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1
W. Wilson, «The Reconstruction of the Southern States», Atlantic Monthly, January 1901, vol. lxxxvii, р. 1–15.
2
J. M. Keynes, «Mr Churchill on the Peace», New Republic, 27 March 1929.
3
The Times, 27 December 1915, issue 41047, р. 3.
4
Reichstag, Stenographischer Bericht, vol. 307, 850 ff, 5 April 1916, р. 852.
5
W. S. Churchill, The Gathering Storm (Boston, MA, 1948), р. vii.
6
W. S. Churchill, The Aftermath (London, 1929), р. 459.
7
G. L. Weinberg (ed.), Hitler’s Second Book (New York, 2006).
8
См. его работы, собранные на: http: // www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/works/.
9
Центральная тема книги C. Schmitt, Positionen und Begriffe im Kampf mit Weimar-Genf-Versailles 1923–1939 (Berlin, 1940).
10
Эта фраза получила распространение благодаря книге: D. Chakrabarty, Provincializing Europe (Princeton, NJ, 2000), который заимствовал ее у H.-G. Gadamer, по всей вероятности, из «Karl-Jaspers-Preis Laudatio für Jeanne Hersch», Heidelberger Jahrbücher 37 (1993), р. 151–158. Сам Гадамер связывает эти впечатления со своим ранним детством, которое пришлось на годы после окончания Первой мировой войны.
11
Две прекрасно аргументированные точки зрения по этому вопросу изложены в книгах: M. Hardt and A. Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA, 2001); М. Хардт и А. Негри, Империя (Москва, 2004) и C. S. Maier, Among Empires: American Ascendancy and Its Predecessors (Cambridge, MA, 2006).
12
L. Trotsky, «Is the Slogan „The United States of Europe“ a Timely One?» http: //www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1924/ffyci-2/25b.htm; Л. Троцкий. О своевременности лозунга «Соединенные Штаты Европы» // Правда. 1923. 30 июня.
13
A. Hitler, «Zweites Buch» (неопубликовано), р. 127–128.
14
Это близко к ряду теорий войны, связанных с «переходом власти» и «сделками», изложенными в: A. F. K. Organski and J. Kugler, The War Ledger (Chicago, IL, 1980).
15
В теориях войны, связанных с концепцией «передачи власти», фактор готовности рисковать отмечается такими авторами, как W. Kim и J. D. Morrow, «When Do Power Shifts Lead to War?», American Journal of Political Science 36, no. 4 (November 1992), р. 896–922.
16
О политических ставках, сделанных еще в самом начале войны, см.: H. Strachan, The First World War (London, 2003).
17
F. R. Dickinson, World War I and the Triumph of a New Japan, 1919–1930 (Cambridge,2013) р. 87.
18
L. Trotsky, «Perspectives of World Development», http://www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1924/07/world.htm; Л. Троцкий. К вопросу о перспективах мирового развития. Доклад. 28 июля 1924 г. // Правда. 1924. 5 августа (№ 176).
19
L. Trotsky, «Disarmament and the United States of Europe», 4 October 1929; Л. Троцкий. Разоружение и Соединенные Штаты Европы//Бюллетень оппозиции ((большевиков-ленинцев). 1929. 4 октября (№ 6), http: // web.mit.edu/fjk/www/FI/BO/BO-06.shtml.
20
F. Meinecke, Machiavellism: The Doctrine of Raison d’État and its Place in Modern History, trans. Douglas Scott (New Haven, CT, 1957), р. 432.
21
C. Schmitt, The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of the Jus Publicum Europaeum (New York, 2006); К. Шмитт, Номос земли в праве народов Jus Publicum. Europaeum (Санкт-Петербург, 2008).
22
Более подробно об исторических коррективах см.: P. W. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 (Oxford, 1994).
23
S. Falasca-Zamponi, Fascist Spectacle: The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini’s Italy (Berkeley CA, 1997) р. 163.
24
A. J. Mayer, Wilson vs Lenin: Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917–1918 (New York, 1964); N. Gordon Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics (Oxford, 1968).
25
L. Trotsky, «Perspectives on World Development», http: //www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1924/07/world.htm; Л. Троцкий. К вопросу о перспективах мирового развития. Доклад. 28 июля 1924 г. // Правда. 1924. 5 августа (№ 176), http: // web. mit.edu/fjk/www/Trotsky/Europa/chapter2.html.
26
L. Trotsky, «Europe and America», February 1924; Л. Троцкий. Европа и Америка (доклад 15 февраля 1926 г.), http: //web.mit.edu/fjk/www/Trotsky/Europa/chapter3.html.
27
Ibid; там же.
28
См., например, данные, собранные для ОЭСР Ангусом Мэддисоном (Angus Maddison), на http: // www.theworldeconomy.org/.
29
Современным классиком является P. Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers (London, 1987).
30
J. Darwin, Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970 (Cambridge, 2009).
31
D. Bell, The Idea of Greater Britain (Princeton, NJ, 2009).
32
E. J. Eisenach, The Lost Promise of Progressivism (Lawrence, KS, 1994), р. 48–52.
33
Это отличие было намеренно заретушировано при помощи обтекаемого понятия «неформальной империи», предложенного Джоном Галлагером и Рональдом Робинсоном (John Gallagher and Ronald Robinson, «The Imperialism of Free Trade», The Economic History Review, second series, VI, no. 1 (1953), р. 1–15.
34
W. A. Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (New York, 1959).
35
Самосознание, превосходно запечатленное в книге: V. de Grazia, Irresistible Empire: America’s Advance Through Twentieth-Century Europe (Cambridge, MA, 2005).
36
Приведу в качестве примера лишь одно высокоавторитетное издание: E. Hobsbawm, Age of Extremes (London, 1994); Хобсбаум Э. Эпоха крайностей: короткий двадцатый век (1914–1991). М., 2004.
37
Среди которых наиболее влиятельным был R. S. Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement (New York, 1922).
38
Достаточно посмотреть критику Вильсона, например, в: T. A. Bailey, Woodrow Wilson and the Lost Peace (New York, 1944), р. 154–155.
39
В самих США радикальные критики Вильсона пришли к выводу, что Версаль не был «провалом», но заинтересованность в сохранении существующего порядке и была истинной причиной заключения мирного договора. См.: T. Veblen, Editorial from «The Dial», 15 November 1919, in Veblen, Essays in Our Changing Order (New York, 1934), р. 459–461.
40
Это основная сюжетная линия прослеживается во всех работах Арно Майера: A. Mayer, The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War (New York, 1981); A. Mayer, Wilson versus Lenin: Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 19171918 (New York, 2nd ed., 1964); A. Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking (New York, 1967); A. Mayer, Why Did the Heavens Not Darken? The «Final Solution» in History (New York, 1988).
41
Наибольшее признание получила книга M. Mazower, Dark Continent: Europe’s Twentieth Century (London, 1998).
42
J. L. Harper, American Visions of Europe (Cambridge, 1994).
43
D. E. Ellwood, The Shock of America (Oxford, 2012).
44
Различные нюансы подобного теоретизирования можно встретить в: P. Kindleberger, The World in Depression: 1929–1939 (Berkeley, CA, 1973), R. Gilpin, «The Theory of Hegemonic War», The Journal of Interdisciplinary History 18, no. 4 (Spring 1988), р. 591–613, and G. Arrighi, The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times (London, 1994).
45
J. Ikenberry, After Victory: Institutions, Strategic Restraint, and the Rebuilding of Order after Major Wars (Princeton, NJ, 2001).
46
A. Kupchan, No One’s World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn (Oxford, 2012).
47
C. Bright and M. Geyer, «For a Unified History of the World in the Twentieth Century», Radical History Review 39 (September 1987), р. 69–91; M. Geyer and C. Bright, «World History in a Global Age», in American Historical Review 100 (October 1995), р. 1034–1060, and M. Geyer and C. Bright, «Global Violence and Nationalizing Wars in Eurasia and America: The Geopolitics of War in the Mid-Nineteenth Century», Comparative Studies in Society and History 38, no. 4 (October 1996), р. 619–657.
48
J. Hobson, Imperialism: A Study (London, 1902); Гобсон Дж. Империализм. Ленинград, 1926.
49
См. недавно появившееся блестящее исследование: A. D’Agostino, The Rise of Global Powers: International Politics in the Era of the World Wars (Cambridge, 2012).
50
N. Smith, American Empire: Roosevelt’s Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, CA, 2003).
51
M. Nebelin, Ludendorff (Munich, 2010).
52
D. Fromkin, The Peace to End all Peace (New York, 1989).
53
Данная аргументация, приводимая в книге, многим обязана работе: A. Iriye, After Imperialism: The Search for a New Order in the Far East, 1921–1931 (Cambridge, MA, 1965).
54
D. Gorman, The Emergence of International Society in the 1920s (Cambridge, 2012).
55
Как и в предыдущей работе, я многое почерпнул из: M. Berg, Gustav Stresemann. Eine politische Karriere zwischen Reich und Republik (Göttingen, 1992).
56
N. Bamba, Japanese Diplomacy in a Dilemma (Vancouver, 1972), р. 360–366.
57
L. Trotsky, Perspectives of World Development (1924), http: //www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1924/07/world.htm; Л. Троцкий К вопросу о перспективах мирового развития. Доклад. 28 июля 1924 г. // Правда. 1924. 5 августа (№ 176), http: // web.mit.edu/fjk/www/Trotsky/Europa/chapter2.html.
58
A. Hitler, Mein Kampf (London, 1939), vol. 2, chapter 13.
59
Здесь я полностью согласен с: R. Boyce, The Great Interwar Crisis and the Collapse of Globalization (London, 2009).
60
Краткое вступление см.: A. Stephanson, Manifest Destiny: American Expansionism and the Empire of Right (New York, 1995).
61
Eisenach, Lost Promise, р. 225.
62
Эта тема в последнее время получила развитие в: D. E. Ellwood, The Shock of America (Oxford, 2012). Более вдумчивую критику см. в: T. Welskopp and A. Lessoff (eds), Fractured Modernity: America Confronts Modern Times, 1890s to 1940s (Oldenbourg, 2012).
63
Вывод, к которому пришел совсем с другой стороны G. Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 1900–1916 (New York, 1963).
64
J. T. Sparrow, Warfare State: World War II Americans and the Age of Big Government (New York, 2011).
65
Douglas Steeples and David O. Whitten, Democracy in Desperation: The Depression of 1893 (Westport, CT, 1998).
66
Лучшим кратким введением остается: A. S. Link, Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era 1910–1917 (New York, 1954).
67
W. C. Widenor, Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy (Berkeley, CA, 1983).
68
B. Knei-Paz, The Social and Political Thought of Leon Trotsky (Oxford, 1978).
69
V. I. Lenin, «The chain Is No Stronger Than Its Weakest Link», Pravda 67, 9 June (27 May) 1917; Lenin: Collected Works (Moscow, 1964), vol. 24, 519–520; В. И. Ленин. Крепость цепи определяется крепостью самого слабого звена // Ленин В. И. Полн. собр. соч. Т. 32. М., 1969, с. 201–202.
70
S. Hoffmann, Gulliver’s Troubles, or the Setting of American Foreign Policy (New York, 1968), р. 52. Другие высказывания политологов о «неравномерном и комбинированном развитии» см. в: R. Gilpin, War and Change in World Politics (Cambridge 1981).
71
В числе недавно изданных работ см.: H. Strachan, The First World War (London, 2003); D. Stevenson, 1914–1918: The History of the First World War (London, 2004).
72
N. A. Lambert, Planning Armageddon: British Economic Warfare and the First World War (Cambridge, MA, 2012).
73
S. Roskill, Naval Policy Between the Wars (New York, 1968 and 1976), vol. 1, р. 80–81.
74
H. Nouailhat, France et Etats-Unis: Août 1914-Avril 1917 (Paris, 1979), р. 349–355.
75
C. Seymour (ed.), The Intimate Papers of Colonel House (London, 1926), vol. 1, р. 312–313.
76
A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [hereafter PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ,1966–1994), vol. 36, р. 120.
77
J. J. Safford, Wilsonian Maritime Diplomacy 1913–1921 (New Brunswick, NJ, 1978), р. 67–115.
78
P. O. O’Brian, British and American Naval Power: Politics and Policy, 1900–1936 (West-port, CT, 1998), р. 117.
79
R. Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes: A Biography, 3 vols (New York, 1983–2000), vol. 1,р. 305–315.
80
K. Burk, Britain, America and the Sinews of War, 1914–1918 (London, 1985); H. Strachan, Financing the First World War (Oxford, 2004).
81
K. Neilson, Strategy and Supply: The Anglo-Russian Alliance 1914–1917 (London, 1984), р. 106–112.
82
M. Horn, Britain, France, and the Financing of the First World War (Montreal, 2002).
83
Nouailhat, France, р. 368.
84
S. Broadberry and M. Harrison (eds), The Economics of World War I (Cambridge, 2005).
85
Классическая работа: H. Feis, Europe: The World’s Banker 1870–1914 (New York, 1965).
86
R. Chernow, The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance (New York, 2001).
87
J. M. Keynes, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 16 (London, 1971-89), р. 197.
88
P. Roberts, «„Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes?“ The Federal Reserve System» s Founding Fathers and Allied Finances in the First World War’, The Business History Review 72 (1998) р. 585–620.
89
E. Sanders, Roots of Reform (Chicago, IL, 1999); A. H. Meltzer, A History of the Federal Reserve (Chicago, IL, 2002–2003).
90
W. L. Silber, When Washington Shut Down Wall Street: The Great Financial Crisis of 1914 and the Origins of America’s Monetary Supremacy (Princeton, NJ, 2007).
91
N. Ferguson, The Pity of War: Explaining World War I (London, 1998).
92
A. Offer, The First World War: An Agrarian Interpretation (Oxford, 1991).
93
Обзор см. в: D. E. Ellwood, The Shock of America (Oxford, 2012).
94
J. Banno, Democracy in Prewar Japan: Concepts of Government 1871–1937 (London, 2001), р. 47.
95
W. Wilson, Congressional Government: A Study in American Government (PhD thesis, Johns Hopkins University, 1885).
96
D. T. Rodgers, Atlantic Crossings: Social Politics in a Progressive Age (Cambridge, MA,1998).
97
W. Wilson, «Democracy and Efficiency», Atlantic Monthly (March 1901), р. 289.
98
T. Raithel, Das Wunder der inneren Einheit (Bonn, 1996).
99
T. Roosevelt, America and the World War (New York, 1915).
100
J. M. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest: Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson (Cambridge, MA, 1983), р. 284–285.
101
W. Wilson, A History of the American People (New York, 1902), and J. M. Cooper, Woodrow Wilson: A Biography (New York, 2009).
102
PWW, vol. 57, р. 246.
103
W. Wilson, «The Reconstruction of the Southern States», Atlantic Monthly, January 1901, р. 1–15.
104
R. E. Hannigan, The New World Power: American Foreign Policy, 1898–1917 (Philadelphia, PA, 2002), р. 45–48.
105
R. S. Baker and W. E. Dodd (eds), The Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson (New York, 1925–1927), vol. 1, р. 224–225.
106
T. J. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New Order (Princeton, NJ, 1992), р. 77.
107
PWW, vol. 37, р. 116.
108
PWW, vol. 40, р. 84–85.
109
PWW, vol. 41, р. 183–184, и еще раз в феврале 1917 г. – см.: ibid., р. 316–317.
110
B. M. Manly, «Have Profits Kept Pace with the Cost of Living?», Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 89 (1920), р. 157–162.
111
M. J. Pusey, Charles Evans Hughes (New York, 1951), vol. 1, р. 335–366.
112
The Memoirs of Marshal Joffre, trans. T. B. Mott (London, 1932), vol. 2, р. 461.
113
P. v. Hindenburg, Aus Meinem Leben (Leipzig, 1920), р. 180–181.
114
G. Ritter, Staatskunst und Kriegshandwerk (Munich, 1954–1968), vol. 3, р. 246.
115
G. E. Torrey, Romania and World War I (Lasi, 1998), р. 174.
116
S. Miller, Burgfrieden und Klassenkampf: Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie in Ersten Weltkrieg (Düsseldorf, 1974), р. 263–264.
117
D. French, The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition, 1916-19 (Oxford, 1995); M. G. Fry, Lloyd George and Foreign Policy (Montreal, 1977).
118
Keynes, The Collected Writings (18 October 1916), vol. 16, р. 201.
119
Блестяще изложено в G.-H. Soutou, L’Or et le Sang: Les Buts de guerre économique de la Première Guerre Mondiale (Paris, 1989), р. 365–363, 398–399.
120
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers (Washington, DC, 1940), vol. 1, р. 306–307.
121
Seymour (ed.), Intimate Papers, vol. 2, р. 129.
122
Fry, Lloyd George, р. 219.
123
Neilson, Strategy and Supply, р. 191; A. Suttie, Rewriting the First World War: Lloyd George, Politics and Strategy 1914–1918 (London, 2005), р. 85.
124
V. I. Lenin, «Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism», in V. I. Lenin, Selected Works. M.,1963, vol. 1, р. 667–766; В. И. Ленин. Империализм, как высшая стадия капитализма //Ленин В. И. Полн. собр. соч. Т. 27. М., 1969, с. 400.
125
На левом фланге Ленин выступал против теории так называемого ультраимпериализма, см.: K. Kautsky, «Der Imperialismus», Die Neue Zeit 32, no. 2 (1914), р. 908–922. О недавнем возрождении этой теории см.: A. Negri and M. Hardt, Empire (Cambridge, MA, 2001); Хардт М., Негри А. Империя. М., 2004.
126
A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [hereafter PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1966-94), vol. 40, р. 19–20. Поучительное ревизионистское описание того, как Америка вступила в войну, см.: J. D. Doenecke, Nothing Less Than War: A New History of America’s Entry into World War I (Lexington, KY, 2010).
127
PWW, vol. 40, р. 77.
128
P. Roberts, „Quis Custodiet Ipsos Custodes?“ The Federal Reserve System’s Founding Fathers and Allied Finances in the First World War’, Business History Review 72(1998) р. 585–620.
129
H. Nouailhat, France et Etats-Unis: Aout 1914-Avril 1917 (Paris, 1979), р. 382.
130
J. Siegel, For Peace and Money (Oxford, 2014), chapter 4.
131
G.-H. Soutou, L’Or et le Sang: Les Buts de guerre économique de la Preminre Guerre Mondiale (Paris, 1989), р. 373–378; J. Wormell, The Management of the Public Debt of the United Kingdom (London, 2000), р. 222–241.
132
J. H. von Bernstorff, My Three Years in America (New York, 1920), р. 317.
133
T. J. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New Order (Princeton, NJ, 1992), р. 110. О реакции в России см.: Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers [FRUS: Lansing Papers] (Washington, DC, 1940), vol. 2, р. 320–321.
134
«President Wilson and Peace», The Times (London), Friday 22 December 1916, N9; «French Public Opinion», The Times (London), 23 December 1916, N7.
135
Nouailhat, France, p. 393.
136
D. French, The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition, 1916–1918 (Oxford, 1995), p. 34.
137
Ibid., p. 38.
138
J. M. Keynes, Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 16 (London, 1971).
139
The New York Times, 23 January 1917; PWW, vol. 40, p. 533–539.
140
Knock, To End All Wars ближе всех подходит к пониманию этого, но он воспринимает речь не критически, а как манифест прогрессистов. Критическая оценка «новых левых» см.: N. Levin, Woodrow Wilson and World Politics (New York,1968), p. 260.
141
J. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge, MA, 1983).
142
C. Seymour (ed.), The Intimate Papers of Colonel House (London, 1926), vol. 2, p. 412.
143
PWW, vol. 40 p. 533–539.
144
Bernstorff, My Three Years, p. 390–391.
145
The New York Times, 23 January 1917.
146
PWW, vol. 41, p. 11–12.
147
The New York Times, 23 January 1917.
148
«Labour in Session», The Times (London), 23 January 1917, N5.
149
«War Aims of Labour», The Times (London), 24 January 1917, N7.
150
The New York Times, 24 January 1917.
151
Nouailhat, France, p. 398.
152
Bernstorff, My Three Years, p. 286.
153
Ibid., p. 371.
154
«Aufzeichnung über Besprechung 9.1.1917», in H. Michaelis and E. Schraepler (eds), Ursachen und Folgen. Vom deutschen Zusammenbruch 1918 und 1945 (Berlin, 1958), vol. 1, p. 146–147.
155
K. Erdmann (ed.), Kurt Riezler. Tagebücher, Aufsaetze, Dokumente (Göttingen, 1972),p. 403–404.
156
M. Weber, Gesammelte politische Schriften (Tübingen, 1988).
157
Как об этом Лансинг говорил Вильсону 2 февраля 1917 года: FRUS: Lansing Papers, vol. p p. 591–592.
158
K. Burk, «The Diplomacy of Finance: British Financial Missions to the United States 1914–1918», The Historical Journal 22, no. 2 (1979), p. 359.
159
Об истории атлантизма см.: M. Mariano, Defining the Atlantic Community (New York, 2010).
160
M. G. Fry, Lloyd George and Foreign Policy, vol. 1, The Education of a Statesman: 1890–1916 (Montreal, 1977), p. 34.
161
См.: D. Lloyd George, The Great Crusade: Extracts from Speeches Delivered during the War (London, 1918).
162
R. Hanks, «Georges Clemenceau and the English», The Historical Journal 45, no. 1 (2002), p. 53–77.
163
PWW, vol. 42, p. 375–376. О том, как сам Тардье воспринимал вызовы, связанные с такими отношениями, см.: A. Tardieu, France and America: Some Experiences in Cooperation (Boston, MA, 1927).
164
PWW, vol. 41, p. 136, 256, 336–337.
165
Ibid., p. 89, 94, 101, and PWW, vol. 42, p. 255.
166
PWW, vol. 41, p. 120.
167
M. Hunt, Ideology and US Foreign Policy (New Haven, CT, 1987), р. 129–30. Пытаясь связать Вильсона и холодную войну, Хант преувеличивает роль Коммуны, противопоставляя ее Великой революции 1789 г.
168
См.: Burke’s Speech on Conciliation with the Colonies, in Robert Andersen (ed.) with an introduction by Woodrow Wilson (Boston, MA, 1896), р. xviii.
169
W. Wilson, «The Character of Democracy in the United States», in idem, An Old Master and Other Political Essays (New York, 1893), p. 114–115.
170
Wilson, «Democracy and Efficiency», Atlantic Monthly LXXXVII (1901), p. 289.
171
Wilson, The Character of Democracy, p. 115.
172
Ibid., p. 114.
