Примечания книги: Так полон или пуст? - читать онлайн, бесплатно. Автор: Тали Шарот

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Онлайн книга - Так полон или пуст?

Как мозг порождает надежду? Каким образом он побуждает нас двигаться вперед? Отличается ли мозг оптимиста от мозга пессимиста? Все мы склонны представлять будущее, в котором нас ждут профессиональный успех, прекрасные отношения с близкими, финансовая стабильность и крепкое здоровье. Один из самых выдающихся нейробиологов современности Тали Шарот раскрывает всю суть нашего стремления переоценивать шансы позитивных событий и недооценивать риск неприятностей.«В этой книге описывается самый большой обман, на который способен человеческий мозг, – склонность к оптимизму. Вы узнаете, когда эта предрасположенность полезна, а когда вредна, и получите доказательства, что умеренно оптимистичные иллюзии могут поддерживать внутреннее благополучие человека. Особое внимание я уделю специальной структуре мозга, которая позволяет необоснованному оптимизму рождаться и влиять на наше восприятие и поведение. Чтобы понять феномен склонности к оптимизму, нам в первую очередь необходимо проследить, как и почему мозг человека создает иллюзии реальности. Нужно, чтобы наконец лопнул огромный мыльный пузырь – представление, что мы видим мир таким, какой он есть». (Тали Шарот)

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Примечания

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4

«Локоны любви» (англ. Locks of Love) – некоммерческая организация, обеспечивающая париками детей, страдающих от потери волос. – Примеч. автора.

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12

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Ibid. Экспертная команда Египта не пришла к тому выводу, что сделали американские эксперты.

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Student Pilot – Flight Training Online. Disorientation (Vertigo).

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U. S. Summary Comments on Draft Final Report of Aircraft Accident Flash Airlines Flight 604, Boeing 737–300, SU-ZCF.

27

Документальный сериал «Расследования авиакатастроф» (Mayday).

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U. S. Summary Comments on Draft Final Report of Aircraft Accident Flash Airlines Flight 604, Boeing 737–300, SU-ZCF.

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Бой Джордж (наст. имя – Джордж Алан О’Дауд) – британский певец и композитор, один из пионеров музыкального направления New Romantic («Новая романтика»).

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Ibid.

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U. S. Summary Comments on Draft Final Report of Aircraft Accident Flash Airlines Flight 604, Boeing 737–300, SU-ZCF.

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42

Из презентации Эмили Пронин (Project on Law and Mind Sciences (PLMS) Conference, Harvard Law School, March 8, 2008).

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Johansson P. et al. Failure to Detect Mismatches Between Intention and Outcome in a Simple Decision Task // Science. 310; 5745 (2005). P. 116–119. doi:10.1126/science.1111709

48

Ibid.

49

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50

Ibid.

51

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57

Tulving E. Episodic Memory: From Mind to Brain // Annual Review of Psychology. 53 (2002). P. 1–25. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114

58

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Suddendorf T., Corballis M. The Evolution of Foresight: What Is Mental Time Travel, and Is It Unique to Humans? // Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 30; 3 (2007). P. 313–351. doi:10.1017/S 0140525X07001975

61

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62

Dally J. M., Emery N. J., Clayton N. S. Food-Caching Western Scrub-Jays Keep Track of Who Was Watching When // Science. 314. 5780 (2006). P. 1662–1665. doi:10.1126/science.1126539

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Correia S. P. C., Dickinson A., Clayton N. S. Western Scrub-Jays Anticipate Future Needs Independently of Their Current Motivational State // Current Biology. 17; 10 (2007). P. 856–861. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.03.063

64

Raby C. R. et al. Planning for the Future by Western Scrub-Jays // Nature. 445; 7130 (2007). P. 919–921. doi:10.1038/nature05575

65

Morell V. et al. Nicola Clayton Profile: Nicky and the Jays // Science. 315; 5815 (2007). P. 1074–1075.

66

Bird L. R. et al. Spatial Memory for Food Hidden by Rats (Rattus norvegicus) on the Radial Maze: Studies of Memory for Where, What, and When // Journal of Comparative Psychology. 117 (2003). P. 176–187.

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McKenzie T. et al. Can Squirrel Monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) Plan for the Future? Studies of Temporal Myopia in Food Choice // Learning & Behavior. 32; 4 (2004). P. 377–390.

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Твигги (наст. имя – Лесли Хорнби) – британская супермодель, актриса, певица.

71

Ронни Скотт (1927–1996) – британский саксофонист и владелец джаз-клуба.

72

Джорджи Фэйм (наст. имя – Клайв Пауэлл) – британский джазовый певец; с 1961 по 1966 г. был вокалистом группы The Blue Flames.

