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Говард Лайман – американский фермер, посвятивший свою жизнь борьбе за гуманное, этическое обращение с животными, пропаганде вегетарианского питания и органического сельского хозяйства. Здесь и далее, если не указано иное, примечания редактора.
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Названия популярных в США сладостей: выпечки, хлопьев и шоколадных конфет.
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Джон Роббинс – один из ведущих специалистов в мире, занимающийся вопросами влияния диеты на здоровье людей. Его книги Diet for a New America («Диета для новой Америки»), Reclaiming Our Health («Восстановление нашего здоровья») и The Food Revolution («Революция в питании») стали бестселлерами.
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Авторитетный экономист, исследователь из Университета Джорджа Мейсона.
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Кэмпбелл Т. Китайское исследование на практике. Простой переход к здоровому образу жизни. М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2017.
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Прозвище диктатора Гаити, правившего с 1957 по 1971 г., Франсуа Дювалье.
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Согласно «Словарю социологической статистики» (2004 г.), процентили – это величины, делящие выборку данных на 100 групп, содержащих (по возможности) равное количество наблюдений. Например, 30 % данных имеют значение, меньшее 30-го процентиля.
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Впервые книга была издана в 1962 г.
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Премия Бауэра присуждается Институтом науки и искусств имени Франклина за выдающийся вклад в развитие науки и технологий.
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Кэмпбелл К., Джейкобсон Г.Полезная еда. Развенчание мифов о здоровом питании. М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2014.
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Агатстон А. The South Beach Diet. М.: Рипол Классик, 2006.
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Дэвис В. Пшеничные килограммы. Как углеводы разрушают тело и мозг. М.: Эксмо, 2015.
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Перлмуттер Д. Еда и мозг. Что углеводы делают со здоровьем, мышлением и памятью. М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2017.
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Кордейн Л.Палеодиета. М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2014.
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Так называемое исследование «случай-контроль», организованное для выявления связи между каким-либо фактором риска и клиническим исходом. В нем сравнивают долю участников, испытавших вредное воздействие, в двух группах, в одной из которых развился, а в другой не отмечался изучаемый клинический исход.
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Слова из песни Collarbone («Ключица») британской группы Fujiya & Miyagi.
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Агатстон А. Новая экспресс-диета доктора Агатстона. М.: Рипол Классик, 2005.
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Программа государственного медицинского страхования для населения старшего возраста и инвалидов.
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Citizens United («Объединенные граждане») – консервативная неправительственная организация, которой Федеральная избирательная комиссия США в ходе кампании 2008 г. запретила показывать агитационный ролик, проплаченный корпоративными пожертвованиями. Запрет регулятора был основан на законе Маккейна – Файнголда, ограничивающем права корпораций во время предвыборной гонки. Верховный суд США принял сторону «Объединенных граждан», признав закон Маккейна – Файнголда неконституционным.
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Американская система высшего образования предполагает изучение обязательных и необязательных предметов. Последние выбираются студентом по его личному усмотрению и оплачиваются им отдельно. Один кредит-час предполагает посещение аудиторных занятий не менее одного раза в неделю на протяжении семестра.
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Предостережение о возможном опасном эффекте лекарства.
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Книга на английском языке была издана в 2004 г.
Комментарии
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Если это нарушение проникает в дочерние клетки первого этапа, то оно будет передаваться всем последующим поколениям клеток с перспективой превратиться в клинически выявляемое раковое заболевание. Однако это упрощение очень сложного процесса. Две существенные гипотезы, похоже, оставлены без внимания: 1) для появления и развития рака нужно больше чем одна мутация и 2) не все генетические нарушения приводят к возникновению онкологических заболеваний.
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Prince L. O., and Campbell T. C. “Effects of sex difference and dietary protein level on the binding of aflatoxin B1 to rat liver chromatin proteins in vivo.” Cancer Res. 42 (1982): 5053–5059.
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Mainigi K. D., and Campbell T. C. “Subcellular distribution and covalent binding of aflatoxins as functions of dietary manipulation.” J Toxicol. Eviron. Health 6 (1980): 659–671.
108
Mgbodile MUK, and Campbell TC. “Effect of protein deprivation of male weanling rats on the kinetics of hepatic microsomal enzyme activity.” J. Nutr. 102 (1972): 53–60.
109
Nerurkar L. S., Hayes J. R., and Campbell T. C. “The reconstitution of hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidase activity with fractions derived from weanling rats fed different levels of protein.” J. Nutr. 108 (1978): 678–686.
110
Gurtoo H. L., and Campbell T. C. “A kinetic approach to a study of the induction of rat liver microsomal hydroxylase after pretreatment with 3,4-benzpyrene and aflatoxin B1.” Biochem. Pharmacol. 19 (1970): 1729–1735.
111
Adekunle A. A., Hayes J. R., and Campbell T. C. “Interrelationships of dietary protein level, aflatoxin B1 metabolism, and hepatic microsomal epoxide hydrase activity.” Life Sci. 21 (1977): 1785–1792.
112
Preston R. S., Hayes J. R., and Campbell T. C. “The effect of protein deficiency on the in vivo binding of aflatoxin B1 to rat liver macromolecules.” Life Sci. 19 (1976): 1191–1198.
113
Mainigi K. D, and Campbell T. C. “Effects of low dietary protein and dietary aflatoxin on hepatic glutathione levels in F 344 rats.” Toxicol. Приложение. Pharmacol. 59 (1981): 196–203.
114
Farber E., and Cameron R. “The sequential analysis of cancer development.” Adv. Cancer Res. 31 (1980): 125–226.
115
Показатели очагов на графиках в этой главе отражают главным образом «% объема печени», объединяющий «количество очагов» и «размер очагов», которые указывают на тенденцию формирования опухоли. Таким образом, результаты отдельных экспериментов можно сравнивать друг с другом, а данные сопоставлять с единой шкалой, на которой зафиксирован эффект от стандартной дозы афлатоксина и 20 %-ной белковой диеты.
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Appleton B. S., and Campbell T. C. “Inhibition of aflatoxin-initiated preneoplastic liver lesions by low dietary protein.” Nutr. Cancer 3 (1982): 200–206.
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Dunaif G. E., and Campbell T. C. “Relative contribution of dietary protein level and Aflatoxin B1 dose in generation of presumptive preneoplastic foci in rat liver.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 78 (1987): 365–369.