173
PWW, vol. 40, p. 133.
174
E. Mantoux, The Carthaginian Peace (New York, 1952), p. 50.
175
Лучшими биографиями остаются: D. Watson, Georges Clemenceau: A Political Biography (London, 1976), и G. Dallas, At the Heart of a Tiger: Georges Clemenceau and His World 1841–1929 (London, 1993).
176
G. Clemenceau, American Reconstruction, 1865–1870 (New York, 1969), p. 226.
177
W. Wilson, A History of the American People (New York, 1901), vol. 5, p. 49–53.
178
Clemenceau, American Reconstruction, р. 84.
179
Сходство позиций Клемансо и Рузвельта в вопросе мира и справедливости было отмечено Клемансо еще в 1910 году в лекциях, собранных в книге: G. Clemenceau, Sur La Democratie (Paris 1930), p. 124–125.
180
E. Benton, The Movementfor Peace Without Victory during the Civil War (Columbus, OH, 1918), и J. McPherson, This Mighty Scourge (Oxford, 2007), p. 167–186.
181
Рузвельт дождался, пока Вильсон откажется действовать в ответ на агрессию Германии, перед тем как разразиться тирадой «МИР БЕЗ ПОБЕДЫ ОЗНАЧАЕТ МИР БЕЗ ЧЕСТИ», опубл. в: Poverty Bay Herald XLIV, 20 March 1917, 8. См.: E. Morrison (ed.), The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge, MA, 1954), p. 1162–1163.
182
PWW, vol. 41, p. 87.
183
FRUS: Lansing Papers, vol. 2, p. 118–120.
184
PWW, vol. 41, p. 201, 283.
185
Ibid., p. 123, 183–184.
186
Michaelis and Schraepler, Ursachen und Folgen, vol. 1, p. 151–152.
187
Цит. по: F. Katz, The Secret War in Mexico: Europe, the United States and the Mexican Revolution (Chicago, IL, 1981), p. 359–360.
188
W. Rathenau, Politische Briefe (Dresden, 1929), p. 108.
189
A. S. Link, Woodrow Wilson and the Progressive Era 1910–1917 (New York, 1954), p. 275.
190
PWW, vol. 42, p. 140–148.
191
N. Saul, War and Revolution: The United States and Russia, 1914–1921 (Lawrence, KS, 2001), p. 97–98.
192
Лучше всех из недавних авторов это описано в: O. Figes, A People’s Tragedy: The Russian Revolution 1891–1924 (London, 1996).
193
Зарисовки царивших настроений см. в: M. Steinberg, Voices of Revolution, 1917 (New-Haven, CT, 2001).
194
A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [hereafter PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1966–1994), vol. 41, р. 425–427.
195
PWW, vol. 41, р. 440, и Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers [FRUS: Lansing Papers] (Washington, DC, 1940), vol. 1, р. 626–628, 636.
196
Заявление Вильсона об объявлении войны, 2 апреля 1917 г.
197
Цит. по: M. Winock, Clemenceau (Paris, 2007), р. 418–419.
198
Яркое описание приводится в: N. Sukhanov, The Russian Revolution, 1917: A Personal Record (London, 1955), р. 202–203; Суханов Н. Записки о революции, кн. 2. Берлин; Петербург; М., 1922, с. 140.
199
Sukhanov, Russian Revolution, р. 240–41; Суханов Н. Записки о революции, с. 337.
200
W. Roobol, Tsereteli – A Democrat in the Russian Revolution: A Political Biography (The Hague, 1976); M. Khoundadze, La révolution de février 1917: La social-démocratie contre le bolchevisme, Tsertelli face à Lenine (Paris, 1988); R. Abraham, Alexander Kerensky: The First Love of the Revolution (London, 1987).
201
V. I. Lenin, «Letter to Pravda on 7 April 1917», in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1964), vol. 24, р. 19–26; В. И. Ленин. О задачах пролетариата в данной революции // Ленин В. И. Полн. собр. соч. Т. 31. М., 1969, с. 113–118.
202
J. H. von Bernstorff, My Three Years in America (London, 1920), р. 383.
203
D. Stevenson, «The Failure of Peace by Negotiation in 1917», The Historical Journal 34, no. 1 (1991) р. 65–86.
204
S. Miller, Burgfrieden und Klassenkampf: Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie imErsten Weltkrieg (Düsseldorf, 1974), р. 283–298.
205
PWW, vol. 42, MacDonald to Wilson, 29 May 1917, р. 420–422.
206
J. Turner, British Politics and the Great War: Coalition and Conflict 1915–1918 (New Haven, СД 1992).
207
L. Gardner, Safe for Democracy: The Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913–1923 (Oxford, 1987), р. 138; A. Suttie, Rewriting the First World War: Lloyd George, Politics, and Strategy, 1914–1918 (Houndmills, 2005), р. 191–194.
208
S. Carls, Louis Loucheur and the Shaping of Modern France 1916–1931 (Baton Rouge, FL, 1993) р. 43–44, 50–51.
209
C. Seton-Watson, Italy from Liberalism to Fascism 1870–1925 (London, 1979), р. 468–471.
210
Der Interfraktioneller Ausschuss, 1917/18 [hereafter IFA], eds E. Matthias and R. Morsey (Düsseldorf, 1959), vol. 1, р. 3–13.
211
M. Epstein, Matthias Erzberger and the Dilemma of German Democracy (Princeton, NJ, 1959).
212
IFA, vol. 1, р. 15.
213
I. Sinanoglou, «Journal de Russie d’Albert Thomas: 22 avril-19 juin 1917», Cahiers du Monde Russe et Soviétique 14, no. 1/2 (1973), р. 86–204, and J. Winter, Socialism and the Challenge of War (London, 1974), р. 243–259.
214
Wade, Russian Search for Peace, 79–80.
215
FRUS: Lansing Papers, vol. 2, р. 332 and 338.
216
PWW, vol. 43, р. 465–70 and 487–489; see also PWW, vol. 42, р. 140–141.
217
PWW, vol. 42, р. 365–367.
218
Ibid., р. 385.
219
J. J. Wormell, Management of the National Debt in the United Kingdom, 1900–1932 (London, 2000), р. 249–259.
220
J. Termine, White Heat: The New Warfare 1914-18 (London, 1982), р. 218.
221
D. French, The Strategy of the Lloyd George Coalition, 1914–1918 (Oxford, 1995), р. 101–123.
222
B. Millman, Managing Domestic Dissent in First World War Britain (London, 2000).
223
V. I. Lenin, «Peace Without Annexations and the Independence of Poland as Slogans of the Day in Russia», http: // www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1916/feb/29.htm; В. И. Ленин. О мире без аннексий и о независимости Польши //Ленин В. И. Полн. собр. соч. Т. 27. М., 1969, с. 247–249.
224
V. I. Lenin, «The Discussion on Self-Determination Summed Up, July 1916», in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, (Moscow, 1963), vol. 22, р. 320–360; В. И. Ленин. Итоги дискуссии о самоопределении // Ленин В. И. Полн. собр. соч. Т. 30. М., 1969, с. 17–58.
225
V. I. Lenin, «The Petrograd City Conference of the R.S.D.L.P. 14–22 April 1917», in ibid., Collected Works (Moscow, 1964), vol. 24, р. 139–166; В. И. Ленин. Петроградская общегородская конференция РСДРП(б). 14–22 апреля 1917 г. // Ленин В. И. Полн. собр. соч. Т. 31. М., 1969, с. 237–265.
226
FRUS: Lansing Papers, vol. 2, р. 340–341; L. Bacino, Reconstructing Russia: U. S. Policy in Revolutionary Russia, 1917–1922 (Kent, OH, 1999).
227
L. Heenan, Russian Democracy’s Fatal Blunder: The Summer Offensive of 1917 (New York, 1987).
228
A. Kerensky, The Kerensky Memoirs (London, 1965), р. 285; Керенский А. Ф. Россия на историческом повороте. Мемуары. М., 1993, с. 199.
229
H. Herwig, The First World War: Germany and Austria-Hungary 1914–1918 (London, 1974 р. 338.
230
M. Thompson, The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front 1915–1919 (New York, 2008), р. 294–327.
231
H. Hagenlücke, Deutsche Vaterlandspartei (Düsseldorf, 1997).
232
Abraham, Kerensky, р. 257.
233
Ibid.,р. 305.
234
R. Service, Lenin: A Biography (London, 2000), р. 304; Сервис Р. Ленин. Минск, 2002, с. 360.
235
O. Radkey, Russia Goes to the Polls: The Election to the All-Russian Constituent Assembly, 1917 (Ithaca, NY, 1989), р. 63.
236
PWW, vol. 43, р. 471–472.
237
Ibib., р. 523.
238
Ibid., р. 509.
239
Ibid., р. 523–525.
240
O. Radkey, The Agrarian Foes of Bolshevism: Promise and Default of the Russian Socialist Revolutionaries, February to October 1917 (New York, 1958), р. 85.
241
Ibid., р. 88.
242
W. Wheeler, China and the World War (New York, 1919), р. 100.
243
A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [hereafter PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ,1966-94), vol. 41, р. 108–112.
244
G. Xu, China and the Great War (Cambridge, 2005), р. 162–163.
245
Жесткую критику Фрэнка Гуднау из Колумбийского университета по поводу этого меморандума см. в: B. Putnam Weale, The Fight for the Republic in China (New York, 1917), р. 142–190; J. Kroncke, «An Early Tragedy of Comparative Constitutionalism: Frank Goodnow and the Chinese Republic», Pacific Rim Law and Policy Journal 21, no. 3 (2012), р. 533–590.
246
W. Kirby, «The Internationalization of China: Foreign Relations at Home and Abroad in the Republican Era», The China Quarterly, р. 150, «Special Issue: Reappraising Republican China» (1997), р. 433–458.
247
D. Kuhn, Die Republik China von 1912 bis 1937 (Heidelberg, 2004), р. 89.
248
T. S. Chien, The Government and Politics off China (Cambridge, MA, 1950), р. 75–76.
249
S. Craft, V. K. Wellington Koo and the Emergence of Modern China (Lexington, KY,2004), р. 40–41.
250
J. Sheridan, China in Disintegration: The Republican Era in Chinese History, 1912–1949 (New York, 1977), р. 69.
251
N. Bose, American Attitudes and Policy to the Nationalist Movement in China (1911–1921)(Bombay, 1970), р. 105.
252
Xu, China and the Great War, р. 213.
253
S. Schram (ed.), Mao’s Road to Power: Revolutionary Writings 1912–1949: The Pre-Marxist Period, vol. 1, 1912–1920 (New York, 1992), р. 104.
254
N. Pugach, Paul S. Reinsch: Open Door Diplomat in Action (Millwood, NY, 1979), р. 226.
255
PWW, vol. 41, р. 177.
256
Ibid.,р. 175.
257
Ibid., р. 185.
258
N. Kawamura, Turbulence in the Pacific: Japanese-US Relations During World War I(Westport, CT, 2000), р. 66.
259
C. Tsuzuki, The Pursuit of Power in Modern Japan 1825–1995 (Oxford, 2000).
260
F. Dickinson, War and National Reinvention: Japan in the Great War 1914–1919 (Cambridge 1999).
261
L. Gardner, Safe for Democracy: The Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913–1923(Oxford, 1987), р. 83; Xu, China and the Great War, р. 94–97.
262
K. Kawabe, The Press and Politics in Japan (Chicago, IL, 1921); F. R. Dickinson, World War I and the Triumph of a New Japan, 1919–1930 (Cambridge, 2013), р. 52.
263
Dickinson, War and National Reinvention, р. 150–165.
264
M. Schiltz, The Money Doctors from Japan: Finance, Imperialism, and the Building of the Yen Bloc, 1895–1937 (Cambridge, MA, 2012), р. 135–154.
265
P. Duus, Party Rivalry and Political Change in Taisho Japan (Cambridge, 1968), р. 97–99.
266
P. Duus (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 6, The Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1988), р. 280.
267
Weale, Fight, р. 206.
268
Цитата по: Pugach, Reinsch, р. 226.
269
Wheeler, China and the World War, р. 71.
270
PWW, vol. 41, р. 186.
271
PWW, vol. 42, р. 53–54.
272
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers [hereafter FRUS: Lansing Papers] (Washington, DC, 1940), vol. 2, p. 19–32; Y. Zhang, Chinain the International System, 1918–1920 (Basingstoke, 1991), p. 203.
273
M. Bergere, Sun Yat-Sen (Stanford, CA, 1998), p. 271.
274
Wheeler, China and the World War, p. 51.
275
«American Press Tributes to Dr Wu Ting-Fang», China Review 3 (1922), p. 69–72.
276
Xu, China and the Great War, p. 241.
277
PWW, vol. 42, p. 466.
278
Wheeler, China and the World War, p. 94.
279
The New York Times Current History, vol. 13, The European War (New York, 1917), p. 353.
280
Wheeler, China and the World War, p. 173–174.
281
FRUS: Lansing Papers, vol. 2, p. 432–433.
282
Kawamura, Turbulence in the Pacific, p. 91–92.
283
Xu, China and the Great War, p. 226–227.
284
G. McCormack, Chang Tso-Lin in Northeast China, 1911–1928: China, Japan and the Manchurian Idea (Stanford, CA, 1977).
285
Dickinson, War and National Reinvention, p. 223.
286
PWW, vol. 42, p. 60–64.
287
Pugach, Reinsch, p. 236.
288
M. Metzler, Lever of Empire: The International Gold Standard and the Crisis of Liberalism in Prewar Japan (Berkeley, CA, 2005), p. 108–109.
289
F. Fischer, Griff nach der Weltmacht: Die Kriegszielpolitik des Kaiserlichen Deutschland, 1914-18 (Düsseldorf, 1961).
290
J. Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk: The Forgotten Peace, March 1918 (London, 1938).
291
История Ober Ost, написанная в условиях Третьего рейха, изложена в: V. Liulevicius,War Land on the Eastern Front: Culture, National Identity, and German Occupation in World War I (Cambridge, 2000). (Ober Ost – сокращение от нем. Oberbefehlshaber der gesamten deutschen Streitkräfte im Osten. – Примеч. науч. ред.)
292
V. I. Lenin, «The Debate on Self-Determination Summed Up», in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1964), vol. 22, p. 320–360; В. И. Ленин. Итоги дискуссии о самоопределении //Ленин В. И. Полн. собр. соч. Т. 30. М., 1969, с. 17–58.
293
V. I. Lenin, «Statistics and Sociology», in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1964), vol. 23, p. 271–277; В. И. Ленин. Статистика и социология // Ленин В. И. Полн. собр. соч- Т. 30. М с. 349–356.
294
T. Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999 (New Haven, CT, 2003).
295
«Hitch in Negotiations: German Delegates Point to Peoples Who Desire…», The New York Times, 31 December 1917.
296
Der Interfraktioneller Ausschuss, 1917/18 [hereafter IFA], eds E. Matthias and R. Morsey (Düsseldorf, 1959), vol. 1, p. 213–402.
297
Heinz Hagenlücke, Deutsche Vaterlandspartei (Düsseldorf, 1996).
298
IFA, vol. 1, p. 635.
299
W. Ribhegge, Frieden für Europa: Die Politik der deutschen Reichstagsmehrheit, 1917–1918(Essen, 1988), p. 228–229.
300
M. Llanque, Demokratisches Denken im Krieg: Die deutsche Debatte im Ersten Weltkrieg (Berlin, 2000), p. 207.
301
A. Vogt, Oberst Max Bauer, Generalstabsoffizier im Zwielicht, 1869–1929 (Osnabrück, W4) p. 108.
302
K. Erdmann (ed.), Kurt Riezler: Tagebücher, Aufsaetze, Dokumente (Göttingen, 1972).
303
W. Ribhegge, Frieden für Europa. Die Politik der deutschen Reichstagsmehrheit 1917/18 (Berlin, 1988), p. 228–229.
304
P. Gatrell, A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War I (Indiana, IN, 2005).
305
Hagenlücke, Vaterlandspartei, p. 204.
306
I. Geiss, Der polnische Grenzstreifen 1914–1918: Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Kriegszielpolitik im Ersten Weltkrieg (Lübeck, 1960), p. 129.
307
Насмешливые высказывания Эрцбергера см. в: Ribhegge, Frieden, p. 173–175. О реакции СДП см.: ibid., p. 228–229.
308
P. Theiner, Sozialer Liberalismus und deutsche Weltpolitik. Friedrich Naumann im Wilhelminischen Deutschland (1860–1919) (Baden-Baden, 1983), p. 242–258.
309
M. Berg, Gustav Stresemann und die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika: weltwirtschaftliche Verflechtung und Revisionspolitik, 1907–1929 (Baden-Baden, 1990), p. 43.
310
IFA, vol. 1, p. 11.
311
R. Service, Lenin: A Biography (London, 2000), p. 321–325; Сервис Р. Ленин. Минск, 2002, с. 364.
312
Fischer, Griff, p. 299–300.
313
Fischer, Griff, p. 299–300.
314
J. Snell, «The Russian Revolution and the German Social Democratic Party in 1917», Slavic Review 15, no. 3 (1956), p. 339–50; IFA, vol. 1, p. 631–632.
315
S. Miller, Burgfrieden und Klassenkampf: Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie im Ersten Weltkrieg (Düsseldorf, 1974), p. 228–229.
316
K. Epstein, Matthias Erzberger and the Dilemma of German Democracy (Princeton, NJ, 1959), p. 219–220, 237.
317
Более общее рассмотрение вопроса о возобновлении переговоров о суверенитете см. в: M. Koskenniemi, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations: The Rise and Fall of International Law 1870–1960 (Cambridge, 2002), p. 172.
318
Miller, Burgfrieden, p. 351.
319
S. D. Krasner, Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy (Princeton, NJ, 1999).
320
Wheeler-Bennett, Brest, p. 117–120.
321
G. Kennan, Russia Leaves the War: Soviet-American Relations, 1917–1920 (Princeton, NJ), vol. 1, p. 136.
322
C. Seymour (ed.), The Intimate Papers of Colonel House (Boston, MA, 1926–1928), vol. 3, p. 264–285.
323
W. Hahlweg (ed.), Der Friede von Brest-Litowsk. in unverцffentlichter Band aus dem Werk des Untersuchungsauschusses der deutschen verfassungsgebenden Nationalver-sammung und des deutschen Reichstages (Düsseldorf, 1971), p. 150–153.
324
A. May, The Passing of the Habsburg Monarchy, 1914–1918 (Philadelphia, PA, 1966), vol. 1, p.458.
325
IFA, vol. 2, p. 86.
326
Полный текст приведен в: Hahlweg, Der Friede, p. 176.
327
Обобщение см. в: V. I. Lenin, «Theses on the Question of the Immediate Conclusion of a Separate and Annexationist Peace, 7 January 1918», in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1972), vol. 26, p. 442–450. В. И. Ленин. Тезисы по вопросу о немедленном заключении сепаратного и аннексионистского мира // Ленин В. И. Полн. собр. соч. Т. 35. М., 1974, с. 243–252.
328
Wheeler-Bennett, Brest, p. 145.
329
L. Gardner, Safe for Democracy: The Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913–1923 (Oxford, 1987), p. 160.
330
E. Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007), p. 19–53.
331
B. Unterberger, The United States, Revolutionary Russia, and the Rise of Czechoslovakia (Chapel HILL, NC 1989) p. 94–95.
332
Об этом и о том, что за этим последовало, см.: A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1966–1994), vol. 45, p. 534–539.
333
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers (Washington, DC, 1940), vol. 2, p. 348.
334
Резкая критика приведена в: Kennan, Russia Leaves the War, p. 255–272.
335
C. Warvariv, «America and the Ukrainian National Cause, 1917–1920», in T. Hunczak (ed.), The Ukraine 1917–1921: A Study in Revolution (Cambridge, MA, 1977), p. 366–372.
336
PWW, vol. 45, p. 534–539.
337
D. Woodward, Trial by Friendship: Anglo-American Relations, 1917–1918 (Lexington, KY, 1993 p. 153–154.
338
B. Unterberger, «Woodrow Wilson and the Russian Revolution», in A. Link (ed.), Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World (Chapel Hill, NC, 1982), p. 54.
339
J. Reshetar, The Ukrainian Revolution, 1917–1920: A Study in Nationalism (Princeton, NJ, 1952 p. 53–54.
340
W. Stojko, «Ukrainian National Aspirations and the Russian Provisional Government», in T. Hunczak (ed.), The Ukraine 1917–1921: A Study in Revolution (Cambridge, MA, 1977).
341
P. Borowsky, Deutsche Ukrainepolitik 1918 unter besonderer Berьcksichtigung der Wirtschaftsfragen (Lübeck, 1970), p. 21–25.
342
E. Carr, The Bolshevik Revolution, 1917–1923 (London, 1966), vol. 1, p. 301.
343
W. Hahlweg (ed.), Der Friede von Brest-Litowsk: Ein unverцffentlichter Band aus dem Werk des Untersuchungsausschusses der deutschen verfassunggebenden Nationalversammlung und des deutschen Reichstages (Düsseldorf, 1971), p. 299.
344
J. Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk: The Forgotten Peace, March 1918 (London, 1938), p. 161–163.
345
Самое известное объяснение трагедии было предложено германским социологом Максом Вебером в его речи «Политика как профессия», произнесенной в начале 1919 года. Примечательно, что для того, чтобы прийти к этому трагическому заключению, Вебер искажает смысл произнесенного Троцким, цитируя лишь отрывок первого произнесенного им предложения; см.: Peter Lassman and Ronald Speirs (eds), Weber: Political Writings (Cambridge, 1994), P. З10.
346
M. D. Steinberg, Voices of Revolution, 1917 (New Haven, CT, 2001), p. 262–273.
347
W. H. Roobol, Tsereteli – A Democrat in the Russian Revolution: A Political Biography (The Hague, 1977), p. 181–182.
348
J. Bunyan and H. Fisher (eds), The Bolshevik Revolution 1917–1918: Documents and Materials (Stanford, CA, 1934), p. 369–380.
349
M. Gorky, Untimely Thoughts (New Haven, CT, 1995), p. 124–125; А. М. Горький, «Несвоевременные мысли. Заметки о революции и культуре. 1917–1918 гг.: 9 января – 5 января», Новая Жизнь. № 6 (220), 9 (22) января 1918 г.
350
R. Pipes, The Russian Revolution (New York, 1990), p. 554; Пайпс Р. Русская революция, кн. 2. М., 2005, с. 270.
351
V. I. Lenin, «People from Another World», in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1972), vol. 26, p. 431–433; В. И. Ленин. Люди с того света // Ленин В. И. Полн. собр. соч. Т. 35. М., 1969, с. 232–237.