73

Брэт Мэверик – гениальный игрок в покер и обаятельный мошенник, герой фильма Ричарда Доннера «Мэверик» 1994 года. Айсмен, или Человек-лед, – супергерой из вселенной Marvel Comics, один из Людей Икс.

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Maguire E. A. et al. Navigation-Related Structural Change in the Hippocampi of Taxi Drivers // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 9; 8 (2000). P. 4398–4403. doi:10.1073/pnas.070039597

75

Taxi Drivers’ Brains ‘Grow’ on the Job. URL: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/677048.stm

76

Maguire E. A. et al. Navigation-Related Structural Change in the Hippocampi of Taxi Drivers // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 9; 8 (2000). P. 4398–4403. doi:10.1073/pnas.070039597

77

Ibid.

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83

Jacobs L. F. et al. Evolution of Spatial Cognition: Sex-Specific Patterns of Spatial Behavior Predict Hippocampal Size // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 87; 16 (1990). P. 6349–6352.

84

Tulving E. Episodic Memory: From Mind to Brain // Annual Review of Psychology. 53 (2002). P. 1–25. doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.53.100901.135114

85

Hassabis D. et al. Patients with Hippocampal Amnesia Cannot Imagine New Experiences // Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104; 5 (2007). P. 1726–1731. doi:10.1073/pnas.0610561104

86

Addis D. R., Wong A. T., Schacter D. L. Remembering the Past and Imagining the Future: Common and Distinct Neural Substrates During Event Construction and Elaboration // Neuropsychologia. 45; 7 (2007). P. 1363–1377. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2006.10.016

87

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88

Varki A. Human Uniqueness and the Denial of Death // Nature. 460; 7256 (2009). P. 684. doi:10.1038/460684c

89

Ibid.

90

Spencer L. Walking the Talk // NBA Encyclopedia, Playoff Edition. URL: http://www.nba.com/encyclopedia/coaches/pat_riley_1987–88.html

91

McCallum J. The Dread R Word // Sports Illustrated. April 18, 1988.

92

Ibid.

93

Merton K. M. Social Theory and Social Structure. New York: Free Press. 1968. P. 477.

94

Berlin’s Wonderful Horse: He Can Do Almost Everything but Talk // New York Times. September 4, 1904.

95

Ibid.

96

‘Clever Hans’ Again: Expert Commission Decides That The Horse Actually Reasons // New York Times. October 2, 1904.

97

Rosenthal R., Jacobson L. Pygmalion in the Classroom. New York: Irvington Publishers, 1992.

98

Duncan S. C. et al. Adolescent Alcohol Use Development and Young Adult Outcomes // Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 49; 1 (1997). P. 39–48.

99

Good T. L. Two Decades of Research on Teacher Expectations: Findings and Future Directions // Journal of Teacher Education. (1987). P. 32–47.

100

Bengtsson S. L., Lau H. C., Passingham R. E. Motivation to Do Well Enhances Responses to Errors and Self-Monitoring // Cerebral Cortex. 19; 4 (2009). P. 797–804.

101

Cadinu M. R. et al. Why Do Women Underperform Under Stereotype Threat Evidence for the Role of Negative Thinking // Psychological Science. 16; 7 (2005). P. 572–578.

102

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103

Buxton R. B. Introduction to Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Principles and Techniques. New York: Cambridge University Press. 2009. P. ix – x.

104

Эл Грин (полное имя Элберт Грин) – американский вокалист в стилях ритм-энд-блюз и госпел, композитор и продюсер, получивший за свою карьеру несколько статуэток «Грэмми».

105

Bengtsson S. L., Lau H. C., Passingham R. E. Motivation to Do Well Enhances Responses to Errors and Self-Monitoring // Cerebral Cortex. 19; 4 (2009). P. 797–804.

106

The New Cognitive Neurosciences. Gazzaniga M. S. (ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999. P. 7–22.

107

Saxe R., Carey S., Kanwisher N. Understanding Other Minds: Linking Developmental Psychology and Functional Neuroimaging // Annual Review of Psychology. 55 (2004). P. 87–124.

108

The New Cognitive Neurosciences. Gazzaniga M. S. (ed.). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999. P. 7–22.

109

Лобные доли не единолично производят все эти сложные расчеты. Они получают важную информацию относительно ценности действий и результатов от многих других разделов мозга. Особенно большой вклад вносят подкорковые структуры, которые участвуют в обработке мотивов и эмоций, прежде всего полосатое тело и мозжечковая миндалина. – Примеч. автора.

110

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111

Эти два желания противоречат друг другу. Сигнал о конфликте, насколько известно, подаст зона в лобной доле под названием «передняя поясная кора головного мозга». – Примеч. автора.