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Appleton B. S., and Campbell T. C. “Inhibition of aflatoxin-initiated preneoplastic liver lesions by low dietary protein.” Nutr. Cancer 3 (1982): 200–206.
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Dunaif G. E., and Campbell T. C. “Relative contribution of dietary protein level and Aflatoxin B1 dose in generation of presumptive preneoplastic foci in rat liver.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 78 (1987): 365–369.
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Youngman L. D., and Campbell T. C. “High protein intake promotes the growth of preneoplastic foci in Fischer #344 rats: evidence that early remodeled foci retain the potential for future growth.” J. Nutr. 121 (1991): 1454–1461.
121
Youngman L. D., and Campbell T. C. “High protein intake promotes the growth of preneoplastic foci in Fischer #344 rats: evidence that early remodeled foci retain the potential for future growth.” J. Nutr. 121 (1991): 1454–1461.
122
Dunaif G. E., and Campbell T. C. “Dietary protein level and aflatoxin B1-induced preneoplastic hepatic lesions in the rat.” J. Nutr. 117 (1987): 1298–1302.
123
Dunaif G. E., and Campbell T. C. “Dietary protein level and aflatoxin B1-induced preneoplastic hepatic lesions in the rat.” J. Nutr. 117 (1987): 1298–1302.
124
Horio F., Youngman L. D., Bell R. C., et al. “Thermogenesis, low-protein diets, and decreased development of AFB1-induced preneoplastic foci in rat liver.” Nutr. Cancer 16 (1991): 31–41.
125
Для ускорения роста показателя требуется примерно 12 % пищевого белка в рационе, согласно Национальному ученому совету Национальной академии наук.
126
Подкомитет по питанию лабораторных животных / Subcommittee on Laboratory Animal Nutrition. Nutrient requirements of laboratory animals. 2-е дополненное издание, выпуск. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1972.
127
Национальный научный совет. Рекомендации по питанию / National Research Council. Recommended dietary allowances. 10-е издание. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.
128
Dunaif G. E., and Campbell T. C. “Relative contribution of dietary protein level and Aflatoxin B1 dose in generation of presumptive preneoplastic foci in rat liver.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 78 (1987): 365–369.
129
Schulsinger D. A., Root M. M., and Campbell T. C. “Effect of dietary protein quality on development of aflatoxin B1-induced hepatic preneoplastic lesions.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 81 (1989): 1241–1245.
130
Youngman L. D., and Campbell T. C. “Inhibition of aflatoxin B1-induced gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase positive (GGT+) hepatic preneoplastic foci and tumors by low protein diets: evidence that altered GGT+ foci indicate neoplastic potential.” Carcinogenesis 13 (1992): 1607–1613.
131
Youngman L. D. The growth and development of aflatoxin B1-induced preneoplastic lesions, tumors, metastasis, and spontaneous tumors as they are influenced by dietary protein level, type, and intervention. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, PhD Thesis, 1990.
132
Youngman L. D., and Campbell T. C. “Inhibition of aflatoxin B1-induced gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase positive (GGT+) hepatic preneoplastic foci and tumors by low protein diets: evidence that altered GGT+ foci indicate neoplastic potential.” Carcinogenesis 13 (1992): 1607–1613.
133
Youngman L. D. The growth and development of aflatoxin B1-induced preneoplastic lesions, tumors, metastasis, and spontaneous tumors as they are influenced by dietary protein level, type, and intervention. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, PhD Thesis, 1990.
134
Madhavan T. V., and Gopalan C. “The effect of dietary protein on carcinogenesis of aflatoxin.” Arch. Path. 85 (1968): 133–137.
135
Youngman L. D., and Campbell T. C. “Inhibition of aflatoxin B1-induced gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase positive (GGT+) hepatic preneoplastic foci and tumors by low protein diets: evidence that altered GGT+ foci indicate neoplastic potential.” Carcinogenesis 13 (1992): 1607–1613.
136
Youngman L. D., and Campbell T. C. “Inhibition of aflatoxin B1-induced gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase positive (GGT+) hepatic preneoplastic foci and tumors by low protein diets: evidence that altered GGT+ foci indicate neoplastic potential.” Carcinogenesis 13 (1992): 1607–1613.
137
Youngman L. D. The growth and development of aflatoxin B1-induced preneoplastic lesions, tumors, metastasis, and spontaneous tumors as they are influenced by dietary protein level, type, and intervention. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, PhD Thesis, 1990.
138
Beasley R. P. “Hepatitis B virus as the etiologic agent in hepatocellular carcinoma-epidemiologic considerations.” Hepatol. 2 (1982): 21S–26S.
139
Blumberg B. S., Larouze B., London W. T., et al. “The relation of infection with the hepatitis B agent to primary hepatic carcinoma.” Am. J. Pathol. 81 (1975): 669–682.
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Chisari F. V., Ferrari C., and Mondelli M. U. “Hepatitis B virus structure and biology.” Microbiol. Pathol. 6 (1989): 311–325.
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Hu J., Cheng Z., Chisari F. V., et al. “Repression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgene and HBV-induced liver injury by low protein diet.” Oncogene 15 (1997): 2795–2801.
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Cheng Z., Hu J., King J., et al. “Inhibition of hepatocellular carcinoma development in hepatitis B virus transfected mice by low dietary casein.” Hepatology 26 (1997): 1351–1354.
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Hu J., Cheng Z., Chisari F. V., et al. “Repression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgene and HBV-induced liver injury by low protein diet.” Oncogene 15 (1997): 2795–2801.
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Hu J., Cheng Z., Chisari F. V., et al. “Repression of hepatitis B virus (HBV) transgene and HBV-induced liver injury by low protein diet.” Oncogene 15 (1997): 2795–2801.
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Hawrylewicz E. J., Huang H. H., Kissane J. Q., et al. “Enhancement of the 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) mammary tumorigenesis by high dietary protein in rats.” Nutr. Reps. Int. 26 (1982): 793–806.
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Hawrylewicz E. J. “Fat-protein interaction, defined 2-generation studies.” В: C. Ip, D. F. Birt, A. E. Rogers, and C. Mettlin (eds.), Dietary fat and cancer, 403–434. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1986.
