global polio eradication — worldwide, 2009–2010. MMWR. 2011; 60 (14): 441-45.
155
Drinker P, Shaw LA. An apparatus for the prolonged administration of artificial respiration, I: a design for adults and children. J Clin Invest. 1929; 7 (2): 229-47.
156
Lassen HC. A preliminary report on the 1952 epidemic of poliomyelitis in Copenhagen with special reference to the treatment of acute respiratory insufficiency. Lancet. 1953; 1 (6749): 37–41.
157
Andersen EW, Ibsen B. The anaesthetic management of patients with poliomyelitis and respiratory paralysis. BMJ. 1954; 1 (4865): 786-88.
158
Watson JD, Crick FH. Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid. Nature. 1953; 171 (4356): 737-38.
159
Symmers WS Sr. Not allowed to die. BMJ. 1968; 1 (5589): 442.
160
Emrys-Roberts M. Death and resuscitation. BMJ. 1969; 4 (5679): 364-65.
161
Oken D. What to tell cancer patients. A study of medical attitudes. JAMA. 1961; 175: 1120-28.
162
Fitts WT Jr, Ravdin IS. What Philadelphia physicians tell patients with cancer. JAMA. 1953; 153 (10): 901-4.
163
Kelly WD, Friesen SR. Do cancer patients want to be told? Surgery. 1950; 27 (6): 822-26.
164
Is the medical profession inevitably patriarchal? Lancet. 1977; 2 (8039): 647.
165
Curtis JR, Rubenfeld GD. Managing Death in the Intensive Care Unit: The Transition from Cure to Comfort. Oxford University Press; 2000: 11.
166
Gazelle G. The slow code — should anyone rush to its defense? N Engl J Med. 1998; 338 (7): 467-69.
167
McFadden RD. Karen Ann Quinlan, 31, dies; focus of ’76 right to die case. New York Times. June 12, 1985.
168
Kennedy IM. The Karen Quinlan case: problems and proposals. J Med Ethics. 1976; 2 (1): 3–7.
169
Testimony begins in Karen Quinlan case. Observer Reporter. October 21, 1975.
170
Lepore J. The Mansion of Happiness: A History of Life and Death. Alfred A Knopf; 2012: 153.
171
Pope Pius XII. The Prolongation of Life. November 24, 1957.
172
In the Matter of Karen Quinlan, an Alleged Incompetent. 137 N. J. Super. 227 (1975) 348 A.2d 801.
173
Lepore, Mansion.
174
Duff RS, Campbell AG. Moral and ethical dilemmas in the special-care nursery. N Engl J Med. 1973; 289 (17): 890-94.
175
A right to die? Karen Ann Quinlan. Newsweek. November 3, 1975.
176
Powledge TM, Steinfels P. Following the news on Karen Quinlan. Hastings Cent Rep. 1975; 5 (6): 5–6, 28.
177
Powledge and Steinfels, Following.
178
Rachels J. Active and passive euthanasia. In: Humber JM, Almeder RF, eds. Biomedical Ethics and the Law. Springer US; 1979: 511-16.
179
McFadden RD. Kenneth C. Edelin, doctor at center of landmark abortion case, dies at 74. New York Times. December 30, 2013.
180
Commonwealth v. Kenneth Edelin. 371 Mass. 497. Suffolk County; 1976.
181
In the Matter of Karen Quinlan, an Alleged Incompetent.
182
Beresford HR. The Quinlan decision: problems and legislative alternatives. Ann Neurol. 1977; 2 (1): 74–81.
183
Cohn J. Sick. New Republic. May 28, 2001.
184
Palmer T. Patients’ rights: hospitals finding it’s more than bedside manner. Chicago Tribune. March 10, 1985.
185
Rabkin MT, Gillerman G, Rice NR. Orders not to resuscitate. N Engl J Med. 1976; 295 (7): 364-66.
186
Optimum care for hopelessly ill patients. A report of the Clinical Care Committee of the Massachusetts General Hospital. N Engl J Med. 1976; 295 (7): 362-64.
187
Puchalski CM, Vitillo R, Hull SK, Reller N. Improving the spiritual dimension of whole person care: reaching national and international consensus. J Palliat Med. 2014; 17 (6): 642-56.
188
Jabre P, Belpomme V, Azoulay E, Jacob L, Bertrand L, Lapostolle F, et al. Family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. N Engl J Med. 2013; 368 (11): 1008-18.
189
Stapleton RD, Ehlenbach WJ, Deyo RA, Curtis JR. Long-term outcomes after in-hospital CPR in older adults with chronic illness. Chest. 2014; 146 (5): 1214-25.
190
Ehlenbach WJ, Barnato AE, Curtis JR, Kreuter W, Koepsell TD, Deyo RA, et al. Epidemiologic study of in-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation in the elderly. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361 (1): 22–31.
191
Nolan JP, Morley PT, Vanden Hoek TL, Hickey RW, Kloeck WG, Billi J, et al. Therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest: an advisory statement by the advanced life support task force of the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation. Circulation. 2003; 108 (1): 118-21.
192
Fernandez L. Friends believe Jahi McMath, «quiet leader», is alive. NBC Bay Area. www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Jahi-McMath-Brain-Death-Tonsillectomy-EC-Reems-Academy-Friends-Believe-Alive-239629891.html. 2014.
193
Narang I, Mathew JL. Childhood obesity and obstructive sleep apnea. J Nutr Metab. 2012; 2012: 134202.
194
Fernandez L. Catholic organization says Jahi McMath «with Jesus Christ.» NBC Bay Area. www.nbcbayarea.com/news/local/Catholic-Organization-Says-Jahi-McMath-With-Jesus-Christ-239314591.html. 2014.
195
Klingensmith SW. Child animism; what the child means by alive. Child Dev. 1953; 24 (1): 51–61.
196
Driver R, Squires A, Rushworth P, Wood-Robinson V. Making Sense of Secondary Science: Research into Children’s Ideas. Routledge; 1993.
197
Sheehan NW, Papalia-Finlay DE, Hooper FH. The nature of the life concept across the life span. Int J Aging Hum Dev. 1980; 12 (1): 1-13.
198
Anderson N. Living nonliving things: 4th grade. Pages accessed at Ohio State University and the National Science Foundation at gk-12.osu.edu/Lessons/02-03/LivingNonliving_Web.pdf.
199
Benner SA. Defining life. Astrobiology. 2010; 10 (10): 1021-30.
200
Deamer D. First Life: Discovering the Connections between Stars, Cells, and How Life Began. Berkeley, CA: Reports of the National Center for Science Education; 2011.
201
Oparin A. Origin of Life. Macmillan; 1938.
202
Benner, Defining life.
203
Deamer D. Origins of Life: The Central Concepts. Jones & Bartlett Publishers; 1994.
204
Jabr F. Why nothing is truly alive. New York Times. March 12, 2014.
205
Mullen L. Forming a definition for life: interview with Gerald Joyce. Astrobiology. July 25, 2013.
206
Hamlin H. Life or death by EEG. JAMA. 1964; 190: 112-14.
207
Seeley LJ. Electroencephalographic recording of a death due to nontoxic causes. JAMA. 1954; 156 (17): 1580.
208
Wertheimer P, Jouvet M, Descotes J. Diagnosis of death of the nervous system in comas with respiratory arrest treated by artificial respiration [in French]. Presse Med. 1959; 67 (3): 87–88.
209
Matis G, Chrysou O, Silva D, Birblis T. Brain death: history, updated guidelines and unanswered questions. Internet Journal of Neurosurgery. 2012; 8 (1).
210
Tentler RL, Sadove M, Becka DR, Taylor RC. Electroencephalographic evidence of cortical death followed by full recovery; protective action of hypothermia. JAMA. 1957; 164 (15): 1667-70.
211
Hamlin, Life or death.
212
Löfstedt S, von Reis, G. Intrakraniella lesioner med bilateralt upphävd contrast-passage i a. carotis interna [Intracranial lesions with abolished passage of x-ray contrast through the internal carotid arteries]. Opusc Med. 1956; 202: 1199-202.
213
Kinnaert P. Some historical notes on the diagnosis of death — the emergence of the brain death concept. Acta Chir Belg. 2009; 109 (3): 421-28.
214
Haas LF. Hans Berger (1873–1941), Richard Caton (1842–1926), and electroen-cephalography. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003; 74 (1): 9.
215
Beecher HK. Experimentation in man. JAMA. 1959; 169 (5): 461-78.
216
Harkness J, Lederer SE, Wikler D. Laying ethical foundations for clinical research. Bull World Health Organ. 2001; 79 (4): 365-66.
217
Beecher HK. Ethics and clinical research. N Engl J Med. 1966; 274 (24): 1354-60.
218
Beecher HK. Ethical problems created by the hopelessly unconscious patient. N Engl J Med. 1968; 278 (26): 1425-30.
219
A definition of irreversible coma. Report of the ad hoc committee of the Harvard Medical School to examine the definition of brain death. JAMA. 1968; 205 (6): 337-40.
220
McCoy AW. Science in Dachau’s shadow: Hebb, Beecher, and the development of CIA psychological torture and modern medical ethics. J Hist Behav Sci. 2007; 43 (4): 401-17.
221
Giacomini M. A change of heart and a change of mind? Technology and the redefinition of death in 1968. Soc Sci Med. 1997; 44 (10): 1465-82.
222
Vovelle M. Rediscovery of death since 1960. Ann Am Acad Pol Soc Sci. 1980; 447: 89–99.
223
Black’s Law Dictionary. 488. (4th ed. 1968).