352
J. Siegel, For Peace and Money (Oxford, 2014, forthcoming), chapter 5.
353
C. Bell and B. Elleman, Naval Mutinies of the Twentieth Century: An International Perspective (London, 2003), p. 45–65.
354
P. Scheidemann, Der Zusammenbruch (Berlin, 1921), p. 70–71.
355
Der Interfraktioneller Ausschuss, 1917/18, eds E. Matthias and R. Morsey (Düsseldorf, 1959), vol. 2, p. 188–193.
356
Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk, p. 209–211.
357
K. Liebknecht, Politische Aufzeichnungen aus seinem Nachlass (Berlin, 1921), 51, cited in L. Trotsky, My Life (New York, 1960), p. 378.
358
G.-H. Soutou, L’Or et le Sang: Les Buts de guerre économique de la Première Guerre Mondiale (Paris, 1989), p. 661–663.
359
Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk, p. 171.
360
Pipes, Russian Revolution, p. 591; Пайпс Р. Русская революция, с. 320.
361
Цитата, соответственно, по: V. I. Lenin, «Peace or War, 23 February 1918», в V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1972), vol. 27, 36–39; В. И. Ленин. Мир или война? //Ленин В. И. Полн. собр. соч. Т. 35. М., 1969, с. 366–368.
362
R. Debo, Revolution and Survival: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia 1917–1918 (Toronto, 1979), p. 120–121.
363
Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk, p. 226–229.
364
IFA, vol. 2, p. 250.
365
Ibid., p. 163.
366
Об этих и последующих событиях см. в: W. Baumgart and K. Repgen, Brest-Litovsk (Göttingen, 1969), p. 58–66.
367
Подлинные слова кайзера: «bolshewiki tiger, kesseltreiben abschiessen».
368
Baumgart and Repgen, Brest-Litovsk, p. 61.
369
Ibid., p. 62.
370
Ibid., p. 66.
371
R. von Kühlmann, Erinnerungen (Heidelberg, 1948), p. 548.
372
I. Geiss, Der polnische Grenzstreifen, 1914–1918. Ein Beitrag zur deutschen Kriegszielpolitik im Ersten Weltkrieg (Lübeck, 1960), p. 132–134.
373
M. Hoffmann, War Diaries and Other Papers (London, 1929), vol. 1, p. 205.
374
R. Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime (New York, 1994), p. 27–28, 52.
375
Pipes, Russian Revolution, p. 588; Пайпс Р. Русская революция, с. 360.
376
Debo, Revolution, p. 124–146.
377
Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk, p. 245.
378
Pipes, Russian Revolution, p. 594; Пайпс Р. Русская революция, с. 364.
379
V. I. Lenin, «Political Report of the Bolshevik Central Committee, 7 March 1918. Seventh Congress of the Russian Communist Party: Verbatim Report 6–8 March 1918», in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1972), vol. 27, 85-158; В. И. Ленин. Седьмой экстренный съезд РКП (б) // Ленин В. И. Полн. собр. соч. Т. 36. М., 1969, с. 1–76.
380
R. Service, Lenin: A Political Life (Bloomington, IN, 1985), p. 327–330.
381
V. I. Lenin, «Extraordinary Fourth All-Russia Congress of Soviets, 14–16 March 1918», in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1972), vol. 27, p. 169–201; В. И. Ленин. IV Чрезвычайный всероссийский съезд Советов. 14–16 марта 1918 г. // Ленин В. И. Поли. собр. соч. Т. 36. М., 1969, с. 89–123.
382
W. Ribhegge, Frieden für Europa: Die Politik der deutschen Reichstagsmehrheit, 1917-18 (Essen, 1988), p. 264–265.
383
Der Interfraktioneller Ausschuss, 1917/18, eds E. Matthias and R. Morsey (Düsseldorf, 1959), vol. 2, p. 285–291; S. Miller, Burgfrieden und Klassenkampf: Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie im Ersten Weltkrieg (Düsseldorf, 1974), p. 368.
384
Wheeler-Bennett, Brest-Litovsk, p. 304–307.
385
Ribhegge, Frieden, p. 268.
386
IFA, vol. 2, p. 303.
387
Stevenson, With Our Backs to the Wall (London, 2011), p. 42, 53–54.
388
W. Churchill, The World Crisis, 1916–1918 (New York, 1927), vol. 2, p. 132.
389
W. Goerlitz (ed.), Regierte Der Kaiser? Kriegstagebücher, Aufzeichnungen und Briefe des Chefs des Marinekabinetts Admiral George Alexander von Mueller, 1914–1918 (Göttingen, 1959), p. 366.
390
Erich Ludendorff, My War Memories (London, 1919), vol. 2, p. 602.
391
Max von Baden, Erinnerungen und Dokumente (Stuttgart, 1968), p. 242–243.
392
W. Baumgart, Deutsche Ostpolitik 1918. Von Brest-Litowsk bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges (Vienna and Munich, 1966), p. 40. (Действительный источник цитаты: В. И. Ленин. Доклад о внешней политике на объединенном заседании ВЦИК и московского совета 14 мая 1918 г.// Ленин В. И. Полн. собр. соч. Т. 36. М., 1969, с. 328. – Примеч. науч. ред.)
393
S. F. Cohen, Bukharin and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Political Biography 1888–1938 (London 1974).
394
«The Chief Task of Our Day», Izvestia VTsIK, no. 46, 12 March 1918, in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1972), vol. 27, p. 159–163. (Действительный источник цитаты: В. И. Ленин. Доклад о пересмотре программы и изменении названия партии 8 марта 1918 г. // Ленин В. И. Полн. собр. соч. Т. 36. М., 1969, с. 47. – Примеч. науч. ред.)
395
Здесь и далее: Seventh Congress of the Russian Communist Party: Verbatim Report, 6–8 March 1918, in ibid., 85-158; В. И. Ленин. Седьмой экстренный съезд РКП(б) // Ленин В. И. Полн. собр. соч. Т. 36. М., 1969, с. 1–76.
396
Baumgart, Deutsche Ostpolitk, p. 36. Это красноречивое признание позже было изъято из официального московского издания собрания сочинений Ленина.
397
R. Pipes, The Russian Revolution (New York, 1990), p. 603–605; Пайпс Р. Русская революция, с. 347–349.
398
P. E. Dunscomb, Japan’s Siberian Intervention, 1918–1922 (Plymouth, 2011), p. 40.
399
F. R. Dickinson, War and National Reinvention: Japan in the Great War, 1914–1919 (Cambridge, MA, 1999 p. 57 and 197.
400
J. Morley, The Japanese Thrust into Siberia, 1918 (New York, 1957), p. 53.
401
Dickinson, War, p. 183–184.
402
Dunscomb, Siberian Intervention, p. 42–43.
403
Dickinson, War, p. 196.
404
S. Naoko, Japan, Race and Equality: The Racial Equality Proposal of 1919 (London, 2003), p. 109.
405
C. Tsuzuki, The Pursuit of Power in Modern Japan, 1825–1995 (Oxford, 2000), p. 206.
406
G. Kennan, Russia Leaves the War: Soviet-American Relations, 1917–1920 (Princeton, NJ), vol. 1, p. 272–273.
407
B. M. Unterberger, «Woodrow Wilson and the Russian Revolution», in Woodrow Wilson and a Revolutionary World, ed. Arthur S. Link (Chapel Hill, NC, 1982), p. 61.
408
Kennan, Soviet-American, p. 480.
409
C. Seymour (ed.), The Intimate Papers of Colonel House (Boston, MA, 1926–1928), vol. 3, P.З99.
410
Pipes, Russian Revolution, p. 598–599; Пайпс Р. Русская революция, с. 340.
411
Morley, The Japanese Thrust, p. 140–141.
412
N. Kawamura, Turbulence in the Pacific: Japanese-US Relations during World War I (Westport, CT, 2000), p. 116; A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1966–1994).
413
Хауз, по меньшей мере, сделал это, признав наличие в Японии «двух партий», см.: Seymour (ed.), Intimate Papers, vol. 3, p. 415.
414
U. Trumpener, Germany and the Ottoman Empire 1914–1918 (Princeton, NJ, 1968), p. 249.
415
См. переписку 18 июня между Эрцбергером, Кульманом и Хертлингом в: Der Interfraktioneller Ausschuss, 1917/18 [IFA], eds E. Matthias and R. Morsey (Düsseldorf,1959) 2, p. 410.
416
R. G. Hovanissian, Armenia on the Road to Independence, 1918 (Berkeley, CA, 1967), p. 175.
417
Baumgart, Ostpolitik, p. 181.
418
p. 193–194.
419
Hovannisian, Armenia on the Road to Independence, p. 184.
420
Эту политику допустил комитет рейхстага, см.: IFA, vol. 2, p. 519.
421
Trumpener, Germany, p. 256–257.
422
R. G. Suny, The Making of the Georgian Nation (Bloomington, IN, 1994), p. 192.
423
Baumgart, Ostpolitik, p. 269.
424
P. Borowsky, Deutsche Ukrainepolitik, 1918 (Lübeck 1970).
425
Как настаивал Эрцбергер в дискуссии с германской администрацией на Украине, IFA, vol. 2, p. 407.
426
Объяснения, предоставленные большинству в рейхстаге, см. в: IFA, vol. 2, p. 404.
427
Max Hoffmann, War Diaries and Other Papers (London, 1929), vol. 1, p. 209.
428
T. Hunczak, «The Ukraine under Hetman Pavlo Skoropadskyi», in idem., The Ukraine: A Study in Revolution, 1917–1921 (Cambridge, MA, 1977), p. 61–81.
429
A. F. Upton, The Finnish Revolution 1917–1918 (Minneapolis, MN, 1980).
430
C. J. Smith, Finland and the Russian Revolution 1917–1922 (Athens, GA, 1958), p. 78.
431
Stanley G. Payne, Civil War in Europe 1905–1940 (Cambridge, 2011), p. 30.
432
Pipes, Russian Revolution, 612–615; Пайпс Р. Русская революция, с. 356.
433
Baumgart, Ostpolitik, p. 37.
434
R. H. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Relations 1917–1921, vol. 1, Intervention and the War (Princeton, NJ, 1961), p. 177.
435
Baumgart, Ostpolitik, p. 267–268.
436
V. I. Lenin, „Left-Wing“ Childishness’, written April 1918, first published 9, 10, 11 May 1918 in Pravda, nos 88, 89, 90; Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1972), vol. 27, p. 323334; В. И. Ленин. О «левом» ребячестве и мелкобуржуазности // Ленин В. И.Полн. собр. соч. Т. 36. М., 1969, с. 283–314.
437
Baumgart, Ostpolitik, p. 264.
438
Russian American Relations March 1917-March 1920 (New York, 1920), Doc. 73, p. 152–153.
439
Ibid., Doc. 91, p. 209.
440
D. W. McFadden, Alternative Paths: Soviets and Americans 1917–1920 (Oxford, 1993),p. 122.
441
Baumgart, Ostpolitik, p. 70.
442
Ibid., p. 129.
443
Ibid., p. 183.
444
K. Epstein, Matthias Erzberger and the Dilemma of German Democracy (Princeton, NJ, 1959) p. 239–240.
445
Borowsky, Deutsche Ukrainepolitik, p. 190–192.
446
См.: Gothein, IFA, vol. 2, p. 289.
447
О его протестах против вмешательства в систему образования в Литве см.: IFA,vol. 2, p. 388.
448
Epstein, Erzberger, p. 242.
449
W. Baumgart and K. Repgen (eds), Brest-Litovsk (Göttingen, 1969), p. 100. Большинство в рейхстаге выступило против германского вторжения с самого начала, см.:IFA, vol. 2, p. 316–317.
450
R. H. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917–1921 (Princeton, NJ, 1962), vol. 1, p. 169.
451
C. Seymour (ed.), The Intimate Papers of Colonel House (Boston, MA, 1926-8), vol. 3, p. 410.
452
R. Pipes, The Russian Revolution (New York, 1990), p. 558–565; Пайпс Р. Русская революция, кн. 2. М., 2005, с. 291.
453
B. M. Unterberger, The United States, Revolutionary Russia and the Rise of Czechoslovakia (Chapel Hill, NC, 1989), p. 124–127, notes to p. 150–158.
454
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers (Washington, DC, 1940), vol. 2, p. 126–128, 139–141 and 364.
455
L. Gardner, Safe for Democracy: The Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913–1923 (Oxford, 1987), p. 186.
456
Цит. по: Unterberger, United States, p. 235.
457
Цит. по: T. J. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New Order (Princeton, NJ, 1992), p. 161.
458
I. Somin, Stillborn Crusade: The Tragic Failure of Western Intervention in the Russian Civil War 1918–1920 (New Brunswick, NJ, 1996), p. 40.
459
Ullman, Anglo-Soviet, p. 222.
460
Ibid., p. 305.
461
Ibid., p. 221–222.
462
Pipes, Russian Revolution, p. 633–635; Пайпс Р. Русская революция, p. 380.
463
W. Baumgart, Deutsche Ostpolitik 1918. Von Brest-Litowsk bis zum Ende des Ersten Weltkrieges (Vienna and Munich, 1966), p. 85.
464
Ibid., p. 85–86.
465
F. Fischer, Griff nach der Weltmacht: Die Kriegszielpolitik des Kaiserlichen Deutschland, 1914-18, (Düsseldorf, 1961), p. 836–840.
466
Der Interfraktioneller Ausschuss, 1917/18 [IFA], eds E. Matthias and R. Morsey (Düsseldorf, 1959) vol 2, p. 400–401.
467
Baumgart, Ostpolitik, p. 139.
468
M. Kitchen, The Silent Dictatorship: The Politics of the German High Command under Hindenburg and Ludendorff, 1916–1918 (London, 1976), p. 204.
469
IFA, vol. 2, p. 413–418.
470
Цит. по: W. Ribhegge, Frieden für Europa: Die Politik der deutschen Reichstagsmehrheit, 1917–1918 (Essen, 1988), p. 299.
471
IFA, vol. 2, p. 447–465.
472
Ibid., p. 426–428.
473
Ibid., p. 517.
474
Ibid., 25. p. 474.
475
Pipes, Russian Revolution, p. 638–639; Пайпс Р. Русская революция, с. 372.
476
Ibid, p. 653–656; Там же, с. 403–405; Baumgart, Ostpolitik, p. 232.
477
A. J. Mayer, Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions (Princeton, NJ, 2000), p. 273–274.
478
Ibid., p. 277.
479
Lenin speech to All-Russia Central Executive Committee, Fifth Convocation, 29 July 1918, in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1965), vol. 28, p. 17–33; В. И. Ленин. Речь на объединенном заседании ВНИК, Московского совета, фабрично-заводских комитетов и профессиональных союзов Москвы 29 июля 1918 г. // Ленин В. И. Полн. собр. соч. Т. 37. М., 1969, с. 1–19.
480
K. Helfferich, Der Weltkrieg (Berlin, 1919), vol. 3, 466.
481
Rosa Luxemburg, «The Russian Tragedy», Spartacus, no. 11, 1918.
482
IFA, vol. 2, p. 505–506.
483
Baumgart, Ostpolitik, p. 109.
484
Pipes, Russian Revolution, p. 664–666; Пайпс Р. Русская революция, с. 410–411; Baumgart, Ostpolitik, p. 111–113.
485
Предпринятая в: G.-H. Soutou, L’Or et le Sang. Les Buts de guerre économique de la Premiure Guerre Mondiale (Paris, 1989), p. 706–708, попытка считать дополнительный Брестский договор предшественником Рапалльского слишком сильно преувеличивала бы значение сделанного Лениным. Однако автор прав в том, что экономические условия трудно было назвать карательными.
486
M. Kitchen, The Silent Dictatorship: The Politics of the German High Command under Hindenburg and Ludendorff, 1916–1918 (New York, 1976), p. 242; Baumgart, Ostpolitik, p. 201.
487
Pipes, Russian Revolution, p. 666; Пайпс Р. Русская революция, с. 411.
488
R. Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime (New York, 1994), p. 53–55; Пайпс Р. Русская революция, кн. 3. М., 2005, с. 70–71.
489
IFA, vol. 2, p. 476–479.
490
Baumgart, Ostpolitik, p. 313–315.
491
IFA, vol. 2, p. 474–479, 500–501.
492
Helfferich, WeltkriegIII, p. 490–492.
493
IFA, vol. 2, p. 517.
494
Baumgart, Ostpolitik, p. 318–319.
495
C. Tsuzuki, The Pursuit of Power in Modern Japan, 1825–1995 (Oxford, 2000), p. 206.
496
Это полностью соответствует утверждениям Пайпса в: Pipes, Russian Revolution, p. 668–670; Пайпс Р. Русская революция, с. 412–413, однако он упрощает позицию Германии.
497
D. Stevenson, With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918 (London, 2011).
498
Примером типичной оценки можно считать комментарии одного из заместителей министра, мучительно переживавшего события в парламенте Германии в сентябре 1918 года, см.: Der Interfraktioneller Ausschuss, 1917/18, eds E. Matthias and R. Morsey (Düsseldorf, 1959), vol. 2, p. 773–778.
499
M. Knox, To the Threshold of Power, 1922/33, vol. 1, Origins and Dynamics of the Fascist and National Socialist Dictatorships (Cambridge, 2007), p. 143–231.
500
L. V. Smith, S. Audoin-Rouzeau and A. Becker, France and the Great War (Cambridge, 2003).
501
P. O’Brien, Mussolini in the First World War: The Journalist, The Soldier, The Fascist(Oxford, 2005).
502
G. Clemenceau, «Discours de Guerre», Chambre des Députés, Assemblée Nationale, Paris (8 March 1918).
503
D. Watson, Georges Clemenceau: A Political Biography (London, 1976), p. 275–292.
504
G. Clemenceau, Demosthenes (New York, 1926).
505
W. A. McDougall, France’s Rhineland Diplomacy 1914–1924 (Princeton, NJ, 1978), p. 17–25.
506
H. J. Burgwyn, The Legend of the Mutilated Victory: Italy, the Great War, and the Paris Peace Conference, 1915–1919 (Westport, CT, 1993).
507
C. Seton-Watson, Italy from Liberation to Fascism, 1870–1925 (London, 1967), p. 485.
508
D. Rossini, Woodrow Wilson and the American Myth in Italy (Cambridge, MA, 2008), p. 125–131.
509
Замечательный материал, составленный почти современником этих событий, см. в: L. Hautecoeur, L’Italie sous le Ministère Orlando 1917–1919 (Paris, 1919), p. 83–110.
510
C. Killinger, Gaetano Salvemini: A Biography (Westport, CT, 2002).
511
K. J. Calder, Britain and New Europe 1914–1918 (Cambridge, 1976), p. 180–182.
512
G. A. Heywood, Failure of a Dream: Sidney Sonnino and the Rise and Fall of Liberal Italy 1847–1922 (Florence, 1999).
513
H. Nicolson, Peacemaking, 1919 (London, 1933), p. 167.
514
S. Di Scala, Vittorio Orlando (London, 2010), 119; Rossini, Woodrow Wilson, р. 142–146.
515
Незаменимый справочный материал по всем последующим событиям представлен в: J. Darwin, The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World System, 18301970 (Cambridge, 2009).
516
J. Grigg, Lloyd George: War Leader, 1916–1918 (London, 2002), р. 61.
517
Эти события блестящим образом описаны в: R. Fanning, Fatal Path: British Government and Irish Revolution, 1910–1922 (London, 2013).
518
J. P. Finnan, John Redmond and Irish Unity, 1912–1918 (Syracuse, NY, 2004).
519
C. Duff, Six Days to Shake an Empire (London, 1966).
520
J. S. Mortimer, «Annie Besant and India 1913–1917», Journal of Contemporary History 18, no. 1 (January 1983), р. 61–78.
521
H. F. Owen, «Negotiating the Lucknow Pact», The Journal of Asian Studies 31, no. 3 (May 1972) р. 561–587.
522
A. Rumbold, Watershed in India, 1914–1922 (London, 1979), р. 64.
523
Ibid., р. 73.
524
B. R. Tomlinson, The Political Economy of the Raj, 1914–1947: The Economics of Decolonization in India (London, 1979).
525
Rumbold, Watershed, р. 71–72.
526
P. Robb, «The Government of India and Annie Besant», Modern Asian Studies 10, no.1 (1976) р. 107–130.
527
H. Owens, The Indian Nationalist Movement, c. 1912–1922: Leadership, Organisation and Philosophy (New Delhi, 1990), р. 85.
528
R. Kumar, Annie Besant’s Rise to Power in Indian Politics, 1914–1917 (New Delhi, 1981), р. 115.
529
B. Millman, Managing Domestic Dissent in First World War Britain (London, 2000), р. 170.
530
H. C. G. Matthew, R. I. McKibbin and J. A. Kay, «The Franchise Factor in the Rise of the Labour Party», The English Historical Review 91, no. 361 (October 1976), р. 723–752.
531
Незаменимым источником остается: M. Pugh, Electoral Reform in War and Peace, 1906–1918 (London, 1978).
532
Ibid., р. 103.
533
J. Lawrence, «Forging a Peaceable Kingdom: War, Violence, and Fear of Brutalization in Post-First World War Britain», Journal of Modern History 75, no. 3 (2003), р. 557–589.
534
D. H. Close, «The Collapse of Resistance to Democracy: Conservatives, Adult Suffrage, and Second Chamber Reform, 1911–1928», The Historical Journal 20, no. 4 (December 1977) р. 893–918.
535
Pugh, Electoral Reform, р. 136.
536
S. S. Holton, Feminism and Democracy: Women’s Suffrage and Reform Politics in Britain, 1900–1918 (Cambridge, 1986), р. 149.
537
Pugh, Electoral Reform, р. 75.
538
Darwin, Empire Project, р. 353.
539
Ibid р. 348.
540
Rumbold, Watershed, р. 88.
541
S. D. Waley, Edwin Montagu: A Memoir and an Account of his Visits to India (London, 1964 р. 130–134.
542
R. Danzig, «The Announcement of August 20th, 1917», The Journal of Asian Studies 28, no. 1 (November 1968), р. 19–37; R. J. Moore, «Curzon and Indian Reform», Modern Asian Studies 27, no. 4 (October 1993), р. 719–740.
543
Waley, Montagu, р. 135.
544
Ibid., р. 137–138.
545
H. Tinker, The Foundations of Local Self-Government in India, Pakistan and Burma (London, 1954), р. 112–161.
546
Все последующее взято из: E. Montagu and F. Chelmsford, The Constitution of India Under British Rule: The Montagu-Chelmsford Report (New Delhi, 1992).