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Huang H. H., Hawrylewicz E. J., Kissane J. Q., et al. “Effect of protein diet on release of prolactin and ovarian steroids in female rats.” Nutr. Rpts. Int. 26 (1982): 807–820.
148
O’Connor T. P., Roebuck B. D., and Campbell T. C. “Dietary intervention during the post-dosing phase of L-azaserine-induced preneoplastic lesions.” J Natl Cancer Inst 75 (1985): 955–957.
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O’Connor T. P., Roebuck B. D., and Campbell T. C. “Dietary intervention during the post-dosing phase of L-azaserine-induced preneoplastic lesions.” J Natl Cancer Inst 75 (1985): 955–957.
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O’Connor T. P., Roebuck B. D., Peterson F., et al. “Effect of dietary intake of fish oil and fish protein on the development of L-azaserine-induced preneoplastic lesions in rat pancreas.” J Natl Cancer Inst 75 (1985): 959–962.
151
He Y. Effects of carotenoids and dietary carotenoid extracts on aflatoxin B1-induced mutagenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, PhD Thesis, 1990.
152
He Y., and Campbell T. C. “Effects of carotenoids on aflatoxin B1-induced mutagenesis in S. typhimurium TA 100 and TA 98.” Nutr. Cancer 13 (1990): 243–253.
153
Li J.-Y., Liu B.-Q., Li G.-Y., et al. “Atlas of cancer mortality in the People’s Republic of China. An aid for cancer control and research.” Int. J. Epid. 10 (1981): 127–133.
154
Higginson J. “Present trends in cancer epidemiology.” Proc. Can. Cancer Conf. 8 (1969): 40–75.
155
Wynder E. L., and Gori G. B. “Contribution of the environment to cancer incidence: an epidemiologic exercise.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58 (1977): 825–832.
156
Doll R., and Peto R. “The causes of cancer: Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 66 (1981): 1192–1265.
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Doll R., and Peto R. “The causes of cancer: Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 66 (1981): 1192–1265.
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Д. Фэгин, пресс-релиз «Причины рака молочной железы по-прежнему неясны: отсутствие четкой связи между загрязнением окружающей среды и раком молочной железы», 6 августа 2002 г. / Fagin D. News release. “Breast cancer cause still elusive study: no clear link between pollution, breast cancer on LI.” 6 августа 2002 г. Newsday.com. на сайте www.newsday.com/news/local/longisland/nylicanc062811887aug06.story?coll=ny%2Dtop%2Dheadlines.
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Уровень смертности составлял 82, но примерно треть случаев одного и того же заболевания повторялась у людей другого возраста.
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Hu F. B., Stampfer M. J., Manson J. E., et al. “Dietary protein and risk of ischemic heart disease in women.” Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70 (1999): 221–227.
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Chen J., Campbell T. C., Li J., et al. Diet, life-style and mortality in China. A study of the characteristics of 65 Chinese counties. Oxford, UK; Ithaca, NY; Beijing, PRC: Oxford University Press; Cornell University Press; People’s Medical Publishing House, 1990.
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SerVaas C. “Diets that protected against cancers in China.” The Saturday Evening Post, October 1990: 26–28.
163
Все доступные показатели смертности от болезней были объединены в матрицу, чтобы можно было легко определить соотношение каждого отдельного показателя с другими. Каждое сравнение затем оценивалось со знаком плюс или минус, в зависимости от прямой или обратной корреляции. Положительные корреляции были сведены в один список, отрицательные – в другой. Таким образом, каждый пункт находился в положительном отношении со всеми другими пунктами своего списка и в обратной корреляции с записями из второго списка. Большинство корреляций, но не все имели статистическое значение.
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Campbell T. C., Chen J., Brun T., et al. “China: from diseases of poverty to diseases of affluence. Policy implications of the epidemiological transition.” Ecol. Food Nutr. 27 (1992): 133–144.
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Chen J., Campbell T. C., Li J., et al. Diet, life-style and mortality in China. A study of the characteristics of 65 Chinese counties. Oxford, UK; Ithaca, NY; Beijing, PRC: Oxford University Press; Cornell University Press; People’s Medical Publishing House, 1990.
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Campbell T. C., Chen J., Brun T., et al. “China: from diseases of poverty to diseases of affluence. Policy implications of the epidemiological transition.” Ecol. Food Nutr. 27 (1992): 133–144.
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Эпидемиологический комитет Программы клинического изучения жировых тканей / Lipid Research Clinics Program Epidemiology Committee. “Plasma lipid distributions in selected North American Population. The Lipid Research Clinics Program Prevalence Study.” Circulation 60 (1979): 427–439.
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Campbell T. C., Parpia B., and Chen J. “Diet, lifestyle, and the etiology of coronary artery disease: The Cornell China Study.” Am. J. Cardiol. 82 (1998): 18T–21T.
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Данные для сельских районов Китая приводятся по деревням, в монографии обозначены аббревиатурами SA, LC и RA (для женщин) и SA, QC и NB для мужчин (Chen, et al. 1990).
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Sirtori C. R., Noseda G., and Descovich G. C. “Studies on the use of a soybean protein diet for the management of human hyperlipoproteinemias.” В: M.J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky (eds.), Current Topics in Nutrition and Disease, Volume 8: Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, 135–148. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983.
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Carroll K. K. “Dietary proteins and amino acids – their effects on cholesterol metabolism.” В: M. J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky (eds.), Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Volume 8: Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, 9–17. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983.
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Terpstra A. H. M., Hermus R. J. J., and West C. E. “Dietary protein and cholesterol metabolism in rabbits and rats.” В: M.J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky (eds.), Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Volume 8: Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, 19–49. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983.
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Kritchevsky D., Tepper S. A., Czarnecki S. K., et al. “Atherogenicity of animal and vegetable protein. Influence of the lysine to arginine ratio.” Atherosclerosis 41 (1982): 429–431.
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Sirtori C. R., Noseda G., and Descovich G. C. “Studies on the use of a soybean protein diet for the management of human hyperlipoproteinemias.” В: M.J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky (eds.), Current Topics in Nutrition and Disease, Volume 8: Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, 135–148. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983.
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Carroll K. K. “Dietary proteins and amino acids – their effects on cholesterol metabolism.” В: M. J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky (eds.), Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Volume 8: Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, 9–17. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983.