224
In Re Estate of Pyke. 427 P.2d 67 (Kan. 1967).
225
Kennedy IM. The Kansas statute on death — an appraisal. N Engl J Med. 1971; 285 (17): 946-50.
226
Mills DH. The Kansas death statute: bold and innovative. N Engl J Med. 1971; 285 (17): 968-69.
227
United States President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Defining Death: A Report on the Medical, Legal and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death. 1981.
228
Charron W. Death: a philosophical perspective on the legal definitions. Washington University Law Review. 1975; 1975 (4).
229
Veatch R, Ross LF. Part One: Defining Death. In: Transplantation Ethics. 2nd ed. Georgetown University Press; 2000.
230
United States President’s Commission, Defining Death. 1981.
231
Youngner SJ, Landefeld CS, Coulton CJ, Juknialis BW, Leary M. «Brain death» and organ retrieval. A cross-sectional survey of knowledge and concepts among health professionals. JAMA. 1989; 261 (15): 2205-10.
232
Kramer AH, Zygun DA, Doig CJ, Zuege DJ. Incidence of neurologic death among patients with brain injury: a cohort study in a Canadian health region. CMAJ. 2013; 185 (18): E838-45.
233
Smith M. Brain death: time for an international consensus. Br J Anaesth. 2012; 108 (suppl 1): i6-9.
234
Saba MM, Ventura HO, Saleh M, Mehra MR. Ancient Egyptian medicine and the concept of heart failure. J Card Fail. 2006; 12 (6): 416-21.
235
Serageldin I. Ancient Alexandria and the dawn of medical science. Global Cardiology Science and Practice. 2013; 4 (47).
236
Stanton JA. Aesculapius: a modern tale. JAMA. 1999; 281 (5): 476-77.
237
Cheng TO. Hippocrates and cardiology. JAMA. 2001; 141 (2): 173-83.
238
Quinsy J. The American Medical Lexicon, on the Plan of Quincy’s Lexicon Physico-Medicum, with Many Retrenchments, Additions, and Improvements; Comprising an Explanation of the Etymology and Signification of the Terms Used in Anatomy, Physiology, Surgery, Materia. Reprint ed. Forgotten Books; 2013.
239
Powner DJ, Ackerman BM, Grenvik A. Medical diagnosis of death in adults: historical contributions to current controversies. Lancet. 1996; 348 (9036): 1219-23.
240
Death or coma? BMJ. 1885; 2 (1296): 841-42.
241
Poe EA. The Premature Burial. Reprint ed. Quill Pen Classics; 2008.
242
Gairdner W. Case of lethargic stupor or trance. Lancet. 1884; 123 (3150): 56–58.
243
Williamson J. Premature burial. Scientific American. May 9, 1896.
244
Anabiosis — life in death. Literary Digest. August 22, 1914: 304.
245
Baldwin JF. Premature burial. Scientific American. October 24, 1896: 315.
246
To stop premature burial; bill introduced yesterday in the assembly by Mr. Redington of New York. New York Times. January 19, 1899.
247
Alexander M. «The Rigid Embrace of the Narrow House»: premature burial & the signs of death. Hastings Cent Rep. 1980; 10 (3): 25–31.
248
Beecher, Ethical problems [Ñì. «Êàê èçìåíèëîñü îïðåäåëåíèå ñìåðòè», ïðèì. 28].
249
What and when is death? JAMA. 1968; 204 (6): 539-40.
250
Watson CJ, Dark JH. Organ transplantation: historical perspective and current practice. Br J Anaesth. 2012; 108 (suppl 1): i29-42.
251
Merrill JP, Murray JE, Harrison JH, Guild WR. Successful homotransplantation of the human kidney between identical twins. JAMA. 1956; 160 (4): 277-82.
252
Machado C. The first organ transplant from a brain-dead donor. Neurology. 2005; 64 (11): 1938-42.
253
Powner et al., Medical diagnosis.
254
Iltis AS, Cherry MJ. Death revisited: rethinking death and the dead donor rule. J Med Philos. 2010; 35 (3): 223-41.
255
DeVita MA, Snyder JV. Development of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center policy for the care of terminally ill patients who may become organ donors after death following the removal of life support. Kennedy Inst Ethics J. 1993; 3 (2): 131-43.
256
Institute of Medicine. Non-Heart-Beating Organ Transplantation. Practice and Protocols. Committee on Non-Heart-Beating Transplantation II: The Scientific and Ethical Basis for Practice and Protocols. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 2000.
257
Halazun KJ, Al-Mukhtar A, Aldouri A, Willis S, Ahmad N. Warm ischemia in transplantation: search for a consensus definition. Transplant Proc. 2007; 39 (5): 1329-31.
258
Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, The state of US health [see «How Life (and Death) Were Prolonged», note 9].
259
John 11: 1-45.
260
Sheth KN, Nutter T, Stein DM, Scalea TM, Bernat JL. Autoresuscitation after asystole in patients being considered for organ donation. Crit Care Med. 2012; 40 (1): 158-61.
261
Krarup NH, Kaltoft A, Lenler-Petersen P. Risen from the dead: a case of the Lazarus phenomenon — with considerations on the termination of treatment following cardiac arrest in a prehospital setting. Resuscitation. 2010; 81 (11): 1598-99.
262
Shewmon DA. Mental Disconnect: «Physiological Decapitation» as a Heuristic For Understanding Brain Death. Scripta Varia 110. Vatican City: Pontifical Academy of Sciences; 2007.
263
White RJ, Wolin LR, Massopust LC Jr, Taslitz N, Verdura J. Cephalic exchange transplantation in the monkey. Surgery. 1971; 70 (1): 135-99.
264
Lizza JP. Where’s Waldo? The «decapitation gambit» and the definition of death. J Med Ethics. 2011; 37 (12): 743-46.
265
www.neurology.org/content/82/10_Supplement/P4.285.
266
www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/may/10/jury-doctor-who-had-affair-with-patient-must-pay-h/.
267
United States President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research. Defining Death: A Report on the Medical, Legal and Ethical Issues in the Determination of Death. 1981.
268
Levy DE, Caronna JJ, Singer BH, Lapinski RH, Frydman H, Plum F. Predicting outcome from hypoxic-ischemic coma. JAMA. 1985; 253 (10): 1420-26.
269
Wijdicks EF, Hijdra A, Young GB, Bassetti CL, Wiebe S. Practice parameter: prediction of outcome in comatose survivors after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. 2006; 67 (2): 203-10.
270
Culotta E. On the origin of religion. Science. 2009; 326 (5954): 784-87.
271
Henshilwood CS, d’Errico F, Watts I. Engraved ochres from the Middle Stone Age levels at Blombos Cave, South Africa. J Hum Evol. 2009; 57 (1): 27–47.
272
Vandermeersch B. The excavation of Qafzeh. Bulletin du Centre de recherche français à Jérusalem. 2002; 10: 65–70.
273
Culotta, On the origin of religion.
274
Barrett JL. Exploring the natural foundations of religion. Trends Cogn Sci. 2000; 4 (1): 29–34.
275
Povinelli DJ, Preuss TM. Theory of mind: evolutionary history of a cognitive specialization. Trends Neurosci. 1995; 18 (9): 418-24.
276
Kelemen D. Why are rocks pointy? Children’s preference for teleological explanations of the natural world. Dev Psychol. 1999; 35 (6): 1440-52.
277
Kelemen D, Rosset E. The human function compunction: teleological explanation in adults. Cognition. 2009; 111 (1): 138-43.
278
Harris P. On not falling down to earth: children’s metaphysical questions. In: Rosegren K, Johnson C, Harris P, eds. Imagining the Impossible: Magical, Scientific, and Religious Thinking in Children. Cambridge University Press; 2000.
279
Sosis R. Religious behaviors, badges, and bans: signaling theory and the evolution of religion. In: McNamara P, ed. Where God and Science Meet: How Brain and Evolutionary Studies Alter Our Understanding of Religion. Vol 1. Praeger; 2006: 61–86.
280
Sosis R, Bressler, ER. Cooperation and commune longevity: a test of the costly signaling theory of religion. Cross Cultural Research. 2003; 37: 211-39.
281
Bering JM, Blasi CH, Bjorklund DF. The development of afterlife beliefs in religiously and secularly schooled children. Br J Dev Psychol. 2005; 23 (4): 587–607.
282
Becker E. The Denial of Death. Reprint ed. Free Press; 1987.
283
Rosenblatt A, Greenberg J, Solomon S, Pyszczynski T, Lyon D. Evidence for terror management theory, I: the effects of mortality salience on reactions to those who violate or uphold cultural values. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1989; 57 (4): 681-90.
284
Rosenblatt et al., Evidence.
285
Pyszczynski T, Abdollahi A, Solomon S, Greenberg J, Cohen F, Weise D. Mortality salience, martyrdom, and military might: the great satan versus the axis of evil. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2006; 32 (4): 525-37.
286
Landau MJ, Solomon S, Greenberg J, Cohen F, Pyszczynski T, Arndt J, et al. Deliver us from evil: the effects of mortality salience and reminders of 9/11 on support for President George W. Bush. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2004; 30 (9): 1136-50.
287
Yum YO, Schenck-Hamlin W. Reactions to 9/11 as a function of terror management and perspective taking. J Soc Psychol. 2005; 145 (3): 265-86.
288
Jong J, Halberstadt J, Bluemke M. Foxhole atheism, revisited: the effects of mortality salience on explicit and implicit religious belief. J Exp. Med. 2012; 48 (5): 983-89.