547
D. A. Low, Lion Rampant: Essays in the Study of British Imperialism (London, 1973).
548
T. R. Metcalf, Ideologies of the Raj (Cambridge, 1997), р. 225–226.
549
M. Gandhi, Collected Works (New Delhi, 1999), vol. 17, «Appeal for Enlistment 22 June 1918».
550
S. Sarkar, Modern India, 1885–1947 (Madras, 1983), р. 150.
551
Kumar, Annie Besant, р. 112–113.
552
Умозрительная конструкция, на основе которой Манела надеялся воспроизвести вильсоновский момент в Индии, строилась во многом лишь вокруг личности Лала Ладжпата Рая; см.: E. Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007), р. 84–97.
553
S. Hartley, The Irish Question as a Problem in British Foreign Policy, 1914–1918 (Basingstoke, 1987), 107.
554
Finnan, Redmond, р. 190.
555
A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1966-94), vol. 42, р. 24–25 and 41–42.
556
M. Beloff, Imperial Sunset: Britain’s Liberal Empire, 1897–1921 (London, 1969), vol. 1, р.316.
557
Hartley, The Irish Question, р. 147–148.
558
Ibid., р. 153.
559
PWW, vol. 42, р. 542. Вильсон сам просил, чтобы ему передавали эти отчеты, см: PWW, vol. 43, р. 360–361.
560
Hartley, Irish Question, р. 134.
561
Ibid., р. 175.
562
Ibid., р. 178.
563
House of Lords parliamentary debates, May 1917, р. 170.
564
Hartley, Irish Question, р. 172 и 191.
565
J. Gallagher, «Nationalisms and the Crisis of Empire, 1919–1922», Modern Asian Studies 15, no. 3 р. 355–358.
566
E. Monroe, Britain’s Moment in the Middle East, 1914–1971 (Baltimore, MD, 1981), р. 26–35.
567
B. C. Bush, Britain, India, and the Arabs, 1914–1921 (Berkeley, CA, 1971).
568
H. Luthy, «India and East Africa: Imperial Partnership at the End of the First World War», Journal of Contemporary History 6, no. 2 (1971), р. 55–85.
569
D. R. Woodward, Trial by Friendship: Anglo-American Relations, 1917–1918 (Lexington, 1993) р. 174.
570
J. Kimche, The Unromantics: The Great Powers and the Balfour Declaration (London, 1968), р. 66.
571
J. Renton, The Zionist Masquerade: The Birth of the Anglo-Zionist Alliance, 1914–1918 (Houndsmill, 2007); L. Stein, The Balfour Declaration (London, 1961).
572
Levene, «The Balfour Declaration: A Case of Mistaken Identity», The English Historical Review 107, no. 422 (January 1992), p. 54–77.
573
J. Reinharz, «The Balfour Declaration and Its Maker: A Reassessment», The Journal of Modern History 64, no. 3 (September 1992), р. 455–499; R. N. Lebow, «Woodrow Wilson and the Balfour Declaration», The Journal of Modern History 40, no. 4 (December 1968), р. 501–523.
574
Grigg, Lloyd George, р. 308–309.
575
Ibid., р. 336–337.
576
D. Lloyd George, The Great Crusade: Extracts from Speeches Delivered During the War (New York, 1918), р. 176–86 (5 January 1918).
577
C. Seymour (ed.), The Intimate Papers of Colonel House (Boston, MA, 1926-8), vol. 3, р. 341.
578
W. L. Silber, When Washington Shut down Wall Street: The Great Financial Crisis of 1914 and the Origins of America’s Monetary Supremacy (Princeton, NJ, 2007).
579
H. Strachan, The First World War, vol. 1, To Arms (Oxford, 2001).
580
V. Lenin, «„Left-Wing“ Childishness», April 1918, in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 27 (Moscow, 1972), 323–334; В. И. Ленин. Детская болезнь «левизны» в коммунизме // Ленин В. И. Полн. собр. соч. Т. 35. М., 1969, с. 76.
581
Пример, иллюстрирующий влияние, которым пользовался Ратенау, приводится в: A. Dauphin-Meunier, «Henri de Man et Walther Rathenau», Revue Européenne des Sciences Sociales 12, no. 31 (1974), р. 103–120.
582
G. Feldman, Army, Industry and Labour in Germany, 1914–1918 (Oxford, 1992).
583
T. S. Broadberry and M. Harrison (eds), The Economics of World War I (Cambridge, 2005); K. D. Stubbs, Race to the Front: The Material Foundations of Coalition Strategy in the Great War, 1914–1918 (Westport, CT, 2002).
584
J. Termine, White Heat: The New Warfare 1914–1918 (London, 1982).
585
D. L. Lewis, The Public Image of Henry Ford (Detroit, MI, 1976), р. 70–77, 93–95.
586
R. Alvarado and S. Alvarado, Drawing Conclusions on Henry Ford (Detroit, MI, 2001), р. 82.
587
C. S. Maier, In Search of Stability: Explorations in Historical Political Economy (Cambridge, 1987), р. 19–69; J. Herf, Reactionary Modernism: Technology, Culture and Politics in Weimar and the Third Reich (Cambridge, 1984).
588
D. R. Woodward, Trial by Friendship: Anglo-American Relations, 1917–1918 (Lexington, 1993) р. 130–149.
589
Y.-H. Nouailhat, France et Etats-Unis: août 1914-avril 1917 (Paris, 1979), р. 250–262.
590
Это стало рефреном в официальном отчете, см.: B. Crowell, America’s Munitions 1917–1918 (Washington, DC, 1919).
591
J. H. Morrow, The Great War in the Air: Military Aviation from 1909 to 1921 (Washington DC 1993), р. 338.
592
Woodward, Trial by Friendship, р. 118–119.
593
R. Sicotte, «Economic Crisis and Political Response: The Political Economy of the Shipping Act of 1916», The Journal of Economic History 59, no. 4 (December 1999), р. 861–884.
594
E. E. Day, «The American Merchant Fleet: A War Achievement, a Peace Problem», The Quarterly Journal of Economics 34, no. 4 (August 1920), р. 567–606.
595
Woodward, Trial by Friendship, р. 136.
596
Ibid., р. 155, 159.
597
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers (Washington, DC, 1940), vol. 2, р. 205.
598
D. Rossini, Woodrow Wilson and the American Myth in Italy (Cambridge, MA, 2008), 100–103.
599
A. Salter, Allied Shipping Control (Oxford, 1921).
600
F. Duchкne, Jean Monnet: The First Statesman of Interdependence (New York, 1994).
601
В книге: A. Kaspi, Le Temps des Américains. Le concours américain à la France en 1917–1918 (Paris, 1976), р. 253–65, это названо «victoire ignorée».
602
G. D. Feldman, «Die Demobilmachung und die Sozialordnung der Zwischenkriegszeit in Europa», Geschichte und Gesellschaft, 9. Jahrg., vol. 2 (1983), р. 156–177.
603
E. Roussel, Jean Monnet 1888–1979 (Paris, 1996), р. 67.
604
C. P. Parrini, Heir to Empire: United States Economic Diplomacy, 1916–1923 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1969) р. 31–32.
605
J. J. Safford, Wilsonian Maritime Diplomacy (New Brunswick, NJ, 1978), р. 149.
606
Salter, Allied Shipping, р. 165–174.
607
W. Churchill, The World Crisis, 1916–1918 (London, 1927), vol. 2, р. 195.
608
R. Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes: Hopes Betrayed, 1883–1920 (London, 1983), vol. 1, р. 342; K. Burk, Britain, America and the Sinews of War (Boston, MA, 1985).
609
A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [hereafter PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1966-94) vol. 43, р. 136.
610
Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, vol. 1, р. 345.
611
R. Ally, Gold and Empire: The Bank of England and South Africa’s Gold Producers, 1886–1926 (Johannesburg, 1994), р. 31.
612
PWW, vol 43, р. 390–91, 424–425.
613
Ibid., р. 34 44 and 223-30, 326–333.
614
Ally, Gold and Empire, р. 34–41.
615
D. Kumar (ed.), The Cambridge Economic History of India (Cambridge, 1983); M. Goswami, Producing India (Chicago, IL, 2004), р. 209–241.
616
H. S. Jevons, The Future of Exchange and the Indian Currency (London, 1922), р. 190–200.
617
H. Tinker, The Foundations of Local Self-Government in India, Pakistan and Burma (London 1954) р. 96.
618
G. Balachandran, John Bullion’s Empire: Britain’s Gold Problem and India Between the Wars (London, 1996), р. 54–59.
619
Jevons, The Future, р. 206; F. L. Israel, «The Fulfillment of Bryan’s Dream: Key Pittman and Silver Politics, 1918–1933», Pacific Historical Review 30, no. 4 (November 1961), р. 359–380.
620
Balachandran, John Bullion’s Empire, р. 58.
621
I. Abdullah, «Rethinking the Freetown Crowd: The Moral Economy of the 1919 Strikes and Riot in Sierra Leone», Canadian Journal of African Studies 28, no. 2 (1994), р. 197–218.
622
T Yoshikuni, «Strike Action and Self-Help Associations: Zimbabwean Worker Protest and Culture after World War I», Journal of Southern African Studies 15, no. 3 (1989), р. 440–468.
623
M. A. Rifaat, The Monetary System of Egypt: An Inquiry into its History and Present Working (London, 1935).
624
A. E. Crouchley, The Economic Development of Modern Egypt (London, 1938).
625
P. H. Kratoska, «The British Empire and the Southeast Asian Rice Crisis of 1919–1921», Modern Asian Studies 24, no. 1 (February 1990), р. 115–146.
626
M. Lewis, Rioters and Citizens: Mass Protest in Imperial Japan (Berkeley, CA, 1990).
627
J. C. Ott, When Wall Street Met Main Street: The Quest for an Investors’ Democracy (Cambridge, MA, 2011), р. 64–135.
628
J. C. Hollander, «Certificates of Indebtedness in Our War Financing», The Journal of Political Economy 26, no. 9 (November 1918), р. 901–908; C. Snyder, «War Loans, Inflation and the High Cost of Living», Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 75 (January 1918), р. 140–146; A. Barton Hepburn, J. H. Hollander and B. M. Anderson, Jr, «Discussion of Government» s Financial Policies in Relation to Inflation’, Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science in the City of New York 9, no. 1 (June 1920), р. 55–66.
629
A. H. Hansen, «The Sequence in War Prosperity and Inflation», Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 89 (May 1920), р. 234–246.
630
C. Gilbert, American Financing of World War I (Westport, CT, 1970), р. 200–219.
631
E. B. Woods, «Have Wages Kept Pace with the Cost of Living?», Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 89 (May 1920), р. 135–147.
632
B. D. Mudgett, «The Course of Profits during the War», and B. M. Manly, «Have Profits Kept Pace with the Cost of Living?», Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 89 (May 1920), р. 148–162.
633
J. D. Morrow, The Great War: An Imperial History (London, 2005), p. 246–247.
634
D. Stevenson, With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918 (London, 2011).
635
W. Ribhegge, Frieden für Europa: Die Politik der deutschen Reichstagsmehrheit, 1917–1918 (Essen, 1988), p. 312.
636
Документы особенно важных заседаний, состоявшихся в сентябре 1918 года, представлены в: Der Interfraktioneller Ausschuss, 1917/18 [IFA], eds E. Matthias and R. Morsey (Düsseldorf, 1959), vol. 2, p. 494–788.
637
IFA, vol. 2, p. 541.
638
Michael Geyer, «Insurrectionary Warfare: The German Debate about a Levée en Masse in October 1918», TheJournal of Modern History 73, no. 3 (September 2001), p. 459–527.
639
K. Helfferich, Der Weltkrieg (Berlin, 1919), vol. 3, p. 536–537.
640
IFA, vol. 2, p. 485.
641
M. Erzberger, Der Völkerbund. Der Weg zum Weltfrieden (Berlin, 1918).
642
IFA, vol. 2, p. 615–616.
643
Ibid., p. 626–627.
644
F. K. Scheer, Die Deutsche Friedensgesellschaft (1892–1933): Organisation, Ideologie und Politische Ziele. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Pazifismus in Deutschland (Frankfurt, 1981), p. 331–332.
645
IFA, vol. 2, p. 530.
646
Ibid., p. 779–782.
647
A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1966-94), vol. 42, p. 433; C. Seymour (ed.), The Intimate Papers of Colonel House (Boston, MA, 1928), vol. 3, p. 130–138.
648
PWW, vol. 58, p. 172.
649
D. R. Woodward, Trial by Friendship: Anglo-American Relations, 1917–1918 (Lexington, 1993) p. 210.
650
Ibid., p. 218–219.
651
PWW, vol. 53, p. 338.
652
PWW, vol. 51, p. 415.
653
C. M. Andrew and A. S. Kanya, «France, Africa, and the First World War», The Journal of African History 19, no. 1 (1978), p. 11–23.
654
Представитель США в Высшем военном Совете, Таскер Блисс, с пониманием рассматривает имевшийся у этих стран выбор. Об этом см. В: Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers (Washington, DC, 1940), vol. 2, p. 288.
655
PWW, vol. 43, p. 172–174.
656
Наиболее значительная работа: J. M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London, 1919), p. 60; Дж. М. Кейнс. Экономические последствия Версальского мирного договора //Кейнс Дж. М. Общая теория занятости, процента и денег. Избранное. М., 2007, с. 465.
657
Николсон отмечает изначальную двойственность намерений, которые и поддерживали мир, и подрывали его, но он не учитывает обстоятельств, приведших к соглашению о перемирии. См.: H. Nicolson, Peacemaking, 1919 (New York, 1965) p. 82–90.
658
P. Krüger, «Die Reparationen und das Scheitern einer deutschen Verständigungs-politik auf der Pariser Friedenskonferenz im Jahre 1919», Historische Zeitschrift 221, no. 2 (October 1975), p. 326–372.
659
T. J. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New Order (Princeton, NJ, 1992), p. 170–172.
660
Ibid., p. 176.
661
См.: E. Morison (ed.), The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge, MA, 1951), vol. 1, p. 378–381. Об обеспокоенности Рузвельта тем, что Ллойд Джордж не порвет с Вильсоном, см.: Ibid., vol. 1, p. 289.
662
Knock, To End All Wars, p. 176. Переписку между Кэботом Лоджем и Рузвельтом см. в: C. Redmond (ed.), Selections from the Correspondence of Theodore Roosevelt and Henry Cabot Lodge 1884–1918 (New York, 1925), vol. 2, p. 542–543.
663
Knock, To End All Wars, p. 180.
664
Ibid., p. 178.
665
J. M. Cooper, Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations (Cambridge, 2001), p. 39.
666
Redmond, The Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, vol. 1, p. 394–395.
667
A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [hereafter PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1966–1994) vol 53, p. 366.
668
R. Olson, The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925 (Austin, TX, 1989), p. 28–29.
669
R. M. Coury, The Making of an Egyptian Arab Nationalist: The Early Years of Azzam Pasha, 1893–1936 (Reading, 1998) p. 159.
670
E. Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007).
671
M. Geyer, «Zwischen Krieg und Nachkrieg», in A. Gallus (ed.), Die vergessene Revolution (Göttingen, 2010), p. 187–222.
672
A. Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy of Peacemaking: Containment and Counterrevolution at Versailles, 1918–1919 (London, 1968).
673
V. I. Lenin, «Report at a Joint Session of the All-Russia Central Executive Committee: The Moscow Soviet, Factory Committees and Trade Unions, October 221918», in V. I. Lenin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1974), vol. 28, p. 113–126; В. И. Ленин. Речь на объединенном заседании ВЦИК 29 июля 1918 г. // Ленин В. И. Полн. собр. соч. Т. 37. М., 1969, с. 118.
674
E. Mawdsley, The Russian Civil War (London, 2007).
675
M. Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, vol. 4, The Stricken World, 1917–1922 (London, 1975), p. 234.
676
J. M. Thompson, Russia, Bolshevism, and the Versailles Peace (Princeton, NJ, 1966).
677
Последующие цитаты взяты из: Document 129 in C. K. Cumming and W. W. Pettit (eds), Russian-American Relations, March 1917-March 1920 (New York, 1920), p. 284–289.
678
Gilbert, Churchill, vol. 4, p. 230.
679
M. J. Carley, «Episodes from the Early Cold War: Franco-Soviet Relations, 1917–1927», Europe-Asia Studies 52, no. 7 (November 2000), p. 1, 276.
680
Document 127, «Russian-American Relations», p. 281.
681
Переориентация правящих кругов Германии на Запад началась не в 1923 г., а еще осенью 1918 г., как верно подмечено в: G.-H. Soutou, L’Or et le Sang: Les Buts deguerre économique de la Première Guerre Mondiale (Paris, 1989), p. 745.
682
R. Luxemburg, «What Does the Spartacus League Want?», Die Rote Fahne, 14 December 1918, and The Russian Revolution (written 1918, published Berlin, 1922).
683
K. Kautsky, Terrorismus und Kommunismus (Berlin, 1919).
684
H. A. Winkler, Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimarer Republik (Berlin, 1984), vol. 1.
685
R. Luxemburg, «The National Assembly», Die Rote Fahne, 20 November 1918.
686
G. D. Feldman, The Great Disorder: Politics, Economics, and Society in the German Inflation, 1914–1924 (Oxford, 1997).
687
C. Mathews, «The Economic Origins of the Noskepolitik», Central European History 27, no. 1 (1994), p. 65–86.
688
G. Noske, Von Kiel bis Kapp. Zur Geschichte der deutschen Revolution (Berlin, 1920), p. 68.
689
W. Wette, Gustav Noske (Düsseldorf, 1987), p. 289–321.
690
Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy, p. 373–409; A. S. Lindemann, The «Red Years»: European Socialism Versus Bolshevism, 1919–1921 (Berkeley, CA, 1974); G. A. Ritter (ed.), Die II Internationale 1918/1919. Protokolle, Memoranden, Berichte und Korrespondenzen (Berlin, 1980), vols 1 and 2.
691
PWW, vol. 53, p. 574.
692
D. Marquand, Ramsay MacDonald (London, 1997), p. 248–249; C. F. Brand, «The Attitude of British Labor Toward President Wilson during the Peace Conference», The American Historical Review 42, no. 2 (January 1937), p. 244–255.
693
Ritter, Die II Internationale, vol. 1, p. 208–285.
694
Ibid., vol. 1, p. 230–243.
695
О неуместном энтузиазме Гувера в отношении НСДП см. в: Two Peacemakers in Paris: The Hoover-Wilson Post-Armistice Letters, 1918–1920 (College Station, TX, 1978), p. 128–129 and 135–141.
696
Ritter, Die II Internationale, p. 288–377.
697
Противоположная позиция о необходимости единства СДП и НСДП ясно изложена в: S. Miller, Burgfrieden und Klassenkampf: Die deutsche Sozialdemokratie im Ersten Weltkrieg (Düsseldorf, 1974), p. 320.
698
D. Tanner, Political Change and the Labour Party, 1900–1918 (Cambridge, 1990), p. 393–397; R. McKibbin, Parties and People, England 1914–1951 (Oxford, 2010), p. 30.
699
J. Turner, British Politics and the Great War: Coalition and Conflict, 1915–1918 (New Haven, CT, 1992) p. 319.
700
Marquand, MacDonald, p. 236.
701
M. Pugh, Electoral Reform in War and Peace, 1906–1918 (London, 1978), p. 176–177.
702
M. Cowling, The Impact of Labour, 1920–1924 (Cambridge, 1971).
703
Tanner, Political Change, p. 403–404.
704
L. Haimson and G. Sapelli, Strikes, Social Conflict, and the First World War (Milan, 1992); C. Wrigley, Challenges of Labour: Central and Western Europe 1917–1920 (London, 1993); B. J. Silver, Forces of Labor: Workers’ Movements and Globalization since 1870 (Cambridge, 2003).
705
C. Wrigley, Lloyd George and the Challenge of Labour: The Post-War Coalition, 1918–1922 (Hemel Hempstead, 1990).
706
B. Millman, Managing Domestic Dissent in First World War Britain (London, 2000), p. 263.
707
Wrigley, Lloyd George and the Challenge of Labour, p. 223.
708
Turner, British Politics, p. 314.
709
Wrigley, Lloyd George and the Challenge of Labour, p. 82.
710
Ibid., p. 204.
711
E. Morgan, Studies in British Financial Policy, 1914–1925 (London, 1952).
712
L. Ross, «Debts, Revenues and Expenditures and Note Circulation of the Principal Belligerents», The Quarterly Journal of Economics 34, no. 1 (November 1919), p. 168.
713
R. E. Bunselmeyer, The Cost of the War, 1914–1919: British Economic War Aims and the Origins of Reparations (Hamden, CT, 1975), p. 106–148.
714
E. Johnson and D. Moggridge (eds), The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes (Cambridge, 2012), vol. 16, p. 418–419.
715
B. Kent, The Spoils of War (Oxford, 1991); D. Newton, British Policy and the Weimar Republic 1918–1919 (Oxford, 1997).
716
M. Daunton, Just Taxes: The Politics of Taxation in Britain, 1914–1979 (Cambridge, 2002), p. 69–72.
717
D. P. Silverman, Reconstructing Europe after the Great War (Cambridge, MA, 1982), p. 71.
718
Soutou, L’Or et Le Sang, p. 806–828.
719
L. Blum, L’Oeuvre de Léon Blum, 3 vols (Paris, 1972), vol. 1, p. 278.
720
E. Clémentel, La France et la politique économique interalliée (Paris, 1931), p. 343.
721
A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 196694) vol 53, p. 550.
722
T. J. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New Order (Princeton, NJ, 1992), p. 224.
723
Наиболее авторитетной была книга: R. S. Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement (New York, 1922), под влиянием которой была написана работа: A. Mayer, Wilson vs. Lenin: Political Origins of the New Diplomacy, 1917–1918 (New York, 1964).
724
Авторы работ: C. Schmitt, Positionen und Begriffe im Kampf mit Weimar-Genf-Versailles, 1923–1939 (Hamburg, 1940); T. Veblen, «Peace», in Essays in Our Changing Order (New York, 1934), p. 415–422, подвергли Статут критике, считая его подтверждением банкротства либерализма Вильсона, берущего истоки в середине Викторианской эпохи.
725
PWW, vol. 55, p. 175–177.
726
PWW, vol. 53, p. 336–337.
727
Journal officiel de la Républiquefrançaise (Paris, 1918), 29 December 1918, vol. 50, p. 3, 732ff.
728
PWW, vol. 53, p. 571.