112

Ibid.

113

Мик Джаггер (полное имя Майкл Филипп Джаггер) – британский рок-музыкант, вокалист группы The Rolling Stones, в репертуаре которой есть песня «You Can’t Always Get What You Want» с такими словами: «Ты не можешь всегда получать то, что хочешь, / Но если постараешься, однажды обнаружишь, / Что получаешь все, что тебе нужно».

114

Brown J. D., Marshal M. A. Great Expectations: Optimism and Pessimism in Achievement Settings // Optimism and Pessimism: Implications for Theory, Research, and Practice. Chang Edward C. (ed.). Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association, 2000. P. 239–256.

115

Peterson Ch., Bossio L. M. Optimism and Physical Well-being // Chang Edward C. (ed.). Optimism and Pessimism: Implications for Theory, Research, and Practice. Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association, 2000. P. 126–146.

116

Ibid.

117

Scheier M. F., Carver Ch. S., Bridges M. W. Optimism, Pessimism, and Psychological Well-being // Optimism and Pessimism: Implications for Theory, Research, and Practice. Chang Edward C. (ed.). Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association, 2000. P. 189–216.

118

Ibid.

119

Peterson Ch., Bossio L. M. Optimism and Physical Well-being // Optimism and Pessimism: Implications for Theory, Research, and Practice. Chang Edward C. (ed.). Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association, 2000. P. 126–146.

120

Puri M., Robinson D. T. Optimism and Economic Choice // Journal of Financial Economics. 86; I (2007). P. 71–99.

121

Ibid.

122

Ketteler J. 5 Money Rules for Optimists. URL: http://moneywatch.bnet.com/investing/article/5-money-rules-for-optimists/457670

123

Gardner D. Obama Can Save Us! Polls Show Wave of Optimism Sweeping the Nation. URL: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1119783/Obama-save-says-America-polls-wave-optimism-sweeping-nation.html

124

«Бычий» рынок (англ. Bull market) – тип рынка, характеризующийся постепенным ростом цен в течение определенного периода времени.

125

Obama B. The Audacity of Hope: Thoughts on Reclaiming the American Dream. New York: Crown, 2006.

126

Gardner D. Obama Can Save Us! Polls Show Wave of Optimism Sweeping the Nation. URL: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1119783/Obama-save-says-America-polls-wave-optimism-sweeping-nation.html

127

Ibid.

128

Gallup poll // USA Today. January 4 and January 9, 2001.

129

Royal Society of Arts symposium. ‘Private Optimism vs. Public Despair: What Do Opinion Polls Tell Us?’. November 6, 2008.

130

Книга вышла в США в 2011 г., когда Барак Обама был действующим президентом. Его второй срок длился с 2012 по 2017 г., когда на этом посту его сменил Дональд Трамп.

131

Инаугурационная речь Барака Обамы от 20 января 2009 года.

132

Речь Барака Обамы в честь победы на выборах от 4 ноября 2008 года.

133

Zlomislic D. New Emotion Dubbed ‘Elevation’ // Toronto Star. December 11, 2008.

134

Silvers J. A., Haidt J. Moral Elevation Can Induce Nursing // Emotion 8; 2 (2008). P. 291–295. doi:10.1037/1528–3542.8.2.291

135

Domes G. et al. Oxytocin Attenuates Amygdala Responses to Emotional Faces Regardless of Valence // Biological Psychiatry. 62; 10 (2007). P. 1187–1190. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.03.025

136

Kosfeld M. et al. Oxytocin Increases Trust in Humans // Nature. 435; 7042 (2005). P. 673–676. doi:10.1038/nature03701

137

Overproduction of Goods, Unequal Distribution of Wealth, High Unemployment, and Massive Poverty. Memo from President’s Economic Council to President Franklin Roosevelt, March 10, 1933.

138

Инаугурационная речь Барака Обамы от 20 января 2009 года.

139

URL: http://www.kennedy-center.org

140

Gardner D. Obama Can Save Us! Polls Show Wave of Optimism Sweeping the Nation. URL: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1119783/Obama-save-says-America-polls-wave-optimism-sweeping-nation.html

141

Gallup poll // USA Today. January 4 and January 9, 2001.

142

URL: http://www.ipsos-mori.com

143

BBC poll. January 20, 2009.

144

URL: http://www.ipsos-mori.com

145

Ibid.

146

Данные относятся, самое позднее, к 2011 г.

147

Некоторые из приведенных цифр включают в себя попытки убийства, а некоторые – нет. Это обстоятельство ограничивает сравнение по странам. Страны, показатели которых не включают покушения на убийство, выделены жирным шрифтом. – Примеч. автора.

148

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