289
Dezutter J, Soenens B, Luyckx K, Bruyneel S, Vansteenkiste M, Duriez B, et al. The role of religion in death attitudes: distinguishing between religious belief and style of processing religious contents. Death Studies. 2009; 33 (1): 73–92.
290
Pyne D. A model of religion and death. J Exp. Med. 2010; 39 (1): 46.
291
Kübler-Ross E. On Death and Dying. Simon and Schuster; 1969: 479-83.
292
Branson R. The secularization of American medicine. Stud Hastings Cent. 1973; 1 (2): 17–28.
293
Gallup. Religion. 2014. www.gallup.com/poll/1690/religion.aspx.
294
Koenig HG. Religious attitudes and practices of hospitalized medically ill older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 1998; 13 (4): 213-24.
295
Roberts JA, Brown D, Elkins T, Larson DB. Factors influencing views of patients with gynecologic cancer about end-of-life decisions. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997; 176 (1 Pt 1): 166-72.
296
Breitbart W, Gibson C, Poppito SR, Berg A. Psychotherapeutic interventions at the end of life: a focus on meaning and spirituality. Can J Psychiatry. 2004; 49 (6): 366-72.
297
Vachon M, Fillion L, Achille M. A conceptual analysis of spirituality at the end of life. J Palliat Med. 2009; 12 (1): 53–59.
298
Shahabi L, Powell LH, Musick MA, Pargament KI, Thoresen CE, Williams D, et al. Correlates of self-perceptions of spirituality in American adults. Ann Behav Med. 2002; 24 (1): 59–68.
299
Halstead MT, Fernsler JI. Coping strategies of long-term cancer survivors. Cancer Nurs. 1994; 17 (2): 94-100; Gall TL. The role of religious coping in adjustment to prostate cancer. Cancer Nurs. 2004; 27 (6): 454-61; VandeCreek L, Rogers E, Lester J. Use of alternative therapies among breast cancer outpatients compared with the general population. Altern Ther Health Med. 1999; 5 (1): 71–76.
300
Yates JW, Chalmer BJ, St James P, Follansbee M, McKegney FP. Religion in patients with advanced cancer. Med Pediatr Oncol. 1981; 9 (2): 121-28.
301
Smith TB, McCullough ME, Poll J. Religiousness and depression: evidence for a main effect and the moderating influence of stressful life events. Psychol Bull. 2003; 129 (4): 614-36.
302
McClain CS, Rosenfeld B, Breitbart W. Effect of spiritual well-being on end-of-life despair in terminally-ill cancer patients. Lancet. 2003; 361 (9369): 1603-7.
303
Koffman J, Morgan M, Edmonds P, Speck P, Higginson IJ. «I know he controls cancer»: the meanings of religion among Black Caribbean and White British patients with advanced cancer. Soc Sci Med. 2008; 67 (5): 780-89.
304
Morgan PD, Fogel J, Rose L, Barnett K, Mock V, Davis BL, et al. African American couples merging strengths to successfully cope with breast cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum. 2005; 32 (5): 979-87.
305
Okon TR. Spiritual, religious, and existential aspects of palliative care. J Palliat Med. 2005; 8 (2): 392–414.
306
Balboni TA, Vanderwerker LC, Block SD, Paulk ME, Lathan CS, Peteet JR, et al. Religiousness and spiritual support among advanced cancer patients and associations with end-of-life treatment preferences and quality of life. J Clin Oncol. 2007; 25 (5): 555-60; True G, Phipps EJ, Braitman LE, Harralson T, Harris D, Tester W. Treatment preferences and advance care planning at end of life: the role of ethnicity and spiritual coping in cancer patients. Ann Behav Med. 2005; 30 (2): 174-79; Johnson KS, Elbert-Avila KI, Tulsky JA. The influence of spiritual beliefs and practices on the treatment preferences of African Americans: a review of the literature. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005; 53 (4): 711-19.
307
Phelps AC, Maciejewski PK, Nilsson M, Balboni TA, Wright AA, Paulk ME, et al. Religious coping and use of intensive life-prolonging care near death in patients with advanced cancer. JAMA. 2009; 301 (11): 1140-47.
308
Powell LH, Shahabi L, Thoresen CE. Religion and spirituality. linkgges to physical health. Am Psychol. 2003; 58 (1): 36–52.
309
PRRI, Pre-Election American Values Survey. publicreligion.org/research/2012/10/american-values-survey-2012/. 2012.
310
Phelps et al., Religious coping.
311
Jacobs LM, Burns K, Bennett Jacobs B. Trauma death: views of the public and trauma professionals on death and dying from injuries. Arch Surg. 2008; 143 (8): 730-35.
312
Silvestri GA, Knittig S, Zoller JS, Nietert PJ. Importance of faith on medical decisions regarding cancer care. J Clin Oncol. 2003; 21 (7): 1379-82.
313
BBC. Mother dies after refusing blood. news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/shropshire/7078455.stm. 2007.
314
Tulsky JA, Chesney MA, Lo B. How do medical residents discuss resuscitation with patients? J Gen Intern Med. 1995; 10 (8): 436-42.
315
Engelhardt HT Jr, Iltis AS. End-of-life: the traditional Christian view. Lancet. 2005; 366 (9490): 1045-49.
316
Pope Pius XII, The Prolongation of Life [see «How We Learned Not to Resuscitate», note 39].
317
Pope John Paul II (1995) Evangelium Vitae, March 25, www.vatican.va.
318
Unitarian Universalist Association. The Right to Die with Dignity. 1988 General Resolution. www.uua.org/statements/statements/14486.shtml.
319
The Holy Synod of the Church of Greece, Bioethics Committee (2000) Press release, August 17. Basic positions on the ethics of transplantation and euthanasia. www.bioethics.org.gr.
320
Steinberg A, Sprung CL. The dying patient: new Israeli legislation. Intensive Care Med. 2006; 32 (8): 1234-7; Weiss RB. Pain management at the end of life and the principle of double effect: a Jewish perspective. Cancer Invest. 2007; 25 (4): 274-47.
321
Rappaport ZH, Rappaport IT. Brain death and organ transplantation: concepts and principles in Judaism. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2004; 550: 133-37.
322
Dorff EN. End-of-life: Jewish perspectives. Lancet. 2005; 366 (9488): 862-65.
323
Dorff, End-of-life.
324
Dorff, End-of-life.
325
Foreign Policy. The List: The world’s fastest growing religions. www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2007/05/13/the_list_the_worlds_fastest_growing_religions. May 2007.
326
Crabtree S. Gallup World. Religiosity highest in world’s poorest nations. www.gallup.com/poll/142727/religiosity-highest-world-poorest-nations.aspx-1. August 31, 2010.
327
Padela AI, Arozullah A, Moosa E. Brain death in Islamic ethico-legal deliberation: challenges for applied Islamic bioethics. Bioethics. 2013; 27 (3): 132-39.
328
Baeke G, Wils JP, Broeckaert B. «Be patient and grateful» — elderly Muslim women’s responses to illness and suffering. J Pastoral Care Counsel. 2012; 66 (3–4): 5.
329
Banning M, Hafeez H, Faisal S, Hassan M, Zafar A. The impact of culture and sociological and psychological issues on Muslim patients with breast cancer in Pakistan. Cancer Nurs. 2009; 32 (4): 317-24.
330
Dein S, Swinton J, Abbas SQ. Theodicy and end-of-life care. J Soc Work End Life Palliat Care. 2013; 9 (2–3): 191–208.
331
Pew Research Center. Religious groups’ views on end-of-life issues. November 2013.
332
da Costa DE, Ghazal H, Al Khusaiby S. Do Not Resuscitate orders and ethical decisions in a neonatal intensive care unit in a Muslim community. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2002; 86 (2): F115-9; Ebrahim AF. The living will (Wasiyat Al-Hayy): a study of its legality in the light of Islamic jurisprudence. Med Law. 2000; 19 (1): 147-60.
333
Gupta R. Death beliefs and practices from an Asian Indian American Hindu perspective. Death Stud. 2011; 35 (3): 244-66.
334
Firth S. End-of-life: a Hindu view. Lancet. 2005; 366 (9486): 682-86.
335
Desai PN. Medical ethics in India. J Med Philos. 1988; 13 (3): 231-55.
336
McClain-Jacobson C, Rosenfeld B, Kosinski A, Pessin H, Cimino JE, Breitbart W. Belief in an afterlife, spiritual well-being and end-of-life despair in patients with advanced cancer. Gen Hosp Psychiatry. 2004; 26 (6): 484-86.
337
Matsumura S, Bito S, Liu H, Kahn K, Fukuhara S, Kagawa-Singer M, et al. Acculturation of attitudes toward end-of-life care: a cross-cultural survey of Japanese Americans and Japanese. J Gen Intern Med. 2002; 17 (7): 531-39.
338
Pirutinsky S, Rosmarin DH, Pargament KI, Midlarsky E. Does negative religious coping accompany, precede, or follow depression among Orthodox Jews? J Affect Disord. 2011; 132 (3): 401-5.
339
Pearson SD, Goldman L, Orav EJ, Guadagnoli E, Garcia TB, Johnson PA, et al. Triage decisions for emergency department patients with chest pain: do physicians’ risk attitudes make the difference? J Gen Intern Med. 1995; 10 (10): 557-64.
340
Pines JM, Hollander JE, Isserman JA, Chen EH, Dean AJ, Shofer FS, et al. The association between physician risk tolerance and imaging use in abdominal pain. Am J Emerg Med. 2009; 27 (5): 552-7.