729
В числе немногих, кто это понял, был W. R. Keylor, «France’s Futile Quest for American Military Protection, 1919–1922», in M. Petricioli and M. Guderzo (eds), Une Occasion manquée? 1922: La reconstruction de L’Europe (Frankfurt,1995), p. 62.
730
G. Clemenceau, Grandeur and Misery of Victory (New York, 1930), p. 202. Ссылка на Блеза Паскаля взята из книги: G. Dallas, At the Heart of a Tiger: Clemenceau and His World 1841–1929 (London, 1993), p. 481. См. также его речь 1910 года о демократии и войне в: G. Clemenceau, Sur la Démocratie: neuf conférences (Paris, 1930), p. 117–134.
731
D. Demko, Léon Bourgeois: Philosophe de la solidarité (Paris, 2001); C. Bouchard, Le Citoyen et l’ordre mondial 1914–1919 (Paris, 2008); S. Audier, Léon Bourgeois: Fonder la solidarité (Paris, 2007).
732
P. J. Yearwood, Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy (Oxford, 2009), p. 139.
733
F. Meinecke, Machiavellism: The Doctrine of Raison d’Etat and its Place in Modern History (New Haven, CT, 1962), p. 423–424, и: Schmitt, Positionen.
734
F. R. Dickinson, War and National Reinvention: Japan in the Great War 1914–1919 (Cambridge MA, 1999), p. 212–218.
735
L. Connors, The Emperor’s Adviser: Saionji Kinmochi and Pre-War Japanese Politics (Oxford, 1987), p. 60–66.
736
S. Naoko, Japan, Race and Equality: The Racial Equality Proposal of 1919 (London, 2003), p. 61.
737
PWW, vol. 53, p. 622; M. Macmillan, Peacemakers: The Paris Conference of 1919 and its Attempt to End War (London, 2001), p. 154–155.
738
D. H. Miller, The Drafting of the Covenant [hereafter DC] (New York, 1928), vol. 2, p. 64–105.
739
DC, vol. 1, p. 138.
740
Ibid., p. 146–147. Эта фраза принадлежит Айре Кроу, см.: H. Nicolson, Peacemaking, 1919 (London, 1933), p. 226.
741
DC, vol. 1, p. 162.
742
Ibid., p. 152.
743
Ibid., p. 160.
744
Ibid., p. 160–162.
745
Knock, To End All Wars, p. 218.
746
DC, vol. 1, p. 160.
747
Ibid., p. 166.
748
DC, vol. 1, p. 165.
749
Ibid., p. 165.
750
Ibid., p. 167.
751
DC, vol. 2, p. 303.
752
DC, vol. 1, p. 216–217.
753
DC, vol 2, p. 294.
754
Ibid., p. 293.
755
Ibid., p. 264.
756
DC, vol. 2, p. 297.
757
DC, vol. 1, p. 262.
758
PWW, vol. 57, p. 126–127.
759
S. Bonsal, Unfinished Business (New York, 1944), p. 202–217.
760
A. Anghie, Imperialism, Sovereignty and the Making of International Law (Cambridge, 2004); M. Mazower, No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nations (Princeton, NJ, 2009).
761
P. J. Yearwood, Guarantee, and G. W. Egerton, Great Britain and the Creation of the League of Nations (Chapel Hill, NC, 1978).
762
PWW, vol. 53, p. 427.
763
Ibid., p. 320–321.
764
J. W. Jones, «The Naval Battle of Paris», Naval War College Review 62 (2009), p. 77–89.
765
Двусмысленность позиции США признавали и советники администрации президента, см.: PWW, vol. 57, p. 180.
766
Ibid., p. 91–92.
767
Egerton, Great Britain and the League, p. 158.
768
R. Dingman, Power in the Pacific: The Origins of Naval Arms Limitation, 1914–1922 (Chicago, IL, 1976), p. 86–87; PWW, vol. 57, p. 142–144, 216–217.
769
J. Bainville, Les Conséquences politiques de la paix (Paris, 1920), p. 25.
770
За основу описания взята книга: M. Macmillan, Peacemakers: The Paris Conference of 1919 and its Attempt to End War (London, 2001).
771
M. Trachtenberg, Reparation in World Politics: France and European Economic Diplomacy, 1916–1923 (New York, 1980), p. 48–52.
772
Пожалуй, самое живое и содержательное описание этого цикла представлено в: H. Nicolson, Peacemaking, 1919 (London, 1933); A. Lentin, Lloyd George, Woodrow Wilson and the Guilt of Germany (Leicester, 1984), и в: A. Lentin, Lloyd George and the Lost Peace: From Versailles to Hitler, 1919–1940 (Basingstoke, 2001).
773
Bainville, Conséquences, p. 25–29.
774
G. Clemenceau, Grandeur and Misery of Victory (New York, 1930), p. 144–207.
775
A. Thiers, Discours parlementaire: 3eme partie 1865–1866 (Paris, 1881), p. 645–646.
776
Clemenceau, Grandeur, p. 185.
777
C. Clark, Iron Kingdom: The Rise and Downfall of Prussia, 1600–1947 (London, 2006); P. Schroeder, The Transformation of European Politics, 1763–1848 (Oxford, 1994); P. Schroeder, Austria, Great Britain, and the Crimean War: The Destruction of the European Concert (Ithaca, NY, 1972).
778
A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [hereafter PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ 1966-94) vo1. 54, p. 466.
779
M. Beloff, Imperial Sunset, vol. 1, Britain’s Liberal Empire, 1897–1921 (London, 1969, and Basingstoke, 1989), p. 289–290.
780
W. McDougall, France’s Rhineland Diplomacy, 1914–1924: The Last Bid for a Balance of Power in Europe (Princeton, NJ, 1978).
781
Точка зрения Германии изложена в: B. Wendt, «Lloyd George’s Fontainebleau Memorandum», in U. Lehmkuhl, C. Wurm and H. Zimmermann (eds), Deutschland, Grossbritannien, Amerika (Wiesbaden, 2003), p. 27–45. Об антифранцузской атмосфере см. в: J. Cairns, «A Nation of Shopkeepers in Search of a Suitable France: 19191940», The American Historical Review 79 (June 1974), p. 714.
782
PWW, vol. 57, p. 50–61.
783
A. Tardieu, The Truth About the Treaty (London, 1921).
784
N. Angell, The Great Illusion (New York, 1910).
785
J. Horne and A. Kramer, «German „Atrocities“ and Franco-German Opinion, 1914: The Evidence of German Soldiers’ Diaries», TheJournal of Modern History 66 (1994), p. 1–33;I. Hull, Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany (Ithaca, NY, 2005).
786
I. Renz, G. Krumeich and G. Hirschfeld, Scorched Earth: The Germans on the Somme 1914–1918 (Barnsley, 2009).
787
J. M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London, 1919), p. 126–128; Дж. М. Кейнс. Экономические последствия Версальского мирного договора // Кейнс Дж. М. Общая теория занятости, процента и денег. Избранное. М., 2007, с. 498.
788
F. W. O’Brien, Two Peacemakers in Paris: The Hoover-Wilson Post-Armistice Letters, 1918–1920 (College Station, TX, 1978), p. 65.
789
PWW, vol. 57, p. 120–130, 316.
790
D. Stevenson, «France at the Paris Peace Conference», in R. Boyce (ed.), French Foreign and Defence Policy, 1918–1940 (London, 1998), p. 10–29.
791
G. Dallas, At the Heart of a Tiger: Clemenceau and His World, 1841–1929 (London, 1993), p. 566.
792
Примеры критики таких компромиссов Пуанкаре см. в: PWW, vol. 58, p. 211–214.
793
PWW, vol. 57, p. 279.
794
W. Wilson, The Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson (New York, 1927), p. 523.
795
Nicolson, Peacemaking, p. 32.
796
P. Mantoux, The Deliberations of the Council of Four, trans. and ed. A. S. Link (Princeton, NJ, 1992), vol. 1, p. 144–145.
797
S. Wambaugh, Plebiscites Since the World War (Washington, DC, 1933), vol. 1, p. 33–62, 206–270.
798
P. Wandycz, France and her Eastern Allies, 1919–1925 (Minneapolis, MN, 1962).
799
Mantoux, Deliberations, vol. 2, p. 452–455.
800
E. Mantoux, The Carthaginian Peace – Or the Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes (London, 1946).
801
J. Hagen, «Mapping the Polish Corridor: Ethnicity, Economics and Geopolitics», Imago Mundi: The International Journalfor the History of Cartography 62 (2009), p. 63–82.
802
R. Blanke, Orphans of Versailles: The Germans in Western Poland, 1918–1939 (Lexington 1993).
803
A. Demshuk, The Lost German East: Forced Migration and the Politics of Memory, 1945–1970 (Cambridge, 2012).
804
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers [FRUS: Lansing Papers] (Washington, DC, 1940), vol. 2, p. 26.
805
Clemenceau, Grandeur, p. 162–163.
806
FRUS: Lansing Papers, vol. 2, p. 27.
807
PWW, vol.57, p. 151.
808
R. Boyce, The Great Interwar Crisis and the Collapse of Globalization (Basingstoke, 2009), p. 52–55.
809
A. Orzoff, Battle for the Castle: The Myth of Czechoslovakia in Europe, 1914–1948 (Oxford,2009).
810
D. Miller, Forging Political Compromise: Antonin Svehla and the Czechoslovak Republican Party, 1918–1933 (Pittsburgh, NJ, 1999); W. Blackwood, «Socialism, Czechoslovakism, and the Munich Complex, 1918–1948», The International History Review 21 (1999), p. 875–899.
811
A. Polonsky, Politics in Independent Poland, 1921–1939: The Crisis of Constitutional Government (Oxford, 1972).
812
T. Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999 (New Haven, CT, 2003).
813
D. Durand, «Currency Inflation in Eastern Europe with Special Reference to Poland», The American Economic Review 13 (1923), p. 593–608.
814
N. Davies, «Lloyd George and Poland, 1919–1920», Journal of Contemporary History 6 (1971), p. 132–154.
815
D. L. George, Memoir of the Peace Conference (New Haven, CT, 1939), vol. 1, p. 266–273.
816
Boyce, Great Interwar Crisis, p. 51.
817
M. Mazower, «Minorities and the League of Nations in Interwar Europe», Daedalus 126 (1997), p. 47–63.
818
Wambaugh, Plebiscites, vol. 1, p. 249.
819
G. Manceron (ed.), 1885: Le tournant colonial de la République: Jules Ferry contre Georges Clemenceau, et autres affrontements parlementaires sur la conquête coloniale (Paris, 2006).
820
На что указывает, например, F. Meinecke, Machiavellism: The Doctrine of Raison d’Etat and its Place in Modern History (New Haven, CT, 1962), p. 432.
821
C. Schmitt, Positionen und Begriffe im Kampf mit Weimar-Genf-Versailles, 1923–1939 (Hamburg, 1940).
822
H. Winkler, Arbeiter und Arbeiterbewegung in der Weimarer Republik, 1918–1924 (Berlin 1987) p. 185.
823
C. Schmitt, Positionen und Begriffe im Kampf mit Weimar-Genf-Versailles, 1923–1939(Hamburg, 1940).
824
G. D. Feldman, The Great Disorder: Politics, Economics, and Society in the German Inflation 1914–1924 (Oxford, 1993) p. 434.
825
M. Horn, Britain, France, and the Financing of the First World War (Montreal, 2002).
826
D. Artaud, La Question des dettes interalliées et la reconstruction de l’Europe, 1917–1929(Lille, 1978).
827
G.-H. Soutou, L’Or et le Sang: Les Buts de guerre économique de la Preminre Guerre Mondiale (Paris, 1989), p. 777–805.
828
В работе: G. Rousseau, Étienne Clémentel (Clermont-Ferrand, 1998), p. 18; P. Rabinow, French Modern: Norms and Forms of the Social Environment (Chicago, IL, 1995), p. 325, предлагает называть это «умеренным модернизмом».
829
E. Clémentel, La France et la politique économique interalliée (Paris, 1931).
830
M. Trachtenberg, Reparation in World Politics: France and European Economic Diplomacy, 1916–1923 (New York, 1980), p. 5.
831
W. McDougall, «Political Economy versus National Sovereignty: French Structures for German Economic Integration after Versailles», The Journal of Modern History, vol. 51 (1979) p. 4–23.
832
E. Roussel, Jean Monnet (Paris, 1996), p. 33–44.
833
F. Duchnne,Jean Monnet (New York, 1994), p. 40; J. Monnet, Memoirs (London, 1978), p. 75.
834
R. S. Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement (New York, 1922), vol. 3, p. 322.
835
W. R. Keylor, «Versailles and International Diplomacy», in M. Boemeke, R. Chickering and E. Glaser (eds), The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment After 75 Years (Washington, DC, 1998), p. 498.
836
F. W. O’Brien, Two Peacemakers in Paris: The Hoover-Wilson Post-Armistice Letters, 1918–1920 (College Station, TX, 1978), p. 4.
837
Ibid., p. 156–161.
838
Trachtenberg, Reparations, p. 34.
839
S. Lauzanne, «Can France Carry Her Fiscal Burden?», The North American Review 214 (1921), p. 603–609.
840
A. Lentin, The Last Political Law Lord: Lord Sumner (Cambridge, 2008), 81-104; R. E. Bunselmeyer, The Cost of the War, 1914–1919: British Economic War Aims and the Origins of Reparation (Hamden, CT, 1975).
841
P. M. Burnett, Reparation at the Paris Peace Conference (New York, 1940), vol. 1, Document 211, p. 777.
842
Ibid., Document 210, p. 776.
843
Ibid., Document 246, p. 857–858.
844
Ibid., Document 234, p. 824, and Document 262, p. 898–903.
845
Two Peacemakers, p. 118–119.
846
J. M. Keynes, Revision of the Treaty (London, 1922), p. 3–4.
847
Блестящее обобщение содержится в: E. Mantoux, The Carthaginian Peace; or, The Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes (New York, 1952).
848
V. Serge, Memoirs of a Revolutionary (Oxford, 1963), p. 102; L. Trotsky, The First Five Years of the Communist International (Moscow, 1924), vol. 1, p. 351.
849
N. Ferguson, Paper & Iron: Hamburg Business and German Politics in the Era of Inflation, 1897–1927 (Cambridge, 1995).
850
E. Johnson and D. Moggridge (eds), The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes (Cambridge, 2012), vol. 16, p. 156–184.
851
R. Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes: Hopes Betrayed, 1883–1920 (London,1983), vol. 1, 317.
852
J. M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London, 1919), p. 5, 253; Дж. М. Кейнс. Экономические последствия Версальского мирного договора // Кейнс Дж. М. Общая теория занятости, процента и денег. Избранное. М., 2007, с. 464, 523.
853
Ibid., p. 146–50; там же, р. 490–492.
854
Ibid., р. 269; там же, р. 524.
855
Artaud, La Question des dettes interalliées, vol. 1, p. 116.
856
D. P. Silverman, Reconstructing Europe after the Great War (Cambridge, MA, 1982), p. 32.
857
A. Tardieu, The Truth About the Treaty (Indianapolis, IN, 1921), p. 344.
858
Silverman, Reconstructing Europe, p. 39.
859
Keynes, Collected Writings, vol. 16, p. 422.
860
Ibid., p. 426–427.
861
Keynes, Economic Consequences, p. 283–288; Дж. М. Кейнс. Экономические последствия Версальского мирного договора, с. 516–518.
862
Keynes, Collected Writings, vol. 16, p. 428–436.
863
Keynes, Collected Writings, vol. 16, p. 434.
864
Silverman, Reconstructing Europe, p. 36.
865
A. Orde, British Policy and European Reconstruction after the First World War (Cambridge, 1990) p. 57.
866
Hoover to Wilson, 11 April 1919, Two Peacemakers, p. 112–115.
867
Baker, Woodrow Wilson, vol. 3, p. 344–346.
868
Ibid., p. 373–375.
869
L. Gardner, Safe for Democracy: The Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913–1923 (Oxford, 1987), p. 247; F. Costigliola, Awkward Dominion: American Political, Economic, and Cultural Relations with Europe, 1919–1933 (Ithaca, NY, 1987), p. 35.
870
Two Peacemakers, p. 196–203.
871
B. D. Rhodes, «Reassessing „Uncle Shylock“: The United States and the French War Debt, 1917–1929», The Journal of American History 55 (March 1969), p. 791.
872
Silverman, Reconstructing Europe, p. 171, 205–211.
873
A. Hitler, Mein Kampf (Munich, 1925–1927).
874
H. J. Burgwyn, The Legend of the Mutilated Victory: Italy, the Great War, and the Paris Peace Conference, 1915–1919 (Westport, CT, 1993), p. 300.
875
Falasca-Zamponi, Fascist Spectacle (Berkeley, CA, 1997), 32, p. 163–164.
876
О Муссолини см.: A. Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy: Containment and Counter-Revolution at Versailles, 1918–1919 (New York, 1967), p. 206–207; P. O’Brien, Mussolini in the First World War: The Journalist, the Soldier, the Fascist (Oxford, 2005), p. 151. О Гитлере см.: Mein Kampf, p. 712–713.
877
Mayer, Politics and Diplomacy, p. 219–220.
878
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers (Washington, DC, 1940), vol. 2, p. 89–90.
879
H. Nicolson, Peacemaking, 1919 (London, 1933), p. 161.
880
A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1966-94/ vol 57, p. 614.
881
Burgwyn, The Legend, p. 256–258.
882
PWW, vol. 57, p. 432–433.
883
PWW, vol. 58, p. 19.
884
PWW, vol. 57, p. 527.
885
PWW, vol. 58, p. 7.
886
D. Rossini, Woodrow Wilson and the American Myth in Italy (Cambridge, MA, 2008), p. 117–123.
887
Ibid., p. 131.
888
PWW, vol. 58, p. 142.
889
Ibid., p. 47.
890
PWW, vol. 57, p. 70.
891
PWW, vol. 58, p. 4.
892
Ibid., p. 59.
893
Ibid., p. 91–93.
894
Burgwyn, Legend, p. 281.
895
Nicolson, Peacemaking, p. 319.
896
PWW, vol. 58, p. 143.
897
D. J. Forsyth, The Crisis of Liberal Italy (Cambridge, 1993), p. 205.
898
L. Hautecoeur, L’Italie sous le Ministure Orlando, 1917–1919 (Paris, 1919), p. 209–210.
899
M. Knox, To the Threshold of Power, 1922/33: Origins and Dynamics of the Fascist and National Socialist Dictatorships (Cambridge, 2007), vol. 1, p. 307–310.
900
G. Salvemini, The Origins of Fascism in Italy (New York, 1973), p. 230.
901
Akten der Reichskanzlei Das Kabinett Scheidemann (AdR DKS), Nr 66, p. 303.
902
Ibid., p. 303–306.
903
Ibid., 8 May 1919, p. 306, and AdR DKS Nr 70, 12 May 1919, p. 314–316.
904
P. Scheidemann, The Making of a New Germany (New York, 1928), p. 24–25.
905
AdR DKS Nr 15, 63, and Nr 20, p. 85–91. See also K. Kautsky, Wie der Weltkrieg Entstand (Berlin, 1919).
906
AdR DKS Nr 79, 19 May 1919, p. 350–351.
907
AdR DKS Nr 67, 9 May 1919, p. 308.
908
AdR DKS Nr 80, 20 May 1919, p. 354.
909
Ibid., 20 May 1919, p. 358–359, Nr 86, 26 May 1919, p. 375, Nr 87, 26 May 1919, p. 379–380.
910
AdR DKS Nr 84, 23 May 1919, p. 368–369.
911
P. Krüger, «Die Reparationen und das Scheitern einer deutschen Verständigungspolitikauf der Pariser Friedenskonferenz im Jahre 1919», Historische Zeitschrift 221 (1975), p. 336–338.
912
L. Haupts, Deutsche Friedenspolitik, 1918-19: eine Alternative zur Machtpolitik des Ersten Weltkrieges (Düsseldorf, 1976), p. 329–372.
913
Сравните оценку Кейнсом реальной ценности контрпредложения Германии с суммой репараций, предложенной им самим и составлявшей те же самые 7,5 млрд долл., которая не вызвала интереса. J. M. Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London, 1919), p. 223, 262; Дж. М. Кейн. Экономические последствия Версальского мирного договора //Кейнс Дж. М. Общая теория занятости, процента и денег. Избранное. М., 2007, с. 522, 545.
914
В The Deliberations of the Council of Four (March 24—June 28,1919): Notes of the Official Interpreter, Paul Mantoux, trans. and ed. by Arthur S. Link and Manfred F. Boemeke (Princeton, NJ, 1991), vol. 2, p. 462–466, Фох говорит о 39 дивизиях, равных по силе обычным 44 дивизиям, учитывая удвоенную мощь американских дивизий.
915
H. Mühleisen, «Annehmen oder Ablehnen? Das Kabinett Scheidemann, die Oberste Heeresleitung und der Vertrag von Versailles im Juni 1919. Fünf Dokumente aus dem Nachlaß des Hauptmanns Günther von Posek», Vierteljahrsheftefür Zeitgeschichte 35 (1987) p. 419–481.
916
AdR DKS Nr 107, 11 June 1919, p. 445.
917
AdR DKS Nr 114, 20 June 1919.
918
AdR DKS Nr 111, 14 June 1919.
919
AdR DKS Nr 113, p. 469–475.
920
AdR DKS Nr 99, 3 June 1919.
921
AdR DKS Nr 113, 17 June 1919, p. 475.
922
AdR DKS Nr 105, 10 June 1919, p. 105.
923
AdR DKS Nr 114, 20 June 1919, p. 485–486.
924
AdR DKS Nr 118, 18 June 1919, p. 506.
925
AdR DKS Nr 100, 4 June 1919, p. 419–420.
926
Этот сюжет изложен в: A. Luckau, «Unconditional Acceptance of the Treaty of Versailles by the German Government, June 22–28, 1919», The Journal of Modern History 17 6945) P. 215–220.
927
G. Noske, Von Kiel bis Kapp: zur Geschichte der deutschen Revolution (Berlin, 1920), p. 147–156, and W. Wette, Gustav Noske: eine politische Biographie (Düsseldorf, 1987), p. 461–493.
928
AdR DKS Nr 118, p. 501–502.
929
AdR DKS Nr 114, 20 June 1919, p. 491.
930
AdR DKS Nr 3, 23 June 1919, p. 10.
931
Two Peacemakers in Paris: The Hoover-Wilson Post-Armistice Letters, 1918–1920, ed. with commentaries by Francis William O’Brien (College Station, TX, 1978), p. 168–173; Nicolson, Peacemaking, p. 362–364.