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Terpstra A. H. M., Hermus R. J. J., and West C. E. “Dietary protein and cholesterol metabolism in rabbits and rats.” В: M.J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky (eds.), Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, Volume 8: Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, 19–49. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983.
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Kritchevsky D., Tepper S. A., Czarnecki S. K., et al. “Atherogenicity of animal and vegetable protein. Influence of the lysine to arginine ratio.” Atherosclerosis 41 (1982): 429–431.
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Sirtori C. R., Noseda G., and Descovich G. C. “Studies on the use of a soybean protein diet for the management of human hyperlipoproteinemias.” В: M.J. Gibney and D. Kritchevsky (eds.), Current Topics in Nutrition and Disease, Volume 8: Animal and Vegetable Proteins in Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis, 135–148. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1983.
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Содержание пищевого жира может выражаться в% от общей массы рациона или в% от общего объема калорий. Большинство комментаторов и исследователей обозначают содержание жира как% от общего объема калорий, потому что мы едим в первую очередь для того, чтобы удовлетворить нашу потребность в калориях, а не для того, чтобы поправиться. В данной книге я применяю такое же обозначение.
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National Research Council. Diet, Nutrition and Cancer. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1982.
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Министерство здравоохранения и социальных служб США. The Surgeon General’s Report on Nutrition and Health. Washington, DC: Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1988.
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Национальный научный совет и Комитет по вопросам диеты и здоровья / National Research Council, and Committee on Diet and Health. Diet and health: implications for reducing chronic disease risk. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1989.
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Экспертная панель / Expert Panel. Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer, a global perspective. Washington, DC: American Institute for Cancer Research/World Cancer Research Fund, 1997.
184
Исключение составляют продукты, лишенные содержания жира, такие как обезжиренное молоко.
185
Armstrong D., and Doll R. “Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices.” Int. J. Cancer 15 (1975): 617–631.
186
Сенат США / U.S. Senate. “Dietary goals for the United States, 2nd Edition.” Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977.
187
National Research Council. Diet, Nutrition and Cancer. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1982.
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Комитет по диете, питанию и онкологии / Committee on Diet Nutrition and Cancer. Diet, nutrition and cancer: directions for research. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1983.
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Существуют и другие программные заявления, а также многочисленные клинические исследования, которые стали появляться примерно одновременно и которые заслуживали активного публичного обсуждения, будучи связанными с темой отношения пищевого жира к этим заболеваниям. К ним относятся серия докладов с диетическими рекомендациями, инициированными в 1980 г., гарвардское исследование состояния здоровья медсестер 1984 г., Фрамингемское исследование сердца в 1960-х гг., «Исследование семи стран» Анселя Кейза, «Экспериментальное исследование множественных факторов» риска (MRFIT) и др.
190
Carroll K.K., Braden L.M., Bell J.A., et al. “Fat and cancer.” Cancer 58 (1986): 1818–1825.
191
Wynder E. L., and Gori G. B. “Contribution of the environment to cancer incidence: an epidemiologic exercise.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 58 (1977): 825–832.
192
Drasar B.S., and Irving D. “Environmental factors and cancer of the colon and breast.” Br. J. Cancer 27 (1973): 167–172.
193
Haenszel W., and Kurihara M. “Studies of Japanese migrants: mortality from cancer and other disease among Japanese and the United States.” J. Natl. Cancer. Inst. 40 (1968): 43–68.
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Higginson J., and Muir C. S. “Epidemiology in Cancer.” В: J. F. Holland and E. Frei (eds.), Cancer Medicine, 241–306. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1973.
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Doll R., and Peto R. “The causes of cancer: Quantitative estimates of avoidable risks of cancer in the United States today.” J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 66 (1981): 1192–1265.
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Соотношение потребления жиров с потреблением животных белков составляет 84 % на объем потребленного жира и 70 % на процент жира относительно калорий.
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Armstrong D., and Doll R. “Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices.” Int. J. Cancer 15 (1975): 617–631.
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Kelsey J. L., Gammon M. D., and Esther M. J. “Reproductive factors and breast cancer.” Epidemiol. Revs. 15 (1993): 36–47.
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de Stavola B. L., Wang D. Y., Allen D. S., et al. “The association of height, weight, menstrual and reproductive events with breast cancer: results from two prospective studies on the island of Guernsey (United Kingdom).” Cancer Causes and Control 4 (1993): 331–340.
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Rautalahti M., Albanes D., Virtamo J., et al. “Lifetime menstrual activity – indicator of breast cancer risk.” (1993): 17–25
201
В этой группе женщин не удалось обнаружить статистически значимую связь уровня гормонов в крови с риском рака молочной железы, потому что образцы их крови были взяты в разное время их менструального цикла, а показатели рака молочной железы были настолько низкие, что сводили к минимуму возможность обнаружения подобной корреляции, даже если бы она и существовала.
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Key T. J. A., Chen J., Wang D. Y., et al. “Sex hormones in women in rural China and in Britain.” Brit. J. Cancer 62 (1990): 631–636.
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Эти биомаркеры включают содержание меди, мочевины, эстрадиола, пролактина, тестостерона в плазме крови и, в свою очередь, связывающего половые гормоны глобулина, – каждый из них, как известно из более ранних исследований, зависит от потребления белка животного происхождения.
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Средние уровни потребления пищевой клетчатки в Китае и США составляли 33,3 и 11,1 г в день соответственно. По районам вариативность средних значений составляла 7,7–77,6 г в день в Китае против 2,4–26,6 г в день для 90 % мужчин-американцев.
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Корреляция для растительного белка составляла +0,53III, а для животного белка +0,12.
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National Research Council. Diet, Nutrition and Cancer. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1982.
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В принципе, мониторинг «распространенности рака в семьях» является более эффективным методом выявления причин рака и его разновидностей, что позволяет провести исследование влияния диетических факторов отдельно.
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Guo W., Li J., Blot W. J., et al. “Correlations of dietary intake and blood nutrient levels with esophageal cancer mortality in China.” Nutr. Cancer 13 (1990): 121–127.
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Полный эффект этих жирорастворимых антиоксидантов проявляется только при их концентрации с учетом уровня ЛПНП у каждого индивида. Об этом не было известно на момент исследования; таким образом, соответствующих оговорок сделано не было.