341
Bensing J, Schreurs K, De Rijk AD. The role of the general practitioner’s affective behaviour in medical encounters. Psychology and Health. 1996; 11 (6): 825-38.
342
Geller SE, Burns LR, Brailer DJ. The impact of nonclinical factors on practice variations: the case of hysterectomies. Health Serv Res. 1996; 30 (6): 729-50.
343
Curlin FA, Lantos JD, Roach CJ, Sellergren SA, Chin MH. Religious characteristics of U. S. physicians: a national survey. J Gen Intern Med. 2005; 20 (7): 629-34.
344
Curlin FA, Sellergren SA, Lantos JD, Chin MH. Physicians’ observations and interpretations of the influence of religion and spirituality on health. Arch Intern Med. 2007; 167 (7): 649-54.
345
Curlin FA, Chin MH, Sellergren SA, Roach CJ, Lantos JD. The association of physicians’ religious characteristics with their attitudes and self-reported behaviors regarding religion and spirituality in the clinical encounter. Med Care. 2006; 44 (5): 446-53.
346
Curlin et al., Physicians’ observations.
347
Wenger NS, Carmel S. Physicians’ religiosity and end-of-life care attitudes and behaviors. Mt Sinai J Med. 2004; 71 (5): 335-43.
348
Curlin FA, Nwodim C, Vance JL, Chin MH, Lantos JD. To die, to sleep: US physicians’ religious and other objections to physician-assisted suicide, terminal sedation, and withdrawal of life support. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2008; 25 (2): 112-20.
349
Cohen J, van Delden J, Mortier F, Lofmark R, Norup M, Cartwright C, et al. Influence of physicians’ life stances on attitudes to end-of-life decisions and actual end-of-life decision-making in six countries. J Med Ethics. 2008; 34 (4): 247-53.
350
Asch DA, DeKay ML. Euthanasia among US critical care nurses. Practices, attitudes, and social and professional correlates. Med Care. 1997; 35 (9): 890–900.
351
Sprung CL, Maia P, Bulow HH, Ricou B, Armaganidis A, Baras M, et al. The importance of religious affiliation and culture on end-of-life decisions in European intensive care units. Intensive Care Med. 2007; 33 (10): 1732-39.
352
Romain M, Sprung CL. End-of-life practices in the intensive care unit: the importance of geography, religion, religious affiliation, and culture. Rambam Maimonides Med J. 2014; 5 (1): e0003.
353
Tierney E, Kauts V. «Do Not Resuscitate» (DNR) policies in the ICU — the time has come for openness and change. Bahrain Medical Bulletin. 2014; 36 (2).
354
Saeed F, Kousar N, Aleem S, Khawaja O, Javaid A, Siddiqui MF, et al. End-of-life care beliefs among Muslim physicians. Am J Hosp Palliat Care. 2014.
355
MacLean CD, Susi B, Phifer N, Schultz L, Bynum D, Franco M, et al. Patient preference for physician discussion and practice of spirituality. J Gen Intern Med. 2003; 18 (1): 38–43.
356
Monroe MH, Bynum D, Susi B, Phifer N, Schultz L, Franco M, et al. Primary care physician preferences regarding spiritual behavior in medical practice. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163 (22): 2751-56.
357
MacLean et al., Patient preference.
358
Ellis MR, Vinson DC, Ewigman B. Addressing spiritual concerns of patients: family physicians’ attitudes and practices. J Fam Pract. 1999; 48 (2): 105-9.
359
Luckhaupt SE, Yi MS, Mueller CV, Mrus JM, Peterman AH, Puchalski CM, et al. Beliefs of primary care residents regarding spirituality and religion in clinical encounters with patients: a study at a midwestern U. S. teaching institution. Acad Med. 2005; 80 (6): 560-70.
360
Balboni TA, Paulk ME, Balboni MJ, Phelps AC, Loggers ET, Wright AA, et al. Provision of spiritual care to patients with advanced cancer: associations with medical care and quality of life near death. J Clin Oncol. 2010; 28 (3): 445-52.
361
Balboni TA, Balboni M, Enzinger AC, Gallivan K, Paulk ME, Wright A, et al. Provision of spiritual support to patients with advanced cancer by religious communities and associations with medical care at the end of life. JAMA. Intern Med. 2013; 173 (12): 1109-17.
362
Puchalski C, Romer AL. Taking a spiritual history allows clinicians to understand patients more fully. J Palliat Med. 2000; 3 (1): 129-37.
363
Lo B, Kates LW, Ruston D, Arnold RM, Cohen CB, Puchalski CM, et al. Responding to requests regarding prayer and religious ceremonies by patients near the end of life and their families. J Palliat Med. 2003; 6 (3): 409-15.
364
Sinclair S, Pereira J, Raffin S. A thematic review of the spirituality literature within palliative care. J Palliat Med. 2006; 9 (2): 464-79.
365
PRRI, Pre-Election American Values Survey.
366
Norenzayan A, Gervais WM. The origins of religious disbelief. Trends Cogn Sci. 2013; 17 (1): 20–25. 2012.
367
Zuckerman P. Society without God. New York University Press; 2008.
368
Norenzayan A, Gervais WM, Trzesniewski KH. Mentalizing deficits constrain belief in a personal God. PLoS ONE. 2012; 7 (5): e36880.
369
Paul GS. Religiosity tied to socioeconomic status. Science. 2010; 327 (5966): 642.
370
Bulow HH, Sprung CL, Baras M, Carmel S, Svantesson M, Benbenishty J, et al. Are religion and religiosity important to end-of-life decisions and patient autonomy in the ICU? The Ethicatt study. Intensive Care Med. 2012; 38 (7): 1126-33.
371
Curlin et al., Religious characteristics.
372
Smith-Stoner M. End-of-life preferences for atheists. J Palliat Med. 2007; 10 (4): 923-28.
373
Dennett D. The bright stuff. New York Times. July 12, 2003.
374
Pew Research Center. How Americans Feel About Religious Groups. www.pewforum.org/2014/07/16/how-americans-feel-about-religious-groups/. July 16, 2014.
375
Jones JM. Some Americans reluctant to vote for Mormon, 72-year-old presidential candidates: Based on February 9-11, 2007, Gallup poll. Gallup News Service. www.gallup.com/poll/26611/some-americans-reluctant-vote-mormon-72yearold-presidential-candidates.aspx. 2007.
376
Edgell P, Gerteis J, Hartmann D. Atheists as «other»: moral boundaries and cultural membership in American society. ASR. 2006: 71 (2): 211-34.
377
Gervais WM, Shariff AF, Norenzayan A. Do you believe in atheists? Distrust is central to anti-atheist prejudice. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2011; 101 (6): 1189-206.
378
Swan LK, Heesacker M. Anti-atheist bias in the United States: testing two critical assumptions. Secularism and Nonreligion. 2012; 1: 32–42.
379
Gervais WM. Everything is permitted? People intuitively judge immorality as representative of atheists. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9 (4): e92302.
380
Charles et al., Insights from studying prejudice [see «How We Learned Not to Resuscitate», note 37].
381
Zuckerman et al., Atheism [see «How We Learned Not to Resuscitate», note 38].
382
Shahabi et al., Correlates of self-perceptions.
383
Roberts et al., Factors influencing views of patients.
384
Collin M. The search for a higher power among terminally ill people with no previous religion or belief. Int J Palliat Nurs. 2012; 18 (8): 384-89.
385
Smith-Stoner, End-of-life preferences.
386
Smith-Stoner, End-of-life preferences.
387
Baggini J, Pym M. End of life: the humanist view. Lancet. 2005; 366 (9492): 1235-37.
388
Smith-Stoner, End-of-life preferences.
389
Wenger and Carmel, Physicians’ religiosity; Cohen et al., Influence of physicians’ life stances; Bulow et al., Are religion and religiosity important.
390
Vail KE III, Arndt J, Abdollahi A. Exploring the existential function of religion and supernatural agent beliefs among Christians, Muslims, atheists, and agnostics. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2012; 38 (10): 1288-300.
391
The World Health Organization Quality of Life assessment (WHOQOL): position paper from the World Health Organization. Soc Sci Med. 1995; 41 (10): 1403-9; JCAHO. Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. CAMH Refreshed Core, January, 1998.
392
Labbate LA, Benedek DM. Bedside stuffed animals and borderline personality. Psychol Rep. 1996; 79 (2): 624-26.
393
Cervenka MC, Lesser R, Tran TT, Fortune T, Muthugovindan D, Miglioretti DL. Does the teddy bear sign predict psychogenic nonepileptic seizures? Epilepsy Behav. 2013; 28 (2): 217-20; Schmaling KB, DiClementi JD, Hammerly J. The positive teddy bear sign: transitional objects in the medical setting. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1994; 182 (12): 725.
394
Stern TA, Glick RL. Significance of stuffed animals at the bedside and what they can reveal about patients. Psychosomatics. 1993; 34 (6): 519-21.
395
Adelman RD, Tmanova LL, Delgado D, Dion S, Lachs MS. Caregiver burden: a clinical review. JAMA. 2014; 311 (10): 1052-60.
396
Liu Y, Kim K, Almeida DM, Zarit SH. Daily fluctuation in negative affect for family caregivers of individuals with dementia. Health Psychol. 2014.
397
Rabow MW, Hauser JM, Adams J. Supporting family caregivers at the end of life: «they don’t know what they don’t know.» JAMA. 2004; 291 (4): 483-91.