932
Wette, Noske, p. 506–517.
933
Описание переворота см. в: AdR KBauer Nr. 183, 653-6, Nr 186-92, 667-83, Nr 218,P. 771–791.
934
AdR KBauer Nr 204, p. 710–725.
935
AdR KBauer, Nr 215, 760–762. Весьма критический подход к этим событиям см. в: G. Eliasberg, Der Ruhrkrieg von 1920 (Bonn, 1974).
936
H. A. Turner, Stresemann and the Politics of the Weimar Republic (Princeton, NJ, 1963), p. 43–91.
937
M. Berg, Gustav Stresemann und die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika: Weltwirtschaftliche Verflechtung und Revisionspolitik, 1907–1929 (Baden-Baden, 1990), p. 102.
938
Взгляды американцев и китайцев на эти события см. в: E. Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism(Oxford, 2007), p. 99–117, 177–196.
939
Connors, The Emperor’s Adviser: Saionji Kinmochi and Pre-War Japanese Politics (Oxford, 1987) p. 60–71.
940
Y. S. Sun, The International Development of China (New York, 1922).
941
Y. Zhang, China in the International System, 1918–1920 (Basingstoke, 1991), p. 15.
942
N. S. Bose, American Attitudes and Policy to the Nationalist Movement in China, 1911–1921 (Bombay p. 157–159.
943
L. Gardner, Safe for Democracy: The Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913–1923(Oxford, 1987), p. 230.
944
Zhang, China, p. 55.
945
S. G. Craft, V. K.: Wellington Koo and the Emergence of Modern China (Lexington, KY, 2004) p. 49–50.
946
S. Naoko, Japan, Race and Equality: The Racial Equality Proposal of 1919 (London, 2003),p. 49–50.
947
N. Kawamura, Turbulence in the Pacific: Japanese-U. S. Relations during World War I (Westport, CT, 2000), p. 140.
948
Y. Ozaki, The Autobiography of Ozaki Yukio (Princeton, NJ, 2001), p. 330–336.
949
О неоднозначности массовой политики того периода см. в: A. Gordon, Labor and Imperial Democracy in Prewar Japan (Berkeley, CA, 1991).
950
Naoko, Japan, p. 19.
951
M. Lake and H. Reynolds, Drawing the Global Color Line: White Men’s Countries and the International Challenge of Racial Equality (Cambridge, 2008).
952
A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [hereafter PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ 1966–1994) vol 57, p. 239–240.
953
Ibid., p. 247, 264.
954
Naoko, Japan, p. 29–31.
955
PWW, vol. 57, p. 285.
956
Как об этом Макино ясно заявил Бальфуру, см.: PWW, vol. 58, p. 179.
957
Kawamura, Turbulence, p. 147.
958
PWW, vol. 57, p. 554.
959
D. H. Miller, The Drafting of the Covenant (New York, 1928), vol. 1, p. 103.
960
PWW, vol. 57, p. 584 and 618.
961
PWW, vol. 58, p. 165.
962
Connors, Emperor’s Adviser, p. 74.
963
PWW, vol. 58, p. 112–113.
964
Craft, Wellington Koo, 56; PWW, vol. 57, p. 615–626.
965
PWW, vol. 58, p. 130, 183–184.
966
Zhang, China, p. 88–89.
967
R. Mitter, A Bitter Revolution: China’s Struggle with the Modern World (Oxford, 2004).
968
J. Chesneaux, F. Le Barbier and M.-C. Bergère, China from the 1911 Revolution to Liberation, trans. P. Auster and L. Davis (New York, 1977), p. 65–69.
969
D. Kuhn, Die Republik China von 1912 bis 1937: Entwurf für eine politische Ereignisgeschichte (Heidelberg, 2004), p. 142.
970
Zhang, China, p. 79.
971
Chesneaux et al., China, p. 67–68.
972
Zhang, China, p. 75–99.
973
Y. T Matsusaka, The Making of Japanese Manchuria, 1904–1932 (Cambridge, MA, 2001),p. 241.
974
L. A. Humphreys, The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s (Stanford, CA, 1995), p. 175.
975
Ibid., 41.
976
Matsusaka, The Making, p. 241.
977
Zhang, China, p. 139–141.
978
S. R. Schram and N. J. Hodes (eds), Mao’s Road to Power: Revolutionary Writings 1912–1949 (New York, 1992), vol. 1, p. 321–322, 337, 357–367, 390, and vol. 2, p. 159–160, 186–188.
979
W. C. Kirby, Germany and Republican China (Stanford, CA, 1984), p. 35.
980
B. A. Ellman, Diplomacy and Deception: The Secret History of Sino-Soviet Diplomatic Relations, 1917–1927 (London, 1997), p. 25.
981
Zhang, China, p. 157.
982
A. S. Link (ed.) et al., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson [PWW], 69 vols (Princeton, NJ, 1966-94), vol. 61, p. 426–436.
983
Ibid., p. 225.
984
Ср.: R. S. Baker, Woodrow Wilson and the World Settlement (New York, 1922), и L. E. Ambrosius, Woodrow Wilson and the American Diplomatic Tradition: The Treaty Fight in Perspective (Cambridge, 1987).
985
The New York Times, «Bullitt Asserts Lansing Expected the Treaty to Fail», 13 September 1919.
986
W. C. Bullitt and S. Freud, Thomas Woodrow Wilson: A Psychological Study (Boston, MA, 1967).
987
The New York Times, «Lodge Attacks Covenant and Outlines 5 Reservations; Assailed by Williams», 13 August 1919.
988
Ambrosius, Woodrow Wilson, p. xxx.
989
W. C. Widenor, Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy (Berkeley, CA, 1980).
990
The New York Times, «Qualify Treaty on Ratification, Says Elihu Root», 22 June 1919.
991
PWW, vol. 42, p. 340–344.
992
T. J. Knock, To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New Order (Princeton, NJ, 1992), p. 267.
993
M. Leffler, The Elusive Quest: America’s Pursuit of European Stability and French Security, 1919–1933 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1979), p. 15.
994
W. Lippmann, «Woodrow Wilson’s Approach to Politics», New Republic, 5 December 1955; T. Bimes and S. Skowronek, «Woodrow Wilson’s Critique of Popular Leadership: Reassessing the Modern-Traditional Divide in Presidential History», Polity 29 (1996), p. 27–63.
995
K. Wimer, «Woodrow Wilson’s Plan for a Vote of Confidence», Pennsylvania History 28 (1961), p. 2–16, and R. L. Merritt, «Woodrow Wilson and the „Great and Solemn Referendum“, 1920», The Review of Politics 27 (1965), p. 78–104.
996
См. речи, произнесенные в августе и сентябре 1916 года, в: PWW, vol. 40.
997
A. Hagedorn, Savage Peace: Hope and Fear in America, 1919 (New York, 2007), p. 297–322.
998
A. Hart (ed.), Selected Addresses and Public Papers of Woodrow Wilson (New York, 1918) p. 270.
999
W. Wilson, A History of the American People (New York, 1902), vol. 5, p. 59–64.
1000
Hart (ed.), Selected Addresses, p. 271.
1001
The New York Times, 26 November 1919.
1002
T. Kornweibel, «Seeing Red»: Federal Campaigns against Black Militancy, 1919–1925 (Bloomington, IN, 1998).
1003
The New York Times, «President Cheered from Pier to Hotel», 25 February 1919.
1004
Hagedorn, Savage Peace, p. 218–225.
1005
PWW, vol. 62, p. 58.
1006
The New York Times, «Raid from Coast to Coast», 3 January 1920; R. K. Murray, Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920 (Minneapolis, MN, 1955).
1007
J. A. McCartin, Labor’s Great War: The Struggle for Industrial Democracy and the Origins of Modern American Labor Relations (Chapel Hill, NC, 1997).
1008
J. Cooper, The Warrior and the Priest: Woodrow Wilson and Theodore Roosevelt (Cambridge, MA, 1983), p. 264.
1009
PWW, vol. 64, p. 84.
1010
Commission of Enquiry, the Interchurch World Movement, «Report on the Steel Strike of 1919» (New York, 1920); D. Brody, Labor in Crisis: The Steel Strike of 1919 (New York, 1965).
1011
PWW, vol. 63, p. 600.
1012
D. Montgomery, The Fall of the House of Labor: Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865–1925 (New Haven, CT, 1988).
1013
McCartin, Labor’s Great War, p. 199–220.
1014
The New York Times, «Palmer Pledges War on Radicals», 1 January 1920.
1015
R. K. Murray, The Politics of Normalcy: Governmental Theory and Practice in the Harding-Coolidge Era (New York, 1973), p. 3; idem., The Harding Era: Warren G. Harding and His Administration (Minneapolis, MN, 1969), p. 82.
1016
B. M. Manly, «Have Profits Kept Pace with the Cost of Living?», Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 89 (1920), p. 157–162, and E. B. Woods, «Have Wages Kept Pace with the Cost of Living?», Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 89 (1920), p. 135–147.
1017
The New York Times, «Palmer Has Plan to Cut Living Cost», 17 December 1919, p. 19.
1018
The New York Times, «Urge President to Return», 24 May 1919, p. 4.
1019
Interchurch World Movement, «Report», p. 94–106.
1020
H. L. Lutz, «The Administration of the Federal Interest-Bearing Debt Since the Armistice», The Journal of Political Economy 34 (1926), p. 413–457.
1021
M. Friedman and A. J. Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (Princeton, NJ, 1963), p. 222–226.
1022
A. Meltzer, A History of the Federal Reserve (Chicago, IL, 2003), vol. 1, p. 94–95.
1023
Friedman and Schwartz, Monetary History, p. 227.
1024
Meltzer, History, p. 101–102.
1025
Friedman and Schwartz, Monetary History, p. 230.
1026
45. Meltzer, History, p. 127.
1027
The New York Times, «Williams Strikes at High Interest», 11 August 1920, 24, and «Bank Convention Condemns Williams», 23 October 1920, p. 20.
1028
J. Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925 (New Brunswick, NJ, 1988); N. K. MacLean, Behind the Mask of Chivalry: The Making of the Second Ku Klux Klan (Oxford, 1995).
1029
J. C. Prude, «William Gibbs McAdoo and the Democratic National Convention of 1924», The Journal of Southern History 38 (1972), p. 621–628.
1030
F. E. Schortemeier, Rededicating America: Life and Recent Speeches of Warren G. Harding (Indianapolis, IN, 1920), p. 223.
1031
Higham, Strangers, p. 309.
1032
R. Boyce, The Great Interwar Crisis and the Collapse of Globalization (Basingstoke,2003), p. 88.
1033
Leffler, Elusive Quest, p. 44.
1034
Boyce, Great Interwar Crisis, p. 178.
1035
S. M. Deutsch, Counter-Revolution in Argentina, 1900–1932: The Argentine Patriotic League (Lincoln, NB, 1986).
1036
R. Gerwarth and J. Horne (eds), War in Peace: Paramilitary Violence in Europe after the Great War (Oxford, 2012).
1037
C. S. Maier, Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade after World War I (Princeton, NJ, 1975), p. 136.
1038
E. L. Dulles, The French Franc, 1914–1928: The Facts and their Interpretations (New York, 1929), p. 120–121.
1039
M. Metzler, Lever of Empire: The International Gold Standard and the Crisis of Liberalism in Prewar Japan (Berkeley, CA, 2005), p. 118–133.
1040
L. Humphreys, The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s (Stanford, CA, 1995), p. 44; P. Duus (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 6, The Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1988), p. 277.
1041
R. Haig, The Public Finances of Post-War France (New York, 1929), p. 70–88.
1042
B. Martin, France and the Aprиs Guerre, 1918–1924: Illusions and Disillusionment (Baton Rouge, FL, 1999), p. 35–36.
1043
F. R. Dickinson, War and National Reinvention: Japan in the Great War, 1914–1919 (Cambridge, MA, 1999), p. 230.
1044
P. Duus, Party Rivalry and Political Change in Taisho Japan (Cambridge, MA, 1968), p. 141.
1045
M. Lewis, Rioters and Citizens: Mass Protest in Imperial Japan (Berkeley, CA, 1990), p. 82.
1046
C. Wrigley, Lloyd George and the Challenge of Labour: The Post- War Coalition, 1918–1922 (Hemel Hempstead, 1990), p. 81.
1047
M. Daunton, Just Taxes: The Politics of Taxation in Britain, 1914–1979 (Cambridge, 2002),p. 76–77.
1048
Metzler, Lever of Empire, p. 133.
1049
G. Balachandran, John Bullion’s Empire: Britain’s Gold Problem and India Between the Wars (London, 1996), p. 96.
1050
A. C. Pigou, Aspects of British Economic History, 1918–1925 (London, 1945), p. 149.
1051
Balachandran, John Bullion’s Empire, 93, p. 109–112.
1052
K. Jeffery (ed.), The Military Correspondence of Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, 1918–1922 (London 1854 p. 253.
1053
A. Clayton, The British Empire as a Superpower, 1919-39 (Basingstoke, 1986), p. 103.
1054
R. Middleton, Government versus the Market: The Growth of the Public Sector, Economic Management, and British Economic Performance, 1890–1979 (Cheltenham, р. m 311–335.
1055
M. Leffler, The Elusive Quest: America’s Pursuit of European Stability and French Security 1919–1933 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1979) p. 14.
1056
M. Milbank Farrar, Principled Pragmatist: The Political Career of Alexandre Millerand (New York, 1991).
1057
D. Artaud, «La question des dettes interalliées», in M. Petricioli and M. Guderzo (eds), Une occasion manquée? 1922: La reconstruction de l’Europe (New York, 1995), p. 89.
1058
Dulles, French Franc, p. 130.
1059
F. H. Adler, Italian Industrialists from Liberalism to Fascism (Cambridge, 1995), p. 165.
1060
Metzler, Lever of Empire, 134; Duus, Cambridge History, p. 461; Lewis, Rioters, p. 246.
1061
C.-L. Holtfrerich, The German Inflation, 1914–1923 (Berlin, 1986).
1062
M. Flandreau (ed.), Money Doctors: The Experience of International Financial Advising, 1850–2000 (London, 2003).
1063
Duus, Party Rivalry, p. 111.
1064
Metzler, Lever of Empire, p. 129, 160.
1065
Humphreys, Heavenly Sword, p. 61.
1066
I. Gow, Military Intervention in Prewar Japanese Politics: Admiral Kato-Kanji and the «Washington System» (London, 2004), p. 85.
1067
F. R. Dickinson, World War I and the Triumph of a New Japan, 1919–1930 (Cambridge,2013) p. 115–116.
1068
M. Beloff, Imperial Sunset, vol. 2, Dream of Commonwealth, 1921–1942 (Basingstoke, 1989), p. 27.
1069
K. Jeffery, The British Army and the Crisis of Empire (Manchester, 1984), p. 13–23.
1070
K. Jeffery, The Military Correspondence of Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, 1918–1922 (London, 1985), p. 197–201.
1071
K. Jeffery, «„An English Barrack in the Oriental Seas“? India in the Aftermath of the First World War», Modern Asian Studies 15 (1981), p. 369–386.
1072
Clayton, The British Empire as a Superpower, 1919–1939, p. 20.
1073
S. Roskill, Naval Policy Between the Wars (New York, 1968), vol. 1, p. 215–216.
1074
J. Ferris, The Evolution of British Strategic Policy, 1919-26 (Basingstoke, 1989), p. 54–63.
1075
Maier, Recasting, p. 195.
1076
D. P. Silverman, Reconstructing Europe after the Great War (Cambridge, MA, 1982), p. 215–220.
1077
Ibid., p. 149.
1078
R. Self, Britain, America and the War Debt Controversy: The Economic Diplomacy of an Unspecial Relationship, 1917–1941 (London, 2006), p. 29.
1079
National archive, CAB24/116 CP 2214.
1080
G. Unger, Aristide Briand: Le ferme conciliateur (Paris, 2005).
1081
Maier, Recasting, p. 241–249.
1082
G. D. Feldman, The Great Disorder: Politics, Economics, and Society in the German Inflation, 1914–1924 (Oxford, 1993), p. 338–341.
1083
Это противоречие фактам рассматривается в: N. Ferguson, Paper and Iron: Hamburg Business and German Politics in the Era of Inflation, 1897–1927 (Cambridge, 1995).
1084
S. B. Webb, Hyperinflation and Stabilization in Weimar Germany (Oxford, 1988).
1085
N. Ferguson, «Constraints and Room for Manoeuvre in the German Inflation notes to pp. 361-70 of the Early 1920s», The Economic History Review New Series 49 (1996), p. 635–666.
1086
Silverman, Reconstructing Europe, p. 224–225.
1087
M. J. Pusey, Charles Evans Hughes (New York, 1951), vol. 1, p. 350.
1088
N. A. Palmer, «The Veterans’ Bonus and the Evolving Presidency of Warren G. Harding», Presidential Studies Quarterly 38 (2008), 39–60.
1089
Artaud, «La question», in Petricioli and Guderzo (eds), Occasion manquée, p. 87.
1090
S. A. Schuker, «American Policy Towards Debts and Reconstruction», в: C. Fink (ed.), Genoa, Rapallo and European Reconstruction in 1922 (Cambridge, 1991), p. 98.
1091
M. Leffler, «The Origins of Republican War Debt Policy, 1921–1923: A Case Study in the Applicability of the Open Door Interpretation», The Journal of American History 59 (1972) p. 593.
1092
A. Orde, British Policy and European Reconstruction after the First World War (Cambridge, 1990) p. 173–174.
1093
J. Gallagher, «Nationalisms and the Crisis of Empire, 1919–1922», Modern Asian Studies 15(1981) 355–368.
1094
W. F. Elkins, «Black Power in the British West Indies: The Trinidad Longshoremen’s Strike of 1919», Science and Society 33 (1969), p. 71–75.
1095
I. Abdullah, «Rethinking the Freetown Crowd: The Moral Economy of the 1919 Strikes and Riot in Sierra Leone», Canadian Journal of African Studies/Revue Canadienne des Etudes Africaines 28, no. 2 (1994), p. 197–218.
1096
T. Yoshikuni, «Strike Action and Self-Help Associations: Zimbabwean Worker Protest and Culture after World War I», Journal of Southern African Studies 15, no. 3 (April 1989), p. 440–468.
1097
D. Killingray, «Repercussions of World War I in the Gold Coast», The Journal of African History 19 (1978), p. 39–59; A. Olukoju, «Maritime Trade in Lagos in the Aftermath of the First World War», African Economic History 20 (1992), p. 119–135; A. Olukoju, «Anatomy of Business-Government Relations: Fiscal Policy and Mercantile Pressure Group Activity in Nigeria, 1916–1933», African Studies Review 38 (1995), p. 23–50.
1098
R. Ally, Gold and Empire: The Bank of England and South Africa’s Gold Producers, 1886–1926 (Johannesburg, 1994); J. Krikler, «The Commandos: The Army of White Labour in South Africa», Past and Present 163 (1999), 202-44; A. Clayton, The British Empire as a Superpower, 1919–1939 (Basingstoke, 1986), p. 241–244; J. Krikler, White Rising: The 1922 Insurrection and Racial Killing in South Africa (Manchester, 2005).
1099
C. Townsend, The British Campaign in Ireland, 1919–1921 (Oxford, 1975).
1100
W. Wilson, Letters, 250, p. 266–272.
1101
J. Lawrence, «Forging a Peaceable Kingdom: War, Violence, and Fear of Brutalization in Post-First World War Britain», The Journal of Modern History 75, no. 3 (September 2003), p. 557–589.
1102
M. Beloff, Imperial Sunset: Britain’s Liberal Empire, 1897–1921 (London, 1969), vol. 1, p. 314.
1103
M. Hopkinson, «President Woodrow Wilson and the Irish Question», Studia Hibernica 27(19934 p. 89–111.
1104
Важные сведения собраны в книге: J. Darwin, Britain, Egypt and the Middle East: Imperial Policy in the Aftermath of War, 1918–1922 (London, 1981).
1105
W. Stivers, Supremacy and Oil: Iraq, Turkey, and the Anglo-American World Order, 1918–1930 (Ithaca, NY, 1982) p. 45–50.
1106
M. W. Daly (ed.), The Cambridge History of Egypt (New York, 1998), vol. 2, p. 246–247.
1107
Ibid., p. 247–248. О слабости культурного влияния Британии см.: Beloff, Imperial Sunset, vol. 2, p. 44.
1108
J. Berque, Egypt: Imperialism and Revolution (New York, 1972), p. 305.
1109
M. Badrawi, Ismail Sidqi, 1875–1950 (Richmond, VA, 1996), p. 14.
1110
M. A. Rifaat, The Monetary System of Egypt (London, 1935), p. 63–64; A. E. Crouchley, The Economic Development of Modern Egypt (London, 1938), p. 197.
1111
Berque, Egypt, p. 316.
1112
Berque, Egypt, p. 318.
1113
J. L. Thompson, A Wider Patriotism: Alfred Milner and the British Empire (London, 2007),p. 184–195.
1114
Berque, Egypt, p. 315–316.
1115
Gallagher, «Nationalisms», p. 361.
1116
Цит. по: E. Kedourie, The Chatham House Version and Other Middle-Eastern Studies (London, 1970), p. 121.
1117
L. Stein, The Balfour Declaration (New York, 1961), p. 640–645.
1118
E. Monroe, Britain’s Moment in the Middle East, 1914–1956 (Baltimore, MD, 1963), p. 65–66.
1119
Q. Wright, «The Bombardment of Damascus», The American Journal of International Law 20 (1926), p. 263–280; D. Eldar, «France in Syria: The Abolition of the Sharifian Government, April-July 1920», Middle Eastern Studies 29 (1993), p. 487–504.
1120
Stivers, Supremacy and Oil, 84, и E. Kedourie, «The Kingdom of Iraq: A Retrospect», in Kedourie, Chatham House Version, p. 236–285.
1121
Beloff, Imperial Sunset, vol. 1, p. 347.
1122
I. Friedman, British Miscalculations: The Rise of Muslim Nationalism, 1918–1925 (New Brunswick, NJ, 2012), p. 252.
1123
B. Gökay, A Clash of Empires: Turkey between Russian Bolshevism and British Imperialism, 1918–1923 (London, 1997).
1124
B. Lewis, The Emergence of Modern Turkey (Oxford, 1961), p. 247–251.
1125
Gökay, Clash of Empires, p. 131.
1126
G. Balachandran, John Bullion’s Empire: Britain’s Gold Problem and India Between the Wars (London, 1996).
1127
B. R. Tomlinson, The Political Economy of the Raj, 1914–1947: The Economics of Decolonization in India (London, 1979).
1128
J. Brown, Gandhi’s Rise to Power: Indian Politics, 1915–1922 (Cambridge, 1972), p. 161.
1129
Ibid., p. 231.