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Kneller R. W., Guo W., Hsing A. W., et al. “Risk factors for stomach cancer in sixty-five Chinese counties.” Cancer Epi. Biomarkers Prev. 1 (1992): 113–118.
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Campbell T. C. (with Jacobson H.). The low-carb fraud. Dallas: BenBella Books, 2013.
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Campbell T. C. (with Jacobson H.). Whole: rethinking the science of nutrition. Dallas: BenBella Books, 2013.
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Perlmutter D. Grain brain. New York: Little, Brown, 2013, p. 323.
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Information Plus. Nutrition: a key to good health. Wylie, TX: Information Plus, 1999.
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Westman E. C., Yancy W. S., Edman J. S., et al. “Carbohydrate Diet Program.” Am. J. Med. 113 (2002): 30–36.
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Atkins R. C. Dr. Atkins’ New Diet Revolution. New York: Avon Books, 1999.
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Westman E. C., Yancy W. S., Edman J. S., et al. “Carbohydrate Diet Program.” Am. J. Med. 113 (2002): 30–36.
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Wright J. D., Kennedy-Stephenson J., Wang C. Y., et al. “Trends in Intake of Energy and Macronutrients – United States, 1971–2000.” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 53 (6 февраля 2004 г.): 80–82.
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Noakes M., and Clifton P. M. “Weight loss and plasma lipids.” Curr. Opin. Lipidol. 11 (2000): 65–70.
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Westman E. C., Yancy W. S., Edman J. S., et al. “Carbohydrate Diet Program.” Am. J. Med. 113 (2002): 30–36.
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Westman E. C., Yancy W. S., Edman J. S., et al. “Carbohydrate Diet Program.” Am. J. Med. 113 (2002): 30–36.
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Westman E. C., Yancy W. S., Edman J. S., et al. “Carbohydrate Diet Program.” Am. J. Med. 113 (2002): 30–36.
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Эта генетически редкая разновидность мочекаменной болезни обусловлена неспособностью почек реабсорбировать аминокислоту цистеин.
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Остальные четыре группы продуктов – брокколи, морковь, сладкий картофель и тыква, употребление которых приводило к снижению заболеваний на 53, 28, 33 и 44 % соответственно. Каждый результат имел минимальное статистическое значение либо был близок к таковому.
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Это недавно опубликованное исследование заслуживает большего внимания по сравнению с остальными, потому что витамин Е здесь измерялся наиболее точно, с учетом того, что он переносится в жире крови. То есть высокий уровень в крови витамина Е может быть обусловлен высоким содержанием жира в крови. Am. J. Epidemiol. 150 (1999): 37–44.
845
Влияние витамина С и селена в исследовании Перкинса (Am. J. Epidemiol. 150 [1999]: 37–44) в модели логистической регрессии не имело статистического значения, как отмечали авторы. Я не согласен с их выводом, поскольку обратная зависимость «доза-ответ» (высокий уровень антиоксидантов в крови, меньше потеря памяти) была впечатляющей и явно значительной. Авторы не смогли проанализировать такие данные.
846
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Gillman M. W., Cupples L. A., Gagnon D., et al. “Protective effect of fruits and vegetables on development of stroke in men.” JAMA 273 (1995): 1113–1117.
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858
Sparks D. L., Martin T. A., Gross D. R., et al. “Link between heart disease, cholesterol, and Alzheimer’s Disease: a review.” Microscopy Res. Tech. 50 (2000): 287–290.
859
Тренд появления болезни Альцгеймера не получил статистического подтверждения, возможно, из-за небольшого количества эпизодов заболевания.
860
Kalmijn S., Launer L. J., Ott A., et al. “Dietary fat intake and the risk of incident dementia in the Rotterdam Study.” Ann. Neurol. 42 (1997): 776–782.
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Clarke R., Smith D., Jobst K. A., et al. “Folate, vitamin B12, and serum total homocysteine levels in confirmed Alzheimer disease.” Arch. Neurol. 55 (1998): 1449–1455.
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863
Однако в этой логике есть потенциальный изъян. Уровень гомоцистеина регулируется отчасти витаминами группы В, особенно фолиевой кислотой и витамином B12, и у людей с дефицитом этих витаминов могут наблюдаться более высокие уровни гомоцистеина. У людей, которые не едят продуктов животного происхождения, может быть понижен B12 и повышен гомоцистеин. Однако, как отмечается в главе 11, это больше связано с нашей удаленностью от природы, а не с недостатком диеты на растительной основе.
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Управление по санитарному надзору за качеством пищевых продуктов и медикаментов США / U.S. Food and Drug Administration. “What Is a Dietary Supplement?” Silver Spring, MD: U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2015.
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Американская рабочая группа по профилактическим мероприятиям / U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. “Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease: recommendations and rationale.” Ann. Internal Med. 139 (2003): 51–55.
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Американская рабочая группа по профилактическим мероприятиям / U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. “Routine vitamin supplementation to prevent cancer and cardiovascular disease: recommendations and rationale.” Ann. Internal Med. 139 (2003): 51–55.
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The Alpha-Tocopherol Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. “The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers.” New Engl. J. Med. 330 (1994): 1029–1035.
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883
Точное перечисление продуктов питания в базе данных таково: говяжий фарш, 80 % постного мяса, 20 % жирного, мясо непереработанное; свинина свежая, фарш, непереработанная; курица, бройлеры или цыплята, мясо и кожа непереработанные; молоко сухое, цельное; шпинат необработанный; помидоры красные, спелые, необработанные, круглогодично; лимская фасоль, крупные, зрелые семена, необработанная; горох зеленый, сырой; картофель красновато-коричневый, мякоть и кожица, сырой.
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Мне никогда не нравились такие пороговые точки в отношении возникновения, роста и прогрессирования хронических заболеваний, потому что для каждой стадии хронической болезни они совершенно случайны. Важно знать, что хроническое заболевание может быть с нами большую часть нашей жизни, и если оно прогрессирует, то очень плавно и непрерывно.
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Colen B. D. “To die in Tijuana; a story of faith, hope and laetrile.” Washington Post Magazine, September 4, 1977: 10.
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Aydin R., Pariza M. W., and Cook M. E. “Olive oil prevents the adverse effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on chick hatchability and egg quality.” J. Nutr. 131 (2001): 800–806.