398
Lynn Feinberg SCR, Ari Houser, and Rita Choula. Valuing the Invaluable: 2011 Update. The Growing Contributions and Costs of Family Caregiving. AARP Public Policy Institute; 2011.
399
Feinberg et al., Valuing.
400
National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. Caregiving in the U. S. www.caregiving.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/2015_CaregivingintheUS_Final-Report-June-4_WEB.pdf. 2015.
401
National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP, Caregiving.
402
National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP, Caregiving.
403
Feinberg et al., Valuing.
404
Hurd MD, Martorell P, Delavande A, Mullen KJ, Langa KM. Monetary costs of dementia in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2013; 368 (14): 1326-34.
405
Hurd et al., Monetary costs.
406
Schulz R, Beach SR. Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: the Caregiver Health Effects Study. JAMA. 1999; 282 (23): 2215-19.
407
Pochard F, Azoulay E, Chevret S, Lemaire F, Hubert P, Canoui P, et al. Symptoms of anxiety and depression in family members of intensive care unit patients: ethical hypothesis regarding decision-making capacity. Crit Care Med. 2001; 29 (10): 1893-97.
408
Cochrane JJ, Goering PN, Rogers JM. The mental health of informal caregivers in Ontario: an epidemiological survey. Am J Public Health. 1997; 87 (12): 2002-7.
409
Prigerson HG, Jacobs SC. Perspectives on care at the close of life. Caring for bereaved patients: «all the doctors just suddenly go.» JAMA. 2001; 286 (11): 1369-76.
410
Christakis NA, Allison PD. Mortality after the hospitalization of a spouse. N Engl J Med. 2006; 354 (7): 719-30.
411
Emanuel EJ, Fairclough DL, Slutsman J, Alpert H, Baldwin D, Emanuel LL. Assistance from family members, friends, paid care givers, and volunteers in the care of terminally ill patients. N Engl J Med. 1999; 341 (13): 956-63.
412
Gallicchio L, Siddiqi N, Langenberg P, Baumgarten M. Gender differences in burden and depression among informal caregivers of demented elders in the community. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2002; 17 (2): 154-63.
413
Vincent C, Desrosiers J, Landreville P, Demers L, group B. Burden of caregivers of people with stroke: evolution and predictors. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009; 27 (5): 456-64; Salmon JR, Kwak J, Acquaviva KD, Brandt K, Egan KA. Transformative aspects of caregiving at life’s end. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2005; 29 (2): 121-29.
414
Steadman PL, Tremont G, Davis JD. Premorbid relationship satisfaction and care-giver burden in dementia caregivers. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2007; 20 (2): 115-19.
415
Burton AM, Sautter JM, Tulsky JA, Lindquist JH, Hays JC, Olsen MK, et al. Burden and well-being among a diverse sample of cancer, congestive heart failure, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease caregivers. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2012; 44 (3): 410-20.
416
van Exel J, Bobinac A, Koopmanschap M, Brouwer W. The invisible hands made visible: recognizing the value of informal care in healthcare decision-making. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res. 2008; 8 (6): 557-61.
417
Kelton Global. The Conversation Project National Survey.theconversationproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/TCP-Survey-Release_FINAL-9-18-13.pdf. 2013.
418
Daitz B. With poem, broaching the topic of death. New York Times. January 24, 2011.
419
Dying Matters Coalition Survey. comres.co.uk/poll/669/dying-matters-coalition-survey-of-gps-and-the-public.htm. 2012.
420
Forrow L. The «4 R’s» of respecting patients’ preferences. www.boston.com/lifestyle/health/mortalmatters/2013/09/the_4_rs_of_respecting_patients_preferences.html. 2013.
421
Kutner L. Due process of euthanasia: the living will, a proposal. Indiana Law Journal. 1969; 44 (4): 539-54.
422
Annas GJ. The health care proxy and the living will. N Engl J Med. 1991; 324 (17): 1210-13.
423
La Puma J, Orentlicher D, Moss RJ. Advance directives on admission. Clinical implications and analysis of the Patient Self-Determination Act of 1990. JAMA. 1991; 266 (3): 402-5.
424
Butler M, Ratner E, McCreedy E, Shippee N, Kane RL. Decision aids for advance care planning: an overview of the state of the science. Ann Intern Med. 2014; 161 (6): 408-18.
425
In re Martin. 538 NW2d 399; Mich. 1995.
426
Emanuel LL, Barry MJ, Stoeckle JD, Ettelson LM, Emanuel EJ. Advance directives for medical care — a case for greater use. N Engl J Med. 1991; 324 (13): 889-95.
427
Holley JL, Stackiewicz L, Dacko C, Rault R. Factors influencing dialysis patients’ completion of advance directives. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997; 30 (3): 356-60.
428
Morrison RS, Olson E, Mertz KR, Meier DE. The inaccessibility of advance directives on transfer from ambulatory to acute care settings. JAMA. 1995; 274 (6): 478-82.
429
Morrison et al., The inaccessibility of advance directives.
430
Omer ZB, Hwang ES, Esserman LJ, Howe R, Ozanne EM. Impact of ductal carcinoma in situ terminology on patient treatment preferences. JAMA. Intern Med. 2013; 173 (19): 1830-31.
431
Ott BB. Advance directives: the emerging body of research. Am J Crit Care. 1999; 8 (1): 514-19.
432
Danis M, Garrett J, Harris R, Patrick DL. Stability of choices about life-sustaining treatments. Ann Intern Med. 1994; 120 (7): 567-73.
433
New York Bar Association. New York Living Will. www.nysba.org/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=26506. 2014.
434
Brett AS. Limitations of listing specific medical interventions in advance directives. JAMA. 1991; 266 (6): 825-28.
435
NPR. Episode 521: The Town That Loves Death. Planet Money. www.npr.org/blogs/money/2014/02/28/283444163/episode-521-the-town-that-loves-death. 2014.
436
Hammes BJ, Rooney BL. Death and end-of-life planning in one midwestern community. Arch Intern Med. 1998; 158 (4): 383-90.
437
United States Census Bureau. QuicksFacts: La Crosse County, Wisconsin. quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/55/55063.html. 2014.
438
Puchalski CM, Zhong Z, Jacobs MM, Fox E, Lynn J, Harrold J, et al. Patients who want their family and physician to make resuscitation decisions for them: observations from SUPPORT and HELP. Study to Understand Prognoses and Preferences for Outcomes and Risks of Treatment. Hospitalized Elderly Longitudinal Project. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2000; 48 (5 suppl): S84-90.
439
Kumar A, Aronow WS, Alexa M, Gothwal R, Jesmajian S, Bhushan B, et al. Prevalence of use of advance directives, health care proxy, legal guardian, and living will in 512 patients hospitalized in a cardiac care unit/intensive care unit in 2 community hospitals. Arch Med Sci. 2010; 6 (2): 188-91.
440
Kirkpatrick JN, Guger CJ, Arnsdorf MF, Fedson SE. Advance directives in the cardiac care unit. Am Heart J. 2007; 154 (3): 477-81.
441
Escher M, Perrier A, Rudaz S, Dayer P, Perneger TV. Doctors’ decisions when faced with contradictory patient advance directives and health care proxy opinion: a randomized vignette-based study. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2014.
442
Escher et al., Doctors’ decisions.
443
Diekema DS. Revisiting the best interest standard: uses and misuses. J Clin Ethics. 2011; 22 (2): 128-33.
444
Himmelstein DU, Thorne D, Warren E, Woolhandler S. Medical bankruptcy in the United States, 2007: results of a national study. Am J Med. 2009; 122 (8): 741-46.
445
Senelick R. Get your doctor to stop using medical jargon. Huffington Post. www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-c-senelick-md/medical-jargon_b_1450797.html. 2012.
446
Fagerlin A, Schneider CE. Enough. The failure of the living will. Hastings Cent Rep. 2004; 34 (2): 30–42.
447
Brickman P, Coates D, Janoff-Bulman R. Lottery winners and accident victims: is happiness relative? J Pers Soc Psychol. 1978; 36 (8): 917-27.
448
Silver RL. Coping with an Undesirable Life Event: A Study of Early Reactions to Physical Disability [dissertation]. Northwestern University; 1982.
449
Schkade DA, Kahneman, D. Does living in California make people happy? A focusing illusion in judgments of life satisfaction. Psychological Science. 1998; 9 (5): 340-46.
450
Shalowitz DI, Garrett-Mayer E, Wendler D. The accuracy of surrogate decision makers: a systematic review. Arch Intern Med. 2006; 166 (5): 493-97.
451
Danis et al., Stability of choices [ñì. «Êîãäà áðåìÿ íåñóò îïåêóíû», ïðèì. 41].
452
Suhl J, Simons P, Reedy T, Garrick T. Myth of substituted judgment. Surrogate decision making regarding life support is unreliable. Arch Intern Med. 1994; 154 (1): 90–96.
453
Coppola KM, Ditto PH, Danks JH, Smucker WD. Accuracy of primary care and hospital-based physicians’ predictions of elderly outpatients’ treatment preferences with and without advance directives. Arch Intern Med. 2001; 161 (3): 431-40.
454
Vig EK, Starks H, Taylor JS, Hopley EK, Fryer-Edwards K. Surviving surrogate decision-making: what helps and hampers the experience of making medical decisions for others. J Gen Intern Med. 2007; 22 (9): 1274-79.
455
Watson A, Sheridan B, Rodriguez M, Seifi A. Biologically-related or emotionally-connected: who would be the better surrogate decision-maker? Med Health Care Philos. 2014.