1130
Friedman, British Miscalculations, p. 229.
1131
Brown, Gandhi, p. 202.
1132
P. Woods, Roots of Parliamentary Democracy in India: Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms, 1917–1923 (Delhi, 1996) p. 139–140.
1133
A. Rumbold, Watershed in India, 1914–1922 (London, 1979), p. 160–193.
1134
W. R. Smith, Nationalism and Reform in India (New Haven, CT, 1938), p. 108–109.
1135
Ibid., p. 118–119.
1136
Блестяще изложено в: G. Pandey, «Peasant Revolt and Indian Nationalism: The Peasant Movement in Awadh, 1919–1922», in R. Guha (ed.), Subaltern Studies (Delhi, 1982–1989) vol.1, p. 143–191.
1137
D. A. Low, «The Government of India and the First Non-Cooperation Movement 1920–1922», The Journal of Asian Studies 25 (1966), p. 247–248.
1138
Rumbold, Watershed, p. 266–267.
1139
См. доклад генерала Роулинсона Вильсону в: Wilson, Letters, p. 306–307.
1140
Woods, Roots, p. 157–169.
1141
Low, «Government of India», p. 252.
1142
Rumbold, Watershed, p. 294.
1143
Ibid., p. 301–303.
1144
Monroe, Britain’s Moment, p. 69–70.
1145
D. Waley, Edwin Montagu (New Delhi, 1964), p. 270.
1146
K. Mantena, Alibis of Empire: Henry Maine and the Ends of Liberal Imperialism (Princeton, NJ, 2010).
1147
D. A. Low, Lion Rampant: Essays in the Study of British Imperialism (London, 1973), p. 157.
1148
Характеристики, предложенные Дж. Дарвином в: J. Darwin, «Imperialism in Decline?», Historical Journal 23 (1980), p. 657–679.
1149
Анализ по существу французской дилеммы см. в: F. Cooper, Colonialism in Question: Theory, Knowledge, History (Berkeley, CA, 2005). See also Low, Lion Rampant, p. 70–72.
1150
H. Tinker, Separate and Unequal: India and the Indians in the British Commonwealth, 1920–1950 (Vancouver, 1976), p. 43–77.
1151
Woods, Roots, p. 232.
1152
Beloff, Imperial Sunset, vol. 1, p. 312–13; Waley, Montagu, 258; Beloff, Imperial Sunset, vol. 2, p. 30.
1153
W. R. Louis, British Strategy in the Far East, 1919–1939 (Oxford, 1971), p. 50–78; M. Beloff, Imperial Sunset: Britain’s Liberal Empire, 1897–1921 (London, 1969), vol. 1, p. 318–324.
1154
N. Tracy, The Collective Naval Defence of the Empire, 1900–1940 (London, 1997).
1155
S. Roskill, Naval Policy Between the Wars (New York, 1968), vol. 1, p. 271–290.
1156
Beloff, Imperial Sunset, vol. 1, p. 332–343.
1157
L. Gardner, Safe for Democracy: The Anglo-American Response to Revolution, 1913–1923 (Oxford, 1987),p. 307–309.
1158
T. H. Buckley, The United States and the Washington Conference, 1921–1922 (Knoxville, TN, 1970), p. 30–37.
1159
M. G. Fry, Illusions of Security: North Atlantic Diplomacy, 1918–1922 (Toronto, 1972), p. 144–151.
1160
Roskill, Naval Policy, vol. 1, p. 311.
1161
По замечанию Лансинга, присутствовавшего на Конференции; см.: Buckley, The United States, p. 74.
1162
«The Arms Conference in Action», Current History 15, 3 December 1921, p. i.
1163
Ibid., p. xxxii.
1164
A. Iriye, After Imperialism: The Search for a New Order in the Far East, 1921–1931 (Cambridge, MA, 1965), p. 14.
1165
L. Humphreys, The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s (Stanford,CA, 1995), p. 46.
1166
Buckley, United States, p. 59.
1167
I. Gow, Military Intervention in Prewar Japanese Politics: Admiral Kato-Kanji and the «Washington System» (London, 2004), p. 82–101.
1168
Fry, Illusions of Security, p. 154–186.
1169
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers (Washington, DC, 1922), vol. 1, p. 130–133.
1170
B. Martin, France and the Après Guerre, 1918–1924: Illusions and Disillusionment (Baton Rouge, FL, 1999), p. 87–89.
1171
E. Goldstein and J. Maurer (eds), The Washington Conference, 1921–1922: Naval Rivalry, East Asian Stability and the Road to Pearl Harbour (London, 1994).
1172
Roskill, Naval Policy, vol. 1, p. 354.
1173
D. Wang, China’s Unequal Treaties: Narrating National History (Oxford, 2005).
1174
«Arms Conference», Current History 15, p. 383–384.
1175
G. McCormack, Chang Tso-lin in Northeast China, 1911–1928: China, Japan, and the Manchurian Idea (Stanford, CA, 1977), p. 52–66.
1176
M. Metzler, Lever of Empire: The International Gold Standard and the Crisis of Liberalism in Prewar Japan (Berkeley, CA, 2005), p. 129.
1177
E. S. K. Fung, The Diplomacy of Imperial Retreat: Britain’s South China Policy, 1924–1932 (Hong Kong p. 18–25.
1178
Y. Zhang, China in the International System, 1918–1920 (Basingstoke, 1991), p. 184–185.
1179
W. King, China at the Washington Conference, 1921–1922 (New York, 1963), p. 18–19.
1180
Goldstein and Maurer, Washington Conference, p. 263.
1181
См. мнения, изложенные в: King, China, p. 38–39.
1182
Metzler, Lever of Empire, p. 127.
1183
Gardner, Safe for Democracy, p. 313.
1184
Ibid., p. 313.
1185
Iriye, After Imperialism, p. 29.
1186
Gardner, Safe for Democracy, p. 318–319.
1187
Ibid., p. 320.
1188
R. A. Dayer, Bankers and Diplomats in China, 1917–1925 (London, 1981), p. 155–161.
1189
M. Lewin, Lenin’s Last Struggle (New York, 1968).
1190
Как проницательно отмечено в: R. Hofheinz The Broken Wave: The Chinese Communist Peasant Movement, 1922–1928 (Cambridge, MA, 1977), 3, «сегодня не многие понимают, что сознательно сформулированная идея крестьянской революции появилась всего несколько десятилетий назад».
1191
A. S. Lindemann, The Red Years: European Socialism versus Bolshevism, 1919–1921 (Berkeley, CA, 1974), p. 48–68.
1192
C. S. Maier, Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade after World War I (Princeton, NJ, 1975), p. 113–174; F. H. Adler, Italian Industrialists from Liberalism to Fascism (New York, 1995), p. 165–168; G. Salvemini, The Origins of Fascism in Italy (New York, 1973), p. 206–208.
1193
P. Pastor (ed.), Revolutions and Interventions in Hungary and its Neighbor States, 19181919 (Boulder, CO, 1988).
1194
C. Kinvig, Churchill’s Crusade: The British Invasion of Russia, 1918–1920 (London, 2006), P. 283–285.
1195
N. Davies, White Eagle, Red Star: The Polish-Soviet War, 1919–1920 (London, 1972), P. 71–76.
1196
R. Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime (New York, 1994), p. 91–92; Пайпс Р. Русская революция, кн. 3. М., 2005, с. 108.
1197
Davies, White Eagle, Red Star, p. 90–91.
1198
C. E. Bechhofer, In Denikin’s Russia and the Caucasus, 1918–1920 (London, 1921), p. 120–122.
1199
T. Snyder, The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569–1999 (New Haven, CT, 2003), p. 63–139.
1200
G. A. Brinkley, «Allied Policy and French Intervention in the Ukraine, 1917–1920», in T. Hunczak (ed.), The Ukraine, 1917–1921: A Study in Revolution (Cambridge, MA, 1977), p. 345–351.
1201
N. Davies, «The Missing Revolutionary War», Soviet Studies 27 (1975), p. 178–195.
1202
Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, 179–183; Пайпс Р. Русская революция, кн. 3, с. 225–227.
1203
T. Fiddick, «The „Miracle of the Vistula“: Soviet Policy versus Red Army Strategy», The Journal of Modern History 45 (1973), p. 626–643.
1204
О реакции Британии см.: M. Beloff, Imperial Sunset: Britain’s Liberal Empire, 1897–1921 (London, 1969), vol. 1, p. 328–329.
1205
J. Degras (ed.), The Communist International: Documents, 1919–1943 (London, 1956-65), vol. 1, p. 111–113.
1206
Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, p. 177; Пайпс Р. Русская революция, кн. 3, с. 223.
1207
O. Ruehle, «Report from Moscow», http: // www.marxists.org/archive/ruhle/1920/ruhle01.htm.
1208
Lindemann, Red Years, p. 102–219.
1209
Degras, The Communist International, 1919–1943, p. 166–172.
1210
J. Jacobson, When the Soviet Union Entered World Politics (Berkeley, CA, 1994), p. 51–58.
1211
J. P. Haithcox, Communism and Nationalism in India: M. N. Roy and Comintern Policy, 1920–1939 (Princeton, NJ, 1971).
1212
S. White, Britain and the Bolshevik Revolution: A Study in the Politics of Diplomacy, 1920–1924 (London, 1979), p. 120.
1213
S. Blank, «Soviet Politics and the Iranian Revolution of 1919–1921», Cahiers du Monde russe et soviétique 21 (1980), p. 173–194.
1214
S. White, «Communism and the East: The Baku Congress, 1920», Slavic Review 33 (1974), p. 492–514.
1215
J. Riddell (ed.), To See the Dawn: Baku, 1920 – First Congress of the Peoples of the East (New York, 1993), p. 47–52.
1216
Ibid., p. 232.
1217
Jacobson, When the Soviet Union, p. 77.
1218
N. Davies, «The Soviet Command and the Battle of Warsaw», Soviet Studies 23 (1972), р. 573–585.
1219
H. G. Linke, «Der Weg nach Rapallo: Strategie und Taktik der deutschen und sowjetischen Außenpolitik», Historische Zeitschrift 264 (1997), p. 63.
1220
Beloff, Imperial Sunset, vol. 1, p. 328–329.
1221
Pipes, Russia under the Bolshevik Regime, p. 134, 164; Пайпс Р. Русская революция, кн. 3, с. 173, 210.
1222
S. R. Sonyel, «Enver Pasha and the Basmaji Movement in Central Asia», Middle Eastern Studies 26 (1990), p. 52–64.
1223
Изящно отмечено в: Jacobson, When the Soviet Union.
1224
B. Gökay, A Clash of Empires: Turkey between Russian Bolshevism and British Imperialism, 1918–1923 (London, 1997), p. 148–149.
1225
B. A. Elleman, Diplomacy and Deception: The Secret History of Sino-Soviet Diplomatic Relations, 1917–1927 (Armonk, NY, 1997).
1226
P. Dukes, The USA in the Making of the USSR: The Washington Conference, 1921–1922, and «Uninvited Russia» (New York and London, 2004), p. 57–61.
1227
J. K. Fairbank and D. Twitchett (eds), The Cambridge History of China, vol. 12, Republican China, 1912–1949, Part 1 (Cambridge, 1983), p. 541.
1228
A. J. Saich, The Origins of the First United Front in China: The Role of Sneevliet (Alias Maring) (Leiden, 1991).
1229
G. D. Jackson, Comintern and Peasant in Eastern Europe, 1919–1930 (New York, 1966), P. 93.
1230
Ibid., p. 60.
1231
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers (Washington, DC, 1921), vol. 2, p. 805.
1232
B. M. Weissman, Herbert Hoover and Famine Relief to Soviet Russia, 1921–1923 (Stanford, W4) p. 15–16.
1233
A. Orde, British Policy and European Reconstruction after the First World War (Cambridge, 1990), p. 162.
1234
S. White, The Origins of Détente: The Genoa Conference and Soviet-Western Relations, 1921–1922 (Cambridge, 1985), p. 26–27.
1235
Orde, British Policy, p. 163; C. Fink, The Genoa Conference: European Diplomacy, 1921–1922 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1984), p. 6.
1236
P. Dukes, The USA in the Making of the USSR: The Washington Conference, 1921–1922, and «Uninvited Russia» (New York and London, 2004), p. 71.
1237
B. Patenaude, The Big Show in Bololand: The American Relief Expedition to Soviet Russia in the Famine of 1921 (Stanford, CA, 2002).
1238
C. M. Edmondson, «The Politics of Hunger: The Soviet Response to Famine, 1921», Soviet Studies 29 (1977), p. 506–518.
1239
G. D. Feldman, The Great Disorder: Politics, Economics, and Society in the German Inflation, 1914–1924 (Oxford, 1993), p. 346–412.
1240
Ibid., p. 388.
1241
G. D. Feldman, Hugo Stinnes: Biographie eines Industriellen 1870–1924 (Munich, 1998), p. 720–738.
1242
Orde, British Policy, p. 177.
1243
R. Himmer, «Rathenau, Russia, and Rapallo», Central European History 9 (1976), p. 146–183.
1244
H. G. Linke, «Der Weg nach Rapallo: Strategie und Taktik der deutschen und sowjetischen Außenpolitik», Historische Zeitschrift 264 (1997), p. 82.
1245
A. Heywood, Modernising Lenin’s Russia: Economic Reconstruction, Foreign Trade and the Railways (Cambridge, 1999), p. 6.
1246
Orde, British Policy, p. 170–178.
1247
B. Martin, France and the Après Guerre, 1918–1924: Illusions and Disillusionment (Baton Rouge LA, p. 96.
1248
Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939, 1st ser. [DBFP] (London, 1974), vol. 13–14, p. 57–58. Перемены, на которые не так давно было указано в: P. Jackson, «French Security and a British „Continental Commitment“ after the First World War: A Reassessment», English Historical Review CCXVI (2011), p. 519, 345–385. Более подробно о том, что предшествовало этим переменам, см. в: A.-M. Lauter, Sicherheit und Reparationen. Diefranzösische Öffentlichkeit, der Rhein und die Ruhr (1919–1923) (Essen, 2006), p. 232–242, 286–290.
1249
Более подробно о том, что происходило в декабре 1921 и январе 1922 года, см. в: DBFP, vol. 9.
1250
White, The Origins, p. 45.
1251
Orde, British Policy, p. 180–182.
1252
Feldman, Great Disorder, p. 382.
1253
Martin, France, p. 97–126.
1254
J. Keiger, Raymond Poincaré (Cambridge, 1997), p. 279–283.
1255
The New Republic, 8 March 1922, p. 30–33.
1256
DBFP, vol. 19, p. 171–172.
1257
Ibid., p. 300.
1258
Martin, France, 128; Feldman, Great Disorder, p. 383.
1259
Feldman, Great Disorder, p. 410–431.
1260
Ibid., p. 421.
1261
Ibid., p. 431–434.
1262
C. S. Maier, Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade after World War I (Princeton, NJ, 1975), p. 282–283; M. Berg, Gustav Stresemann und die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika: Weltwirtschaftliche Verflechtung und Revisionspolitik, 1907–1929 (Baden-Baden, 1990), p. 108–109.
1263
Fink, Genoa, p. 83–86.
1264
W. Link, Die Amerikanische Stabilisierungspolitik in Deutschland, 1921–1932 (Dusseldorf, 1970), p. 174.
1265
DBFP, vol. 19, p. 342.
1266
White, The Origins, p. 82–94.
1267
DBFP, vol. 19, p. 393.
1268
Ibid., p. 348–351.
1269
White, The Origins, p. 107–109.
1270
Fink, Genoa, p. 60.
1271
R. Himmer, «Rathenau, Russia and Rapallo», Central European History 9 (1976), p. 146–183.
1272
J. Siegel, For Peace and Money (Oxford, 2014, forthcoming), chapter 5.
1273
Fink, Genoa, p. 174–175.
1274
Эту параллель прекрасно видели Советы, см.: White, The Origins, p. 110.
1275
О предостережениях Ллойда Джорджа относительно попыток «османизации» Советского Союза см. в: DBFP, vol. 19, p. 377–378.
1276
Linke, «Der Weg», p. 77.
1277
B. Gökay, A Clash of Empires: Turkey between Russian Bolshevism and British Imperialism, 1918–1923 (London, 1997), p. 119.
1278
Berg, Stresemann, p. 109; Maier, Recasting, p. 284.
1279
Feldman, Great Disorder, p. 450.
1280
Gökay, Clash of Empires, p. 119.
1281
J. C. Cairns, «A Nation of Shopkeepers in Search of a Suitable France: 1919–1940», The American Historical Review 79, no. 3 (June 1974), p. 720.
1282
M. Beloff, Imperial Sunset: Britain’s Liberal Empire, 1897–1921 (London, 1969), vol. 2, p. 79–80.
1283
Z. Steiner, The Lights that Failed: European International History, 1919–1933 (Oxford, 2005), p. 113–120.
1284
J. R. Ferris, The Evolution of British Strategic Policy, 1919–1926 (Basingstoke, 1989), p. 120.
1285
Gökay, Clash of Empires, p. 164.
1286
D. P. Silverman, Reconstructing Europe after the Great War (Cambridge, MA, 1982), p. 179–180.
1287
R. Self, Britain, America and the War Debt Controversy: The Economic Diplomacy of an Unspecial Relationship, 1917–1941 (London, 2006), p. 36–54.
1288
B. D. Rhodes, «Reassessing „Uncle Shylock“: The United States and the French War Debt, 1917–1929», The Journal of American History 55, no. 4 (March 1969), p. 793.
1289
A. Turner, «Keynes, the Treasury and French War Debts in the 1920s», European History Quarterly 27 69974 p. 505.
1290
M. P. Leffler, The Elusive Quest: America’s Pursuit of European Stability and French Security, 1919–1933 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1979), p. 69.
1291
Link, Stabilisierungspolitik, p. 175.
1292
B. Martin, France and the Après Guerre, 1918–1924: Illusions and Disillusionment (Baton Rouge, LA, 1999) p. 132–150.
1293
A.-M. Lauter, Sicherheit und Reparationen: die französische Öffentlichkeit, der Rhein und die Ruhr (1919–1923) (Essen, 2006), p. 292–301.
1294
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers (Washington, DC, 1922), vol. 1, p. 557–558.
1295
W. Link, Die amerikanische Stabilisierungspolitik in Deutschland 1921–1932 (Düsseldorf, 1970), p. 122–147.
1296
S. A. Schuker, «Europe’s Banker: The American Banking Community and European Reconstruction, 1918–1922», in M. Petricioli and M. Guderzo (eds), Une Occasion manquée 1922: la reconstruction de l’Europe (Frankfurt, 1995), p. 56.
1297
P. Liberman, Does Conquest Pay? The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies (Princeton, NJ, 1996), p. 87–98.
1298
Martin, France, p. 156; The New York Times, «Clemenceau Feels So Sure of Success He’s a „Boy“ Again», 23 November 1922, p. 1–3.
1299
M. J. Pusey, Charles Evans Hughes (New York, 1951), vol. 2, p. 581–582.
1300
C. E. Hughes, The Pathway of Peace: Representative Addresses Delivered during his Termas Secretary of State (1921–1925) (New York, 1925), p. 57; Link, Stabilisierungspolitik, p. 168–174.
1301
W. I. Shorrock, «France and the Rise of Fascism in Italy, 1919–1923», Journal of Contemporary History 10 (1975), p. 591–610.
1302
Martin, France, p. 165.
1303
C. Fischer, The Ruhr Crisis, 1923–1924 (Oxford, 2003), p. 86–107.
1304
Ibid., p. 176.
1305
G. Krumeich and J. Schröder (eds), Der Schatten des Weltkrieges: Die Ruhrbesetzung, 1923 (Essen, 2004), p. 207–224.
1306
G. D. Feldman, The Great Disorder: Politics, Economics, and Society in the German Inflation, 1914–1924 (Oxford, 1993), p. 637–669; C. S. Maier, Recasting Bourgeois Europe: Stabilization in France, Germany, and Italy in the Decade after World War I (Princeton, NJ, 1975), p. 367–376.
1307
Feldman, Great Disorder, p. 705–766.
1308
P. Cohrs, The Unfinished Peace after World War I (Cambridge, 2006), p. 88; M. Leffler, The Elusive Quest: America’s Pursuit of European Stability and French Security, 1919–1933 (Chapel Hill, NC, 1979), p. 86; B. Glad, Charles Evans Hughes and the Illusions of Innocence: A Study of American Diplomacy (Urbana, IL, 1966), p. 219–223.
1309
S. Adler, The Uncertain Giant, 1921–1941: American Foreign Policy Between the Wars (New York, 1965), p. 75.
1310
FRUS: Lansing Papers, 1923, vol. 2, p. 56.
1311
W. Louis, British Strategy in the Far East, 1919–1939 (Oxford, 1971), p. 104.
1312
M. Howard, The Continental Commitment: The Dilemma of British Defence Policy in the Era of the Two World Wars (London, 1972), p. 81–84.
1313
Link, Stabilisierungspolitik, p. 179–187.
1314
P. Yearwood, Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy, 1914–1925 (Oxford, 2009), p. 253.
1315
Ibid., p. 264–265.
1316
M. Berg, Gustav Stresemann und die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika: weltwirtschaftliche Verflechtung und Revisionspolitik, 1907–1929 (Baden-Baden, 1990).
1317
Fischer, The Ruhr Crisis, p. 230.
1318
Martin, France, p. 188.
1319
H.-P. Schwarz, Konrad Adenauer: A German Politician and Statesman in a Period of War, Revolution, and Reconstruction (Oxford, 1995), vol. 1, p. 171–194.
1320
Feldman, Great Disorder, p. 768.
1321
R. Scheck, «Politics of Illusion: Tirpitz and Right-Wing Putschism, 1922–1924», German Studies Review 18 (1995), p. 29–49.
1322
A. Wirsching, Vom Weltkrieg zum Buergerkrieg? Politischer Extremismus in Deutschland und Frankreich, 1918–1933/39. Berlin und Paris im Vergleich (Munich, 1999), p. 238.
1323
D. R. Stone, «The Prospect of War? Lev Trotskii, the Soviet Army, and the German Revolution in 1923», The International History Review 25, no. 4 (December 2003), p. 799–817.
1324
G. Feldman, «Bayern und Sachsen in der Hyperinflation 1922», Historische Zeitschrift 238(1984), p. 569–609.
1325
D. Pryce, «The Reich Government versus Saxony, 1923: The Decision to Intervene», Central European History 10 (1977), p. 112–147.