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Ha Y. L., Grimm N. K., and Pariza M. W. “Anticarcinogens from fried ground beef: heat-altered derivatives of linoleic acid.” Carcinogensis 8 (1987): 1881–1887.
1040
Ha Y. L., Storkson J., and Pariza M. W. “Inhibition of benzo(a)pyrene-induced mouse forestomach neoplasia by conjugated denoic derivatives of linoleic acid.” Cancer Res. 50 (1990): 1097–1101.
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1044
Ip C., Banni S., Angioni E., et al. “Conjugated linoleic acid-enriched butter fat alters mammary gland morphogenesis and reduces cancer risk in rats.” J. Nutr. 129 (1999): 2135–2142.
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Griinari J. M., Corl B. A., Lacy S. H., et al. “Conjugated linoleic acid is synthesized endogenously in lactating dairy cows by D9-desaturase.” J. Nutr. 130 (2000): 2285–2291.
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Ip C., Dong Y., Thompson H. J., et al. “Control of rat mammary epithelium proliferation by conjugated linoleic acid.” Nutr. Cancer 39 (2001): 233–238.
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Ip C., Banni S., Angioni E., et al. “Conjugated linoleic acid-enriched butter fat alters mammary gland morphogenesis and reduces cancer risk in rats.” J. Nutr. 129 (1999): 2135–2142.
1048
Ip C., Banni S., Angioni E., et al. “Conjugated linoleic acid-enriched butter fat alters mammary gland morphogenesis and reduces cancer risk in rats.” J. Nutr. 129 (1999): 2135–2142.
1049
Griinari J. M., Corl B. A., Lacy S. H., et al. “Conjugated linoleic acid is synthesized endogenously in lactating dairy cows by D9-desaturase.” J. Nutr. 130 (2000): 2285–2291.
1050
Ip C., Dong Y., Ip M. M., et al. “Conjugated linoleic acid isomers and mammary cancer prevention.” Nutr. Cancer 43 (2002): 52–58.
1051
Ip C., Dong Y., Ip M. M., et al. “Conjugated linoleic acid isomers and mammary cancer prevention.” Nutr. Cancer 43 (2002): 52–58.
1052
Aydin R., Pariza M. W., and Cook M. E. “Olive oil prevents the adverse effects of dietary conjugated linoleic acid on chick hatchability and egg quality.” J. Nutr. 131 (2001): 800–806.
1053
Ip C., Banni S., Angioni E., et al. “Conjugated linoleic acid-enriched butter fat alters mammary gland morphogenesis and reduces cancer risk in rats.” J. Nutr. 129 (1999): 2135–2142.
1054
Ip C., Banni S., Angioni E., et al. “Conjugated linoleic acid-enriched butter fat alters mammary gland morphogenesis and reduces cancer risk in rats.” J. Nutr. 129 (1999): 2135–2142.
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1056
Mills P. K., Beeson W. L., Phillips R. L., et al. “Cohort study of diet, lifestyle, and prostate cancer.” Cancer 64 (1989): 598–604.
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Толкование понятия «ликопен» см. на сайте www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
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Giovannucci E., Rimm E., Liu Y., et al. “A prospective study of tomato products, lycopene, and prostate cancer risk.” J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 94 (2002): 391–398.
1061
Gann P. H., and Khachik F. “Tomatoes or lycopene versus prostate cancer: is evolution anti-reductionist?” J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 95 (2003): 1563–1565.
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Christian M. S., Schulte S., and Hellwig J. “Developmental (embryo-fetal toxicity/ teratogenecity) toxicity studies of synthetic crystalline lycopene in rats and rabbits.” Food Chem. Toxicol. 41 (2003): 773–783.
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Tucker G. “Nutritional enhancement of plants.” Curr. Opin. 14 (2003): 221–225.
1064
He Y. Effects of carotenoids and dietary carotenoid extracts on aflatoxin B1-induced mutagenesis and hepatocarcinogenesis. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, PhD Thesis, 1990.
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He Y., and Campbell T. C. “Effects of carotenoids on aflatoxin B1-induced mutagenesis in S. typhimurium TA 100 and TA 98.” Nutr. Cancer 13 (1990): 243–253.
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Kotecha R., Takami A., and Espinoza J. L. Dietary phytochemicals and cancer chemoprevention: a review of the clinical evidence. Oncotarget (2016, May 25).
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Gontero, P., et al. A randomized double-blind placebo controlled phase I–II study on clinical and molecular effects of dietary supplements in men with precancerous prostatic lesions. Chemoprevention or “chemopromotion”? Prostate 75 (2015): 1177–1186.
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Министерство сельского хозяйства США, «База данных продуктов питания» / U.S. Department of Agriculture. “USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference.” Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, 2002. На сайте ndb.nal.usda.gov/.
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Eberhardt M. V., Lee C. Y., and Liu R. H. “Antioxidant activity of fresh apples.” Nature 405 (2000): 903–904.
1070
Cовет по продовольствию и питанию, Институт медицины, «Стандарты потребления энергии, углеводов, клетчатки, жира, жирных кислот, холестерина, белков и аминокислот (макроэлементов)» / Food and Nutrition Board, and Institute of Medicine. “Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrates, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids (macronutrients).” Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002. На сайте www.nap.edu/catalog/10490/dietary-reference-intakes-for-energy-carbohydrate-fiber-fat-fatty-acids-cholesterol-protein-and-amino-acids-macronutrients.
1071
Национальная академия наук. Пресс-релиз «Новые ориентиры питания и физической активности с целью снижения риска возникновения хронических заболеваний» / National Academy of Sciences. Press Release. “Report offers new eating and physical activity targets to reduce chronic disease risk.” 5 сентября 2002 г. Washington, DC: National Research Council, Institute of Medicine. На сайте www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10490.
1072
Национальная академия наук. Пресс-релиз «Новые ориентиры питания и физической активности с целью снижения риска возникновения хронических заболеваний» / National Academy of Sciences. Press Release. “Report offers new eating and physical activity targets to reduce chronic disease risk.” 5 сентября 2002 г. Washington, DC: National Research Council, Institute of Medicine. На сайте www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10490.