456
Emanuel EJ. Living wills: are durable powers of attorney better? Hastings Cent Rep. 2004; 34 (6): 5–6; author reply 7.
457
Wastila LJ, Farber NJ. Residents’ perceptions about surrogate decision makers’ financial conflicts of interest in ventilator withdrawal. J Palliat Med. 2014; 17 (5): 533-39.
458
Rodriguez RM, Navarrete E, Schwaber J, McKleroy W, Clouse A, Kerrigan SF, et al. A prospective study of primary surrogate decision makers’ knowledge of intensive care, Crit Care Med. 2008; 36 (5): 1633-6; Azoulay E, Chevret S, Leleu G, Pochard F, Barboteu M, Adrie C, et al. Half the families of intensive care unit patients experience inadequate communication with physicians. Crit Care Med. 2000; 28 (8): 3044-49.
459
Quinn JR, Schmitt M, Baggs JG, Norton SA, Dombeck MT, Sellers CR. Family members’ informal roles in end-of-life decision making in adult intensive care units. Am J Crit Care. 2012; 21 (1): 43–51.
460
Hawkins NA, Ditto PH, Danks JH, Smucker WD. Micromanaging death: process preferences, values, and goals in end-of-life medical decision making. Gerontologist. 2005; 45 (1): 107-17.
461
Puchalski et al., Patients who want [ñì. «Êîãäà áðåìÿ íåñóò îïåêóíû», ïðèì. 47].
462
Long AC, Curtis JR. The epidemic of physician-family conflict in the ICU and what we should do about it. Crit Care Med. 2014; 42 (2): 461-62.
463
Beam C. Under the knife. New Yorker. August 25, 2014.
464
Warraich H. Pakistan: the final frontier for a polio-free world. Lancet. 2011; 377 (9761): 207-8; Warraich HJ. Religious opposition to polio vaccination. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009; 15 (6): 978.
465
Studdert DM, Mello MM, Burns JP, Puopolo AL, Galper BZ, Truog RD, et al. Conflict in the care of patients with prolonged stay in the ICU: types, sources, and predictors. Intensive Care Med. 2003; 29 (9): 1489-97.
466
Schuster RA, Hong SY, Arnold RM, White DB. Investigating conflict in ICUs— is the clinicians’ perspective enough? Crit Care Med. 2014; 42 (2): 328-35.
467
Breen CM, Abernethy AP, Abbott KH, Tulsky JA. Conflict associated with decisions to limit life-sustaining treatment in intensive care units. J Gen Intern Med. 2001; 16 (5): 283-89.
468
Studdert et al., Conflict.
469
Silveira MJ, Kim SY, Langa KM. Advance directives and outcomes of surrogate decision making before death. N Engl J Med. 2010; 362 (13): 1211-18.
470
Majesko A, Hong SY, Weissfeld L, White DB. Identifying family members who may struggle in the role of surrogate decision maker. Crit Care Med. 2012; 40 (8): 2281-86.
471
Marks MA, Arkes HR. Patient and surrogate disagreement in end-of-life decisions: can surrogates accurately predict patients’ preferences? Med Decis Making. 2008; 28 (4): 524-31.
472
Schenker Y, Crowley-Matoka M, Dohan D, Tiver GA, Arnold RM, White DB. I don’t want to be the one saying «we should just let him die»: intrapersonal tensions experienced by surrogate decision makers in the ICU. J Gen Intern Med. 2012; 27 (12): 1657-65.
473
Parks SM, Winter L, Santana AJ, Parker B, Diamond JJ, Rose M, et al. Family factors in end-of-life decision-making: family conflict and proxy relationship. J Palliat Med. 2011; 14 (2): 179-84.
474
Studdert et al., Conflict.
475
Breen et al., Conflict.
476
Salam R. How La Crosse, Wisconsin slashed end-of-life medical expenditures. National Review. www.nationalreview.com/agenda/372501/how-la-crosse-wisconsin-slashed-end-life-medical-expenditures-reihan-salam. 2014.
477
Fritsch J, Petronio S, Helft PR, Torke AM. Making decisions for hospitalized older adults: ethical factors considered by family surrogates. J Clin Ethics. 2013; 24 (2): 125-34.
478
Knickle K, McNaughton N, Downar J. Beyond winning: mediation, conflict resolution, and non-rational sources of conflict in the ICU. Crit Care. 2012; 16 (3): 308.
479
Kramer BJ, Kavanaugh M, Trentham-Dietz A, Walsh M, Yonker JA. Predictors of family conflict at the end of life: the experience of spouses and adult children of persons with lung cancer. Gerontologist. 2010; 50 (2): 215-25.
480
Sherer RA. Who will care for elder orphans. Geriatric Times. 2004; 5 (1). Available at www.cmellc.com/geriatrictimes/g040203.html.
481
McPherson M, Lynn, S., Brashears, M. Social isolation in America: changes in core discussion networks over two decades. ASR. 2006; 71 (3): 353-75.
482
Sessums LL, Zembrzuska H, Jackson JL. Does this patient have medical decision-making capacity? JAMA. 2011; 306 (4): 420-27.
483
Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Med. 2010; 7 (7): e1000316.
484
Ettema EJ, Derksen LD, van Leeuwen E. Existential loneliness and end-of-life care: a systematic review. Theor Med Bioeth. 2010; 31 (2): 141-69.
485
Meisel A, Jennings B., Ethics, end-of-life care, and the law: overview. In: Doka KJ, ed. Living with Grief: Ethical Dilemmas at the End of Life. Hospice Foundation of America; 2005: 63–79.
486
Hornung CA, Eleazer GP, Strothers HS III, Wieland GD, Eng C, McCann R, et al. Ethnicity and decision-makers in a group of frail older people. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1998; 46 (3): 280-86.
487
Meisel and Jennings, Ethics.
488
White DB, Curtis JR, Wolf LE, Prendergast TJ, Taichman DB, Kuniyoshi G, et al. Life support for patients without a surrogate decision maker: who decides? Ann Intern Med. 2007; 147 (1): 34–40.
489
Norris WM, Nielsen EL, Engelberg RA, Curtis JR. Treatment preferences for resuscitation and critical care among homeless persons. Chest. 2005; 127 (6): 2180-87.
490
Chawla N, Arora NK. Why do some patients prefer to leave decisions up to the doctor: lack of self-efficacy or a matter of trust? J Cancer Surviv. 2013; 7 (4): 592–601.
491
Alemayehu E, Molloy DW, Guyatt GH, Singer J, Penington G, Basile J, et al. Variability in physicians’ decisions on caring for chronically ill elderly patients: an international study. CMAJ. 1991; 144 (9): 1133-38.
492
Phillips C, O’Hagan M, Mayo J. Secrecy hides cozy ties in guardianship cases. Seattle Times. April 21, 2010.
493
Colbert JA, Adler JN. Clinical decisions. Family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation — polling results. N Engl J Med. 2013; 368 (26): e38.
494
Jabre et al., Family presence [see «How We Learned Not to Resuscitate», note 56].
495
Kramer DB, Mitchell SL. Weighing the benefits and burdens of witnessed resuscitation. N Engl J Med. 2013; 368 (11): 1058-59.
496
Hafner JW, Sturgell JL, Matlock DL, Bockewitz EG, Barker LT. «Stayin’ Alive»: a novel mental metronome to maintain compression rates in simulated cardiac arrests. J Emerg Med. 2012; 43 (5): e373-77.
497
Idris AH, Guffey D, Aufderheide TP, Brown S, Morrison LJ, Nichols P, et al. Relationship between chest compression rates and outcomes from cardiac arrest. Circulation. 2012; 125 (24): 3004-12.
498
A piece of my mind. It’s over, Debbie. JAMA. 1988; 259 (2): 272.
499
It’s almost over — more letters on Debbie. JAMA. 1988; 260 (6): 787-89.
500
Gaylin W, Kass LR, Pellegrino ED, Siegler M. «Doctors must not kill.» JAMA. 1988; 259 (14): 2139-40.
501
Parachini A. AMA journal death essay triggers flood of controversy. Los Angeles Times. February 19, 1988.
502
Wilkerson I. Essay on mercy killing reflects conflict on ethics for physicians and journalists. New York Times. February 23, 1988.
503
It’s almost over — more letters on Debbie.
504
It’s almost over — more letters on Debbie.
505
Lundberg GD. «It’s over, Debbie» and the euthanasia debate. JAMA. 1988; 259 (14): 2142-43.
506
Lundberg G. Severed Trust: Why American Medicine Hasn’t Been Fixed. Basic Books; 2002: 228.
507
Lundberg, «It’s over, Debbie» and the euthanasia debate.
508
Van Guilder S. My right to die: a cancer patient argues for voluntary euthanasia. Los Angeles Times. June 26, 1988.
509
Lombardo PA. Eugenics at the movies. Hastings Cent Rep. 1997; 27 (2): 43; Surgeon lets baby, born to idiocy, die. New York Times. July 25, 1917: 11.
510
Vote to oust Haiselden; medical society’s committee against Bollinger baby’s physician. New York Times. December 15, 1915: 9.
511
Vijayakumar L. Altruistic suicide in India. Arch Suicide Res. 2004; 8 (1): 73–80.
512
A Divya. Why sati is still a burning issue. Times of India. timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Why-sati-is-still-a-burning-issue/articleshow/4897797.cms. August 16, 2009.
513
Judges 16: 28–30 (NASB).
514
Crone DM. Historical attitudes toward suicide. Duquesne Law Rev. 1996; 35 (1): 7-42.
515
Celsus. De Medicina. Book 5. 26: 1. first century BC.