1326
Feldman, Great Disorder, p. 774.
1327
K. Schwabe (ed.), Die Ruhrkrise 1923: Wendepunkt der internationalen Beziehungen nachdem Ersten Weltkrieg (Paderborn, 1985), p. 29–38.
1328
Feldman, Great Disorder, p. 776–777.
1329
G. Schulz (ed.), Konrad Adenauer 1917–1933 (Cologne, 2003), 203–232, and K. D. Erdmann, Adenauer in der Rheinlandpolitik nach dem Ersten Weltkrieg (Stuttgart, 1966).
1330
Schulz, Konrad Adenauer 1917–1933, p. 346.
1331
Maier, Great Disorder, p. 393.
1332
Feldman, Great Disorder, p. 825.
1333
Ibid., p. 661.
1334
Berg, Stresemann, p. 160, 168–169, 171.
1335
Link, Stabilisierungspolitik, p. 206–207.
1336
A. Orde, British Policy and European Reconstruction after the First World War (Camtiridge 1990), p. 244.
1337
Krumeich and Schroeder (eds), Der Schatten, p. 80.
1338
J. Bariéty, Les Relations Franco-Allemands aprés la Premiиre Guerre Mondiale (Paris, 1977), p. 263–265.
1339
Berg, Stresemann, p. 159.
1340
Leffler, Elusive Quest, p. 94–95.
1341
Ibid., p. 99.
1342
Yearwood, Guarantee of Peace, p. 273–289.
1343
D. Marquand, Ramsay MacDonald (London, 1997), p. 297–305.
1344
The Times, «MacDonald on Ruhr», 12 February 1923, 12, and «Mr. MacDonald On Ruhr „Success“», 26 September 1923.
1345
Marquand, MacDonald, 333; The Times, «Labour and Allied Debts», 13 December 1923.
1346
J. C. Cairns, «A Nation of Shopkeepers in Search of a Suitable France: 1919–1940», The American Historical Review 79, no. 3 (June 1974), p. 721.
1347
Martin, France, p. 189–192.
1348
S. A. Schuker, The End of French Predominance in Europe: The Financial Crisis of 1924 and the Adoption of the Dawes Plan (Chapel Hill, NC, 1976), p. 28, 53–57.
1349
E. L. Dulles, The French Franc, 1914–1928: The Facts and their Interpretation (New York, 1929), p. 170–174.
1350
Martin, France, p. 232–233; Maier, Recasting, p. 460–471.
1351
Leffler, Elusive Quest, p. 97.
1352
Feldman, Great Disorder, p. 829.
1353
D. Neri-Ultsch, Sozialisten und Radicaux – eine schwierige Allianz (Munich, 2005).
1354
Leffler, Elusive Quest, p. 100–104.
1355
Leffler, Elusive Quest, p. 105.
1356
FRUS: Lansing Papers, 1924, vol. 2, p. 28–30; B. Glad, Charles Evans Hughes and the Illusions of Innocence: A Study in American Diplomacy (Urbana, IL, 1966), p. 227.
1357
Schuker, End of French Predominance, p. 103.
1358
J. Wright, Gustav Stresemann: Weimar’s Greatest Statesman (Oxford, 2002), p. 275.
1359
Scheck, «Politics of Illusion».
1360
Feldman, Great Disorder, p. 801.
1361
T. Raithel, Das Schwierige Spiel des Parlamentarismus: Deutscher Reichstag und französische Chambre des Députés in den Inflationskrisen der 1920er Jahre (Munich, 2005), p. 196–341.
1362
Feldman, Great Disorder, p. 822–823.
1363
Ibid., p. 815, 802.
1364
Leffler, Elusive Quest, p. 111.
1365
W. McNeil, American Money and the Weimar Republic: Economics and Politics on the Eve of the Great Depression (New York, 1986), p. 33.
1366
Cohrs, Unfinished Peace.
1367
Речь лауреата Нобелевской премии см. на: www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/ laureates/1926/stresemann-lecture.html.
1368
О развитии «пацифизма как Realpolitik» в Германии см.: L. Haupts, Deutsche Friedens-politik, 1918–1919 (Dusseldorf, 1976).
1369
S. Hoffmann, Gulliver’s Troubles, or the Setting of American Foreign Policy (New York, p. 53.
1370
Documents on British Foreign Policy, 1919–1939 [DBFP], series 1a, vol. 5, ed. E. L. Woodward and Rohan Butler (London, 1973), p. 857–75; B. McKercher, The Second Baldwin Government and the United States, 1924–1929: Attitudes and Diplomacy (Cambridge, 1984), p. 174.
1371
W. Link, Die amerikanische Stabilisierungspolitik in Deutschland 1921-32 (Düsseldorf, 1970) p. 223–241.
1372
W. McNeil, American Money and the Weimar Republic: Economics and Politics on the Eve of the Great Depression (New York, 1986).
1373
A. Ritschl, Deutschlands Krise und Konjunktur, 1924–1934: Binnenkonjunktur, Auslands-verschuldung und Reparationsproblem zwischen Dawes-Plan und Transfersperre (Berlin, 2002).
1374
A. Thimme, «Gustav Stresemann: Legende und Wirklichkeit», Historische Zeitschrift 181 (1956) p. 314.
1375
R. Boyce, British Capitalism at the Crossroads, 1919–1932 (New York, 1987), p. 66–78.
1376
K. Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Times (Boston, MA, 1944), p. 27; Поланьи К. Великая трансформация: политические и экономические истоки нашего времени. СПб., 2002, с. 37.
1377
G. Gorodetsky, «The Soviet Union and Britain’s General Strike of May 1926», Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique 17, no. 2/3 (1976), p. 287–310; J. Jacobson, When the Soviet Union Entered World Politics (Berkeley, CA, 1994), p. 169–172.
1378
Diggins, «Flirtation with Fascism: American Pragmatic Liberals and Mussolini’s Italy», The American Historical Review 71, no. 2 (1966), p. 487–506.
1379
S. Romano, Guiseppe Volpi et l’italie moderne: Finance, industrie et état de l’nre giolittienne а la deuxinme guerre mondiale (Rome, 1982).
1380
G. Allen, «The Recent Currency and Exchange Policy of Japan», The Economic Journal 35, no. 137 69254 p. 66–83.
1381
M. Metzler, Lever of Empire: The International Gold Standard and the Crisis of Liberalism in Prewar Japan (Berkeley, CA, 2005), p. 149.
1382
R. A. Dayer, Bankers and Diplomats in China, 1917–1925: The Anglo-American Relationship (London, 1981), p. 178.
1383
B. D. Rhodes, «Reassessing „Uncle Shylock“: The United States and the French War Debt, 1917–1929», The Journal of American History 55, no. 4 (March 1969), p. 787–803.
1384
О фашистском движении во Франции 1920-х годов см.: K.-J. Müller, «„Faschismus“ in Frankreichs Dritter Republik?», in H. Müller and M. Kittel (eds), Demokratie in Deutschland und Frankreich, 1918–1933/40 (Munich, 2002), p. 91–130.
1385
T. Raithel, Das schwierige Spiel des Parlamentarismus: Deutscher Reichstag und fran-zösische Chambre des Députés in den Inflationskrisen der 1920er Jahre (Munich, 2005), p. 480–519.
1386
D. Amson, Poincaré: L’acharné de la politique (Paris, 1997), p. 352–353.
1387
R. M. Haig, The Public Finances of Post-War France (New York, 1929), p. 173.
1388
R. Boyce, The Great Interwar Crisis and the Collapse of Globalization (Basingstoke, 2009), p. 165.
1389
M. P. Leffler, The Elusive Quest: America’s Pursuit of European Stability and French Security 1919–1933 (Chapel Hill NC, W9) p. 153.
1390
R. Boyce, British Capitalism at the Crossroads, 1919–1932 (New York, 1987), p. 144–146.
1391
P. Yearwood, Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy, 1914–1925 (Oxford, 2009), p. 342.
1392
M. Beloff, Imperial Sunset: Britain’s Liberal Empire 1897–1921 (London, 1969), vol. 2, 140, цит. по: DBFP, series 1a, III, p. 734.
1393
Yearwood, Guarantee, p. 342.
1394
Boyce, Great Interwar Crisis, p. 133.
1395
J. R. Ferris, The Evolution of British Strategic Policy, 1919–1926 (Basingstoke, 1989), p. 158–178.
1396
Yearwood, Guarantee, p. 355.
1397
G. Unger, Aristide Briand: Leferme conciliateur (Paris, 2005), p. 532–537.
1398
P. O. Cohrs, The Unfinished Peace after World War I: America, Britain and the Stabilisation of Europe, 1919–1932 (Cambridge, 2006), p. 448–476.
1399
J. Wheeler-Bennett, Information on the Renunciation of War, 1927–1928 (London, 1928),p. 56.
1400
Jacobson, When the Soviet Union, p. 247.
1401
A. Iriye, The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations, vol. 3, The Globalizing of America, 1913–1945 (Cambridge, 1993), p. 103–106.
1402
Cohrs, Unfinished Peace, p. 378–409.
1403
J. Keiger, Raymond Poincaré (Cambridge, 1997), p. 337–340.
1404
McKercher, The Second Baldwin Government and the United States, 1924–1929, p. 174.
1405
Beloff, Imperial Sunset, vol. 2, p. 142–143.
1406
L. Trotsky, «Disarmament and the United States of Europe» (October 1929) http: //www. marxists.org/archive/trotsky/L929/L0/disarm.htm; Л. Троцкий. Разоружение и Соединенные Штаты Европы // Бюллетень оппозиции (большевиков-ленинцев). 1929. 4 октября (№ 6), http: // web.mit.edu/fjk/www/Fl/BO/BO-06.shtml.
1407
D. Marquand, Ramsay MacDonald (London, 1997), p. 507.
1408
Z. Steiner, The Lights that Failed: European International History, 1919–1933 (Oxford, 2005), p. 510–518.
1409
Jacobson, When the Soviet Union, p. 183–188, 224–229.
1410
A. Waldron, From War to Nationalism: China’s Turning Point, 1924–1925 (Cambridge, 1995).
1411
J. Fairbank (ed.), The Cambridge History of China, vol. 12, Republican China, 1912–1949. Part 1 (Cambridge, 2008), p. 314–315; L. Humphreys, The Way of the Heavenly Sword: The Japanese Army in the 1920s (Stanford, CA, 1995), p. 130.
1412
Dayer, Bankers, p. 186–187.
1413
C. Martin Wilbur and J. Lien-Ying, Missionaries of Revolution: Soviet Advisers and Nationalist China, 1920–1927 (Cambridge, MA, 1989), p. 90–100.
1414
E. Fung, The Diplomacy of Imperial Retreat: Britain’s South China Policy, 1924–1931 (Hong Kong, 1991), p. 42–54.
1415
R. Hofheinz, The Broken Wave: The Chinese Communist Peasant Movement, 1922–1928 (Cambridge, MA, 1977).
1416
Wilbur and Lien-Ying, Missionaries of Revolution, p. 108–112; P. Zarrow, China in War and Revolution, 1895–1949 (London, 2005), p. 216–221.
1417
R. Karl, Mao Zedong and China in the Twentieth-Century World: A Concise History (Durham, NC, 2010), p. 29.
1418
S. Schram (ed.), Mao’s Road to Power: Revolutionary Writings, 1912–1949 (New York, 1944 vol 2, p. 421.
1419
J. Solecki and C. Martin Wilbur, «Blücher’s „Grand Plan“ of 1926», The China Quarterly 35 (1968), p. 18–39.
1420
H. Kuo, Die Komintern und die Chinesische Revolution (Paderborn, 1979), p. 148.
1421
B. Elleman, Moscow and the Emergence of Communist Power in China, 1925–1930 (London, 2009), p. 23–36.
1422
Karl, Mao Zedong, p. 30.
1423
Schram (ed.), Mao’s Road to Power, vol. 2, p. 430.
1424
S. Craft, V. K. Wellington Koo and the Emergence of Modern China (Lexington, KY, 2004), p. 86.
1425
Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States: Lansing Papers (Washington, DC, 1926), vol. 1, p. 924; A. Iriye, China and Japan in the Global Setting (Cambridge, MA, 1992), p. 99–101.
1426
Fung, Diplomacy, p. 100–111.
1427
Ibid., p. 131–132.
1428
A. Clayton, The British Empire as a Superpower, 1919-39 (Basingstoke, 1986), p. 207–208.
1429
Zarrow, China, p. 236–237.
1430
M. Murdock, «Exploiting Anti-Imperialism: Popular Forces and Nation-State-Building during China’s Northern Expedition, 1926–1927», Modern China 35, no. 1 (2009), p. 65–95.
1431
Fung, The Diplomacy of Imperial Retreat, p. 137–144.
1432
Kuo, Komintern, p. 202–217.
1433
Karl, Mao Zedong, p. 33.
1434
Hofheinz, The Broken Wave, p. 53–63.
1435
Craft, Wellington Koo, 92.
1436
M. Jabara Carley, «Episodes from the Early Cold War: Franco-Soviet Relations, 1917–1927», Europe-Asia Studies 52, no. 7 (2000), 1, p. 297.
1437
L. Viola, The War Against the Peasantry, 1927–1930: The Tragedy of the Soviet Countryside (New Haven, CT, 2005), p. 9–56.
1438
L. D. Trotsky, «The New Course in the Economy of the Soviet Union» (March 1930), http: // www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1930/03/newcourse.htm; Л. Троцкий. Экономический авантюризм и его опасности // Бюллетень оппозиции (большевиков-ленинцев). 1930. 13 февраля (№ 9), http: // web.mit.edu/fjk/www/Fl/BO/ BO-09.shtml.
1439
P. Duus (ed.), The Cambridge History of Japan, vol. 6: The Twentieth Century (Cambridge, 1988), p. 286–282.
1440
Humphreys, Heavenly Sword, p. 136–142.
1441
W. F. Morton, Tanaka Giichi and Japan’s China Policy (New York, 1980), p. 71.
1442
K. Colegrove, «Parliamentary Government in Japan», The American Political Science Review 21 no 4 (1927), p. 835–852.
1443
Humphreys, Heavenly Sword, p. 122–157.
1444
N. Bamba, Japanese Diplomacy in a Dilemma (Vancouver, 1972), p. 134.
1445
T. Sekiguchi, «Political Conditions in Japan: After the Application of Manhood Suffrage», Pacific Affairs 3, no. 10 (1930), p. 907–922.
1446
M. Friedman and A. Schwartz, A Monetary History of the United States, 1867–1960 (Princeton, NJ, 1963) и K. Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of our Times (Boston, MA, 1944), p. 21–44.
1447
B. Eichengreen, Golden Fetters: The Gold Standard and the Great Depression, 1919–1939 (Oxford, 1992) и A. Meltzer, A History of the Federal Reserve (Chicago, IL, 2003), vol. 1.
1448
H. James, The German Slump: Politics and Economics, 1924–1936 (Oxford 1986).
1449
Z. Steiner, The Lights that Failed: European International History, 1919–1933 (Oxford, 2005), p. 470–491; P. Heyde, Das Ende der Reparationen (Paderborn, 1998), р. 35–77; P- Cohrs, The Unfinished Peace after World War I: America, Britain and the Stabilisation of Europe, 1919–1932 (Cambridge, 2006), p. 477–571.
1450
S. Schuker, «Les États-Unis, la France et l’Europe, 1929–1932», in J. Bariéty (ed.), Aristide Briand, la Société des Nations et l’Europe, 1919–1932 (Strasbourg, 2007), p. 385.
1451
L. Trotsky, «Disarmament and the United States of Europe» (October 1929) http: // www.marxists.org/archive/trotsky/1929/10/disarm.htm; Л. Троцкий. Разоружение Соединенные Штаты Европы//Бюллетень оппозиции (большевиков-ленинцев). 1929. 4 октября (№ 6), http: // web.mit.edu/fjk/www/FI/BO/BO-06.shtml. и Соединенные Штаты Европы//Бюллетень оппозиции (большевиков-ленинцев). 1929. 4 октября (№ 6), http: //web.mit.edu/fjk/www/Fl/BO/BO-06.shtml.
1452
S. Adler, The Uncertain Giant, 1921–1941: American Foreign Policy Between the Wars (New York, 1965), p. 79.
1453
A. Ritschl, Deutschlands Krise und Konjunktur 1924–1934: Binnenkonjunktur, Auslandsverschuldung und Reparationsproblem zwischen Dawes-Plan und Transfersperre (Berlin, 2002).
1454
B. Fulda, Press and Politics in the Weimar Republic (Oxford, 2009), p. 144–1446.
1455
H. Mommsen, The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy (Chapel Hill, NC, 1996).
1456
F. R. Dickinson, World War I and the Triumph of a New Japan, 1919–1930 (Cambridge,2013), p. 185–186.
1457
Adler, Uncertain Giant, p. 130.
1458
R. Sims, Japanese Political History Since the Meiji Renovation: 1868–2000 (London, 2001), p. 150.
1459
I. Gow, Military Intervention in Prewar Japanese Politics: Admiral Kato-Kanji and the «Washington System» (London, 2004), 249–266, и J. W. Morley (ed.), Japan Erupts: The London Naval Conference and the Manchurian Incident, 1928–1932(New York, 1984).
1460
L. Connors, The Emperor’s Adviser: Saionji Kinmochi and Pre-War Japanese Politics (Oxford, 1987), p. 117–126; T. Mayer-Oakes (ed.), Fragile Victory: Saionji-Harada Memoirs (Detroit, IL, 1968).
1461
R. Boyce, The Great Interwar Crisis and the Collapse of Globalization (Basingstoke, 2009).
1462
Schuker, «États-Unis», p. 393.
1463
W. Lippman, «An American View», Foreign Affairs 8, no. 4 (1930), p. 499–518; R. Fanning, Peace and Disarmament: Naval Rivalry and Arms Control, 1922–1933 (Lexington, KY, 1995) p. 125.
1464
W. Lipgens, «Europäische Einigungsidee 1923–1930 und Briands Europaplan im Urteil der deutschen Akten (Part 2)», Historische Zeitschrift 203, no. 1 (1966), p. 46–89. Более подробно об этих надеждах см. в книге бывшего премьер-министра: E. Her-riot Europe (Paris, 1930).
1465
Boyce, Great Interwar Crisis.
1466
Société des Nations, Documents relatifs а l’organisation d’un régime d’Union Fédérale Européenne, Séries de publ. questions politique, VI (Geneva 1930), p. 1–16.
1467
Boyce, Great Interwar Crisis, p. 258–272.
1468
W. Lipgens, «Europäische Einigungsidee 1923–1930 und Briands Europaplan im Urteil der deutschen Akten (Part 2)», Historische Zeitschrift 203, no. 2 (1966), p. 341.
1469
H. Pogge Von Strandmann, «Großindustrie und Rapallopolitik. Deutsch-Sowjetische Handelsbeziehungen in der Weimarer Republik», Historische Zeitschrift 222, no. 2 (1976), p. 265–341; R. Spaulding, Osthandel and Ostpolitik: German Foreign Trade Policies in Eastern Europefrom Bismarck to Adenauer (Oxford, 1997), p. 267–269.
1470
W. Patch, Heinrich Brüning and the Dissolution of the Weimar Republic (New York, 1998).
1471
T. Ferguson and P. Temin, «Made in Germany: The German Currency Crisis of 1931», Research in Economic History 21 (2003), p. 1–53.
1472
Heyde, Das Ende, p. 130–144.
1473
Schuker, «États-Unis», p. 394.
1474
Boyce, Great Interwar Crisis, p. 305.
1475
Eichengreen, Golden Fetters, p. 278.
1476
Boyce, Great Interwar Crisis, p. 307–308.
1477
Schuker, «États-Unis», p. 395.
1478
Heyde, Das Ende, p. 208–216.
1479
The New York Times, «Germany Pledges a Holiday on Arms», 6 July 1931.
1480
A. Tooze, Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy (London, 2006).
1481
C. Thorne, The Limits of Foreign Policy: The West, the League and the Far Eastern Crisis of 1931–1933 (London, 1972).
1482
Boyce, Great Interwar Crisis, p. 314–322.
1483
Eichengreen, Golden Fetters, p. 279–316.
1484
N. Forbes, Doing Business with the Nazis (London, 2000), p. 99.
1485
K. Pyle, The Making of Modern Japan (Lexington, MA, 1978), p. 139.
1486
J. Maiolo, Cry Havoc: How the Arms Race Drove the World to War, 1931–1941 (London, 2010), p. 31.
1487
Tooze, Wages of Destruction, p. 1–33; R. Evans, The Coming of the Third Reich (London, 2003).
1488
Steiner, The Lights, p. 755–799.
1489
D. Kennedy, Freedom from Fear (Oxford, 1999), p. 70–103.
1490
Cohrs, Unfinished Peace, p. 581–587.
1491
I. Katznelson, Fear Itself: The New Deal and the Origins of Our Time (New York, 2013).
1492
B. Ackerman, We the People, vol. 2, Transformations (Cambridge, MA, 1998).
1493
R. Dallek, Franklin Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945 (Oxford, 1979), p. 23–100.
1494
C. Romer, «What Ended the Great Depression?», The Journal of Economic History 52, no. 4(1992) p. 757–784.
1495
S. Schuker, American «Reparations» to Germany, 1919–1933 (Princeton, NJ, 1988), p. 101–105.
1496
R. Self, Britain, America and the War Debt Controversy: The Economic Diplomacy of an Unspecial Relationship, 1917–1941 (London, 2006), p. 74.
1497
R. Self, «Perception and Posture in Anglo-American Relations: The War Debt Controversy in the „Official Mind“, 1919–1940», The International History Review 29, no. 2(2007), p. 286.
1498
S. Hoffmann, Gulliver’s Troubles, or the Setting of American Foreign Policy (New York,p. 53.
1499
J. Stalin, Collected Works (Moscow, 1954), vol. 13, p. 41–42; И. В. Сталин. О задачах хозяйственников. Речь на первой Всесоюзной конференции работников социалистической промышленности. 4 февраля 1931 г. // Сталин И. В. Собрание сочинений. Т. 13. М., 1954, с. 38–39.
1500
H. Nicolson, Peacemaking, 1919 (London, 1933), p. 108.
1501
P. Yearwood, Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy, 1914–1925 (Oxford, 2009), p. 342.
1502
S. Adler, The Uncertain Giant, 1921–1941: American Foreign Policy Between the Wars (New York, 1965), p. 150.
1503
R. Boyce, The Great Interwar Crisis and the Collapse of Globalization (Basingstoke, 2009), p. 251.
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