1073
Национальная академия наук. Пресс-релиз «Новые ориентиры питания и физической активности с целью снижения риска возникновения хронических заболеваний» / National Academy of Sciences. Press Release. “Report offers new eating and physical activity targets to reduce chronic disease risk.” 5 сентября 2002 г. Washington, DC: National Research Council, Institute of Medicine. На сайте www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10490.
1074
Wegmans Company. “Recipe and nutrient facts.” Информация по состоянию на 2003 г. На сайте www.wegmans.com.
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Министерство сельского хозяйства США, «База данных продуктов питания» / “USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference.” Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Research Service, 2002. На сайте www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/foodcomp.
1076
Рекомендованная суточная норма выражается как единичное количество белка, то есть 0,8 г протеина на каждый килограмм массы тела. При дневной норме 2200 ккал для человека весом 70 кг эти 0,8 г составляют около 10–11 % от общего количества калорий: 70 кг × 0,8 г/кг × 4 ккал/г × 1 / 2200 ккал × 100 = 10,2 %.
1077
Wright J. D., Kennedy-Stephenson J, Wang CY, et al. “Trends in Intake of Energy and Macronutrients – United States, 1971–2000.” MMWR 53 (6 февраля 2004 г.): 80–82.
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Boseley S. “Sugar industry threatens to scupper WHO.” The Guardian 21 апреля 2003 г.
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Brundtland G. H. “Sweet and sour; The WHO is accused by the sugar industry of giving unscientific nutrition advice. But its recommendations are based on solid evidence, says Gro Harlem Brundtland.” New Scientist, 3 мая, 2003: 23.
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Boseley S. “Sugar industry threatens to scupper WHO.” The Guardian 21 апреля 2003 г.
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Boseley S. “Sugar industry threatens to scupper WHO.” The Guardian 21 апреля 2003 г.
1082
Boseley S. “Sugar industry threatens to scupper WHO.” The Guardian 21 апреля 2003 г.
1083
Национальная академия наук. Пресс-релиз «Новые ориентиры питания и физической активности с целью снижения риска возникновения хронических заболеваний» / National Academy of Sciences. Press Release. “Report offers new eating and physical activity targets to reduce chronic disease risk.” 5 сентября 2002 г. Washington, DC: National Research Council, Institute of Medicine. На сайте www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=10490.
1084
Международный институт биологических наук / International Life Sciences Institute. ILSI North America. Информация по состоянию на 3 сентября 2016 г. На сайте www.ilsina.org.
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Kursban M. “Commentary: conflicted panel makes for unfit guidelines.” Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (Комитет врачей за ответственную медицину). Информация по состоянию на июнь 2003 г. На сайте www.pcrm.org/health/commentary/commentary0004.html.
1086
Совет по продовольствию и питанию, Институт медицины, «Стандарты потребления энергии, углеводов, клетчатки, жира, жирных кислот, холестерина, белков и аминокислот (макроэлементов)» / Food and Nutrition Board, and Institute of Medicine. “Dietary reference intakes for energy, carbohydrates, fiber, fat, fatty acids, cholesterol, protein, and amino acids (macronutrients).” Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002. На сайте www.nap.edu/catalog/10490/dietary-reference-intakes-for-energy-carbohydrate-fiber-fat-fatty-acids-cholesterol-protein-and-amino-acids-macronutrients.
1087
Kursban M. “Commentary: conflicted panel makes for unfit guidelines.” Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (Комитет врачей за ответственную медицину). Информация по состоянию на июнь 2003 г. На сайте www.pcrm.org/health/commentary/commentary0004.html.
1088
Chaitowitz S. “Court rules against USDA’s secrecy and failure to disclose conflict of interest in setting nutrition policies.” Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (Комитет врачей за ответственную медицину). Информация по состоянию на 27 января 2004 г. На сайте www.pcrm.org/news/health001002.html.
1089
В течение нескольких лет я был членом научно-консультативного совета Комитета врачей за ответственную медицину.
1090
Kursban M. “Commentary: conflicted panel makes for unfit guidelines.” Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (Комитет врачей за ответственную медицину). Информация по состоянию на июнь 2003 г. На сайте www.pcrm.org/health/commentary/commentary0004.html.
1091
Chaitowitz S. “Court rules against USDA’s secrecy and failure to disclose conflict of interest in setting nutrition policies.” Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (Комитет врачей за ответственную медицину). Информация по состоянию на 27 января 2004 г. На сайте www.pcrm.org/news/health001002.html.
1092
Совет по продовольствию и питанию, Институт медицины, «Стандарты потребления энергии, углеводов, клетчатки, жира, жирных кислот, холестерина, белков и аминокислот (макроэлементов)» / National Academy of Sciences, and Institute of Medicine. “Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids [основные положения].” Washington, DC: National Academy Press, сентябрь 2002 г.
1093
Совет по продовольствию и питанию, Институт медицины, «Стандарты потребления энергии, углеводов, клетчатки, жира, жирных кислот, холестерина, белков и аминокислот (макроэлементов)» / National Academy of Sciences, and Institute of Medicine. “Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids [основные положения].” Washington, DC: National Academy Press, сентябрь 2002 г.
1094
Служба продовольствия и питания Министерства сельского хозяйства США, «Сводка основных программ последнего месяца» / “Summary of Major Programs for Latest Available Month.” Alexandria, VA: Food and Nutrition Service, 5 августа 2016 г. На сайте www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/pd/currentsum.xls.
1095
Служба продовольствия и питания Министерства сельского хозяйства США, «Специальная программа обеспечения дополнительного питания для женщин и детей грудного и раннего возраста – участие государства по категориям и расходам» / U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service. “WIC Program: Monthly Data – State Level Participation by Category and Program Costs, FY 2014 (Final).” Alexandria, VA: Food and Nutrition Service, 5 августа 2016 г. На сайте www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/pd/WICAgencies2014ytd.xls.
1096
Национальные институты здравоохранения. Февраль 2004 г. / National Institutes of Health. February 2004. На сайте www.nih.gov.
1097
Национальные институты здравоохранения, «План работы на 2016 г.» / National Institutes of Health “Operating Plan for FY 2016.” Информация по состоянию на 3 сентября 2016 г., на сайте https://officeofbudget.od.nih.gov/pdfs/FY17/FY 2016 NIH Operating Plan Posting.pdf.