516
Pliny the Elder. The Natural History. Bostock J and Riley HT, trans. Book 7: Man, His Birth, His Organization, and the Invention of the Arts. Chapter 50. 1855.
517
Hippocrates. Oath of Hippocrates. In: Chadwick J, Mann WN, trans. Hippocratic Writings. Penguin Books; 1950.
518
Papadimitriou JD, Skiadas P, Mavrantonis CS, Polimeropoulos V, Papadimitriou DJ, Papacostas KJ. Euthanasia and suicide in antiquity: viewpoint of the dramatists and philosophers. J R Soc Med. 2007; 100 (1): 25–28.
519
Koop CE. Introduction (to a symposium on assisted suicide). Duquesne Law Rev. 1996; 35 (1): 1–5.
520
Frum D. Who was the real Cato? Daily Beast. December 20, 2012.
521
Thorne MA. Lucan’s Cato, the Defeat of Victory, the Triumph of Memory [dissertation]. University of Iowa. ir.uiowa.edu/etd/749. 2010.
522
Kaplan KJ, Schwartz MB. Zeno vs. Job: The Biblical Case against «Rational Suicide.» In: A Psychology of Hope: A Biblical Response to Tragedy and Suicide. Revised and expanded ed. Wm B Eerdmans Publishing Co; 2008.
523
Crone, Historical attitudes.
524
Eberl JT. Aquinas on euthanasia, suffering, and palliative care. Natl Cathol Bioeth Q. 2003; 3 (2): 331-54.
525
More T. Utopia and Other Writings. New American Library; 1984.
526
Baker R, reviewer. Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 2006; 80 (4): 789-90. Review of: Dowbiggin I. A Concise History of Euthanasia: Life, Death, God, and Medicine.
527
Hume D. Essays on Suicide and the Immortality of the Soul: The Complete Unauthorized Edition. 1783.
528
Paterson C. Assisted Suicide and Euthanasia: A Natural Law Ethics Approach. Ashgate Publishing; 2012: 23.
529
Locke J. Two Treatises of Government. Book II, chapter IV, section 23. 1689.
530
Brassington I. Killing people: what Kant could have said about suicide and euthanasia but did not. J Med Ethics. 2006; 32 (10): 571-74.
531
Genesis 3: 16 (KJV, Cambridge Edition).
532
Warren JC. Etherization with Surgical Remarks. William D Ticknor & Co; 1848: 36, 69–71.
533
Warren, Etherization.
534
Euthanasia. Popular Science Monthly. 1873; 3: 90–96.
535
Emmanuel L. Regulating How We Die: The Ethical, Medical, and Legal Issues Surrounding Physician-Assisted Suicide. Harvard University Press; 1998: 185.
536
The moral side of euthanasia. Journal of the American Medical Association. 1885; 5: 382-83; Euthanasia. Br Med J. 1906; 1: 638-39.
537
Darwin C. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. Volume 1, chapter 5, part 1. D Appleton; 1872: 162.
538
Sofair AN, Kaldjian LC. Eugenic sterilization and a qualified Nazi analogy: the United States and Germany, 1930–1945. Ann Intern Med. 2000; 132 (4): 312-19.
539
Gauvey SK, Shuger NB. The permissibility of involuntary sterilization under the parens patriae and police power authority of the state: In re Sterilization of Moore. Univ Md Law Forum. 1976; 6 (3): 109-28.
540
Spriggs EJ. Involuntary sterilization: an unconstitutional menace to minorities and the poor. Rev Law Soc Change. 1974; 4 (2): 127-51.
541
Sofair and Kaldjian, Eugenic sterilization.
542
Feeble-mindedness and the future [editorial]. N Engl J Med. 1933; 208: 852-53.
543
Sterilization and its possible accomplishments [editorial]. N Engl J Med. 1934; 211: 379-80.
544
Carrie Buck v. John Hendren Bell, Superintendent of State Colony for Epileptics and Feeble Minded. 274 US 200. 1927.
545
Carrie Buck v. John Hendren Bell.
546
Marker RL, Smith WJ. The art of verbal engineering. Duquesne Law Rev. 1996; 35 (1): 81-107.
547
Humphry D. What’s in a Word? The Results of a Roper Poll of Americans on How They View the Importance of Language in the Debate Over the Right to Choose to Die. Junction City, OR: Euthanasia Research and Guidance Organization; 1993: 1–3.
548
Marker and Smith, The art of verbal engineering.
549
Davis A. Jack Kevorkian: a medical hero? His actions are the antithesis of heroism. BMJ. 1996; 313 (7051): 228.
550
Roberts J, Kjellstrand C. Jack Kevorkian: a medical hero. BMJ. 1996; 312 (7044): 1434.
551
Vacco, Attorney General of New York, et al. v. Quill et al. 521 US 793. 1997.
552
Washington, et al., Petitioners v. Harold Glucksberg, et al. 521 US 702. 1997.
553
Simons M. Between Life and Death. The Age; 2013.
554
Kissane DW, Street A, Nitschke P. Seven deaths in Darwin: case studies under the Rights of the Terminally Ill Act, Northern Territory, Australia. Lancet. 1998; 352 (9134): 1097-102.
555
Kissane DW. Case presentation: a case of euthanasia, the Northern Territory, Australia. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2000; 19 (6): 472-73.
556
Sheldon T. Obituary: Andries Postma. Br Med J. 2007; 334: 320.
557
Van Der Maas PJ, Van Delden JJ, Pijnenborg L, Looman CW. Euthanasia and other medical decisions concerning the end of life. Lancet. 1991; 338 (8768): 669-74.
558
Green K. Physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia: safeguarding against the «slippery slope» — The Netherlands versus the United States. Indiana Int Comp Law Rev. 2003; 13 (2): 639-81.
559
Glick S. Euthanasia in The Netherlands. J Med Ethics. 1999; 25 (1): 60.
560
van der Maas PJ, van der Wal G, Haverkate I, de Graaff CL, Kester JG, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, et al. Euthanasia, physician-assisted suicide, and other medical practices involving the end of life in the Netherlands, 1990–1995. N Engl J Med. 1996; 335 (22): 1699-705.
561
Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, van der Heide A, Koper D, Keij-Deerenberg I, Rietjens JA, Rurup ML, et al. Euthanasia and other end-of-life decisions in the Netherlands in 1990, 1995, and 2001. Lancet. 2003; 362 (9381): 395-99.
562
Bilsen J, Cohen J, Chambaere K, Pousset G, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, Mortier F, et al. Medical end-of-life practices under the euthanasia law in Belgium. N Engl J Med. 2009; 361 (11): 1119-21.
563
Watson R. Luxembourg is to allow euthanasia from 1 April. BMJ. 2009; 338: b1248.
564
Steck N, Egger M, Maessen M, Reisch T, Zwahlen M. Euthanasia and assisted suicide in selected European countries and US states: systematic literature review. Med Care. 2013; 51 (10): 938-44.
565
Maynard B. My right to death with dignity at 29. CNN.com. www.cnn.com/2014/10/07/opinion/maynard-assisted-suicide-cancer-dignity/. 2014.
566
Willems DL, Daniels ER, van der Wal G, van der Maas PJ, Emanuel EJ. Attitudes and practices concerning the end of life: a comparison between physicians from the United States and from The Netherlands. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160 (1): 63-8; Meier DE, Emmons CA, Wallenstein S, Quill T, Morrison RS, Cassel CK. A national survey of physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1998; 338 (17): 1193-201.
567
Meier et al., A national survey of physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1998; 338 (17): 1193-201.
568
Lee MA, Nelson HD, Tilden VP, Ganzini L, Schmidt TA, Tolle SW. Legalizing assisted suicide — views of physicians in Oregon. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334 (5): 310-15.
569
Meier et al., A national survey.
570
Asch DA. The role of critical care nurses in euthanasia and assisted suicide. N Engl J Med. 1996; 334 (21): 1374-79.
571
Kolata G. 1 in 5 nurses tell survey they helped patients die. New York Times. May 23, 1996.
572
Emanuel EJ, Fairclough DL, Daniels ER, Clarridge BR. Euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide: attitudes and experiences of oncology patients, oncologists, and the public. Lancet. 1996; 347 (9018): 1805-10.
573
Wilson KG, Scott JF, Graham ID, Kozak JF, Chater S, Viola RA, et al. Attitudes of terminally ill patients toward euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. Arch Intern Med. 2000; 160 (16): 2454-60.
574
Oregon Public Health Division, Death with Dignity Annual Report — 2013. public.health.oregon.gov/ProviderPartnerResources/EvaluationResearch/DeathwithDignityAct/Documents/year16.pdf. January 28, 2014.
575
Battin MP, van der Heide A, Ganzini L, van der Wal G, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD. Legal physician-assisted dying in Oregon and the Netherlands: evidence concerning the impact on patients in «vulnerable» groups. J Med Ethics. 2007; 33 (10): 591-97.
576
Levy MH. Pharmacologic treatment of cancer pain. N Engl J Med. 1996; 335 (15): 1124-32.
577
Marquet RL, Bartelds A, Visser GJ, Spreeuwenberg P, Peters L. Twenty five years of requests for euthanasia and physician assisted suicide in Dutch general practice: trend analysis. BMJ. 2003; 327 (7408): 201-2.
578
Ganzini L, Goy ER, Dobscha SK. Why Oregon patients request assisted death: family members’ views. J Gen Intern Med. 2008; 23 (2): 154-57.
579
Maynard, My right.