1098
Национальные институты здравоохранения, «Оценки финансирования исследований различных состояний и категорий заболеваний» / “Estimates of Funding for Various Research, Condition, and Disease Categories (RCDC).” Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 10 февраля 2016 г. На сайте report.nih.gov/categorical_spending.aspx.
1099
Национальные институты здравоохранения, «Оценки финансирования исследований различных состояний и категорий заболеваний» / “Estimates of Funding for Various Research, Condition, and Disease Categories (RCDC).” Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, 10 февраля 2016 г. На сайте report.nih.gov/categorical_spending.aspx.
1100
Расчеты на основе данных в таблице примечания 18.
1101
Национальный институт онкологии США, «Вопросы и ответы по итогам 1999 г.» / National Cancer Institute. “FY 1999 Questions and Answers provided for the record for the FY 1999 House Appropriations Subcommitee.” 15 июля 2003 г. На сайте www3.cancer.gov/admin/fmb/1999Q (в формате htm).
1102
Национальный институт онкологии США, «Утверждение стратегии на 2001 г. в Конгрессе» / National Cancer Institute. FY 2001 Congressional Justification. Информация по состоянию на 2 марта 2004 г. На сайте www3.cancer.gov/admin/fmb/index.html.
1103
Национальный институт онкологии США, «Вопросы и ответы по итогам 1999 г.» / National Cancer Institute. “FY 1999 Questions and Answers provided for the record for the FY 1999 House Appropriations Subcommitee.” 15 июля 2003 г. На сайте www3.cancer.gov/admin/fmb/1999Q (в формате htm).
1104
Национальный институт онкологии США, «Вопросы и ответы по итогам 1999 г.» / National Cancer Institute. “FY 1999 Questions and Answers provided for the record for the FY 1999 House Appropriations Subcommitee.” 15 июля 2003 г. На сайте www3.cancer.gov/admin/fmb/1999Q (в формате htm).
1105
Angell M. “The pharmaceutical industry – to whom is it accountable?” New Engl. J. Med. 342 (2000): 1902–1904.
1106
Национальный институт онкологии США, «Утверждение стратегии на 2004 г. в Конгрессе» / National Cancer Institute. FY 2004 Congressional Justification. Информация по состоянию на 2003 г. На сайте www3.cancer.gov/admin/fmb/index/html.
1107
Demas A. Food Education in the Elementary Classroom as a Means of Gaining Acceptance of Diverse Low Fat Foods in the School Lunch Program [Диссертация на соискание докторской степени]. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University, 1995: 325 pp.
1108
Консультативный комитет по диетическим рекомендациям, «Научный доклад за 2015 год» / Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. “Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committe: Part A. Executive Summary.” Rockville, MD: Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Информация по состоянию на 27 августа 2016 г. На сайте health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/02-executive-summary.asp.
1109
Консультативный комитет по диетическим рекомендациям, «Научный доклад за 2015 год» / Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. “Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committe: Part A. Executive Summary.” Rockville, MD: Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Информация по состоянию на 27 августа 2016 г. На сайте health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015-scientific-report/02-executive-summary.asp.
1110
Thune J., et al. Letter to The Honorable Sylvia Matthews Burwell and The Honorable Thomas J. Vilsack. 12 марта 2015 г. На сайте www.agri-pulse.com/Uploaded/DietaryGuidelinesLetter03122015.pdf.
1111
Hartzler V. Letter to The Honorable Thomas J. Vilsack and The Honorable Sylvia Matthews Burwell. 31 марта 2015 г. На сайте health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/resources/2015–2020_Dietary_Guidelines.pdf.
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Научный центр защиты общественных интересов, «Общественное питание в Конгрессе: как интересы крупных продовольственных и сельскохозяйственных компаний влияют на Конгресс и подрывают общественное здоровье» / Center for Science in the Public Interest. “Congressional Catering: How Big Food and Agricultural Special Interests Wield Influence in Congress and Undermine Public Health.” июнь 2015 г. На сайте cspinet.org/new/pdf/riders-dga-campaign-analysis-report.pdf.
1113
Министерство здравоохранения и социальных служб США и Министерство сельского хозяйства США, «Рекомендации по питанию для американцев на 2015–2020» / 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (8-е издание). Washington, DC: декабрь 2015 г. На сайте health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/resources/2015–2020_Dietary_Guidelines.pdf.
1114
Austoker J. “The ‘treatment of choice’: breast cancer surgery 1860–1985.” Soc. Soc. Hist. Med. Bull (London) 37 (1985): 100–107.
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Naifeh S. W. The Best Doctors in America, 1994–1995. Aiken, SC: Woodward & White, 1994.
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McDougall J.A., and McDougall M.A. The McDougall Plan. Clinton, NJ: New Win Publishing, Inc., 1983.
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Комитет по диетологии в медицинском образовании, «Диетологическое образование в медицинских школах США» / Committee on Nutrition in Medical Education. “Nutrition Education in U.S. Medical Schools.” Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1985.
1118
Комитет по диетологии в медицинском образовании, «Диетологическое образование в медицинских школах США» / Committee on Nutrition in Medical Education. “Nutrition Education in U.S. Medical Schools.” Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1985.
1119
Комитет по диетологии в медицинском образовании, «Диетологическое образование в медицинских школах США» / Committee on Nutrition in Medical Education. “Nutrition Education in U.S. Medical Schools.” Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1985.
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Комитет по диетологии в медицинском образовании, «Диетологическое образование в медицинских школах США» / Committee on Nutrition in Medical Education. “Nutrition Education in U.S. Medical Schools.” Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences, 1985.
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Два из трех авторитетных агентств также финансировали эту программу, но подозреваю, что управляющие этих агентств сочли необходимым связаться с проектом в медицинском образовании для своих личных целей, независимо от темного списка других организаций.
1127
Питание в медицине / Nutrition in Medicine. Информация по состоянию на 30 сентября 2016 г., на сайте nutritioninmedicine.org/portal/.
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Уровень смертности составлял 82, но примерно треть случаев одного и того же заболевания повторялась у людей другого возраста.
1213
Это также означает, что очень мало или совсем нет полезных данных при включении показателей всех людей в округе. Есть только один показатель заболевания для каждого округа; при этом необходимо иметь только один показатель для любой из переменных для сопоставления с индикатором заболеваемости.
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