580
Oregon Public Health Division, Death with Dignity Annual Report.
581
Tucker KL. State of Washington, third state to permit aid in dying. J Palliat Med. 2009; 12 (7): 583-4; discussion 5.
582
Rich BA. Baxter v. Montana: what the Montana Supreme Court said about dying, dignity, and palliative options of last resort. Palliat Support Care. 2011; 9 (3): 233-37.
583
McCarthy M. Vermont governor agrees to sign bill on physician assisted suicide. BMJ. 2013; 346: f3210.
584
Angell M. The Brittany Maynard effect: how she is changing the debate on assisted dying. Washington Post. October 31, 2014.
585
Bever L. Brittany Maynard, as promised, ends her life at 29. Washington Post. November 2, 2014.
586
Glass RM. AIDS and suicide. JAMA. 1988; 259 (9): 1369-70.
587
Campo R. The Final Show: What the Body Told. Duke University Press; 1996.
588
Hermann C, Looney S. The effectiveness of symptom management in hospice patients during the last seven days of life. J Hosp Palliat Nurs. 2001; 3 (3); Georges JJ, Onwuteaka-Philipsen BD, van der Heide A, van der Wal G, van der Maas PJ. Symptoms, treatment and «dying peacefully» in terminally ill cancer patients: a prospective study. Support Care Cancer. 2005; 13 (3): 160-68.
589
Morita T, Inoue S, Chihara S. Sedation for symptom control in Japan: the importance of intermittent use and communication with family members. J Pain Symptom Manage. 1996; 12 (1): 32–38.
590
Mangan JT. An historical analysis of the principle of double effect. Theol Studies. 1949; 10: 41–61; Quill TE, Dresser R, Brock DW. The rule of double effect — a critique of its role in end-of-life decision making N Engl J Med. 1997; 337 (24): 1768-71.
591
Vacco, Attorney General of New York, et al. v. Quill et al. 521 US 793. 1997; Washington, et al., Petitioners v. Harold Glucksberg, et al. 521 US 702. 1997.
592
Brief of the American Medical Association, et al., as amici curiae in support of petitioners, at 6, Washington v. Glucksberg, 117 S. Ct. 2258 (No. 96-110). 1997.
593
Billings JA, Block SD. Slow euthanasia. J Palliat Care. 1996; 12 (4): 21–30.
594
Quill, TE. Death and dignity. A case of individualized decision making N Engl J Med. 1991; 324 (10): 691-94.
595
Quill TE. The ambiguity of clinical intentions. N Engl J Med. 1993; 329 (14): 1039-40.
596
Orentlicher D. The Supreme Court and terminal sedation: rejecting assisted suicide, embracing euthanasia. Hastings Constit Law Q. 1997; 24 (4): 947-68.
597
Bruce A, Boston P. Relieving existential suffering through palliative sedation: discussion of an uneasy practice. J Adv Nurs. 2011; 67 (12): 2732-40.
598
AMA. Opinion 2.201 — Sedation to Unconsciousness in End-of-Life Care. 2008.
599
Sykes N, Thorns A. Sedative use in the last week of life and the implications for end-of-life decision making. Arch Intern Med. 2003; 163 (3): 341-4; Thorns A, Sykes N. Opioid use in last week of life and implications for end-of-life decision making. Lancet. 2000; 356 (9227): 398-99.
600
Claessens P, Menten J, Schotsmans P, Broeckaert B. Palliative sedation: a review of the research literature. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2008; 36 (3): 310-33.
601
Patterson JR, Hodges MO. The rule of double effect. N Engl J Med. 1998; 338 (19): 1389; author reply 90.
602
Lo B, Rubenfeld G. Palliative sedation in dying patients: «we turn to it when everything else hasn’t worked.» JAMA. 2005; 294 (14): 1810-16.
603
Johnson D. Questions of law live on after father helps son die. New York Times. May 7, 1989.
604
Johnson, Questions of law.
605
Mitchell C. On heroes and villains in the Linares drama. Law Med Health Care. 1989; 17 (4): 339-46.
606
Man who unplugged son takes PCP. Los Angeles Times. June 2, 1989.
607
Fairman RP. Withdrawing life-sustaining treatment. Lessons from Nancy Cruzan. Arch Intern Med. 1992; 152 (1): 25–27.
608
Busalacchi P. Cruzan: clear and convincing? How can they? Hastings Cent Rep. 1990; 20 (5): 6–7.
609
Lewin T. Nancy Cruzan dies, outlived by a debate over the right to die. New York Times. December 27, 1990.
610
Prendergast TJ, Luce JM. Increasing incidence of withholding and withdrawal of life support from the critically ill. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1997; 155 (1): 15–20.
611
Eddy DM. A piece of my mind. A conversation with my mother. JAMA. 1994; 272 (3): 179-81.
612
Miller FG, Meier DE. Voluntary death: a comparison of terminal dehydration and physician-assisted suicide. Ann Intern Med. 1998; 128 (7): 559-62.
613
Orentlicher D. The alleged distinction between euthanasia and the withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment: conceptually incoherent and impossible to maintain. Univ Ill Law Rev. 1998; 1998 (3): 837-59.
614
Sontheimer D. Suicide by advance directive? J Med Ethics. 2008; 34 (9): e4.
615
Kwok AC, Semel ME, Lipsitz SR, Bader AM, Barnato AE, Gawande AA, et al. The intensity and variation of surgical care at the end of life: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2011; 378 (9800): 1408-13.
616
Tschirhart EC, Du Q, Kelley AS. Factors influencing the use of intensive procedures at the end of life. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014; 62 (11): 2088-94.
617
Battin MP. Terminal sedation: pulling the sheet over our eyes. Hastings Cent Rep. 2008; 38 (5): 27–30.
618
Bernstein N. A father’s last wish, and a daughter’s anguish. New York Times. September 25, 2014.
619
Angell R. The old man. New Yorker. February 17 & 24, 2014.
620
Chabra S. The diary of another nobody. Oblomov’s Sofa. September 2014.
621
Erlanger S. A writer whose pen never rests, even facing death. New York Times. October 31, 2014.
622
Warraich H. The rituals of modern death. New York Times. September 16, 2015.
623
Lowney AC, O’Brien T. The landscape of blogging in palliative care. Palliat Med. 2012; 26 (6): 858-59.
624
Smith B. Dying in the social media: when palliative care meets Facebook. Palliat Support Care. 2011; 9 (4): 429-30.
625
Cha AE. Crowdsourcing medical decisions: ethicists worry Josh Hardy case may set bad precedent. Washington Post. March 23, 2014.
626
Wernick A. Social media is transforming the way we view death and grieving. PRI.org. www.pri.org/stories/2014-12-11/social-media-transforming-way-we-view-death-and-grieving. December 2014.
627
Miller D. Hospices — the potential for new media. www.ucl.ac.uk/anthropology/people/academic_staff/d_miller/mil-28. 2015.
628
Johnson I. Nobel renews debate on Chinese medicine. New York Times. October 10, 2015.
629
Borland S. How NHS dehumanises patients, by doctor, 32, who is dying of rare form of cancer. Daily Mail. June 6, 2014.
630
Miller, Hospices.
631
Davies C. The death café. Aeon. aeon.co/magazine/philosophy/death-has-become-too-sanitised/. September 11, 2013.
632
Hayasaki E. Death is having a moment. Atlantic. October 25, 2013.
633
Reese H. The college course that’s all about death. Atlantic. January 14, 2014.
634
O’Connor K. The death-positive movement. Pacific Standard Magazine. May 16, 2013.
635
Blackie LE, Cozzolino PJ. Of blood and death: a test of dual-existential systems in the context of prosocial intentions. Psychol Sci. 2011; 22 (8): 998-1000.
636
Vail KE III, Juhl J, Arndt J, Vess M, Routledge C, Rutjens BT. When death is good for life: considering the positive trajectories of terror management. Pers Soc Psychol Rev. 2012; 16 (4): 303-29.
637
Aldwin CM, Molitor NT, Avron S III, Levenson MR, Molitor J, Igarashi H. Do stress trajectories predict mortality in older men? Longitudinal findings from the VA Normative Aging Study. J Aging Res. 2011; 2011: 896109.
638
Periyakoil VS, Neri E, Fong A, Kraemer H. Do unto others: doctors’ personal end-of-life resuscitation preferences and their attitudes toward advance directives. PLoS ONE. 2014; 9 (5): e98246.
639
Gallo JJ, Straton JB, Klag MJ, Meoni LA, Sulmasy DP, Wang NY, et al. Life-sustaining treatments: what do physicians want and do they express their wishes to others? J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003; 51 (7): 961-69.
 Âåðíóòüñÿ ê ïðîñìîòðó êíèãè
|
×èòàòü êíèãó « Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ñìåðòü. Êàê ìåäèöèíà èçìåíèëà óõîä èç æèçíè »
© 2020 LoveRead.ec - ýëåêòðîííàÿ áèáëèîòåêà â êîòîðîé ìîæíî
÷èòàòü îíëàéí êíèãè áåñïëàòíî
.
Âñå ìàòåðèàëû âçÿòû èç îòêðûòûõ èñòî÷íèêîâ è ïðåäñòàâëåíû èñêëþ÷èòåëüíî â îçíàêîìèòåëüíûõ öåëÿõ.
Âñå ïðàâà íà êíèãó Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ñìåðòü. Êàê ìåäèöèíà èçìåíèëà óõîä èç æèçíè
ïðèíàäëåæàò àâòîðó Õàéäåð Âàððàé÷ è èçäàòåëüñòâàì.