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1
На всякий случай предупреждаю: не пытайтесь физически разделить мозг на компоненты. Это будет означать мгновенную смерть для испытуемого и пожизненное заключение для вас.
2
Научные новости все еще считаются «нишевыми» на большинстве популярных платформ, поэтому о них часто пишут люди, не занимающие высокого положения. Однажды я давал интервью журналисту, которому предстояло написать научную статью для крупной английской газеты. Бедолага признался мне, что всего неделю назад он работал в отделе, освещавшем развлекательные события.
3
Для ясности скажу, что мозг состоит из левого и правого полушарий, о чем уже говорилось. Одно полушарие обычно «доминирующее», то есть человек может быть либо левшой, либо правшой. Но по структуре полушария практически одинаковы. Поэтому, когда я упоминаю какую-то конкретную область, например гиппокамп, то нужно помнить, что в мозге их два – один в левом, другой в правом полушарии. Параллельные участки часто работают совместно либо подменяют друг друга. В мозге вообще много избыточности. Но в данном контексте легче упоминать их в единственном числе.
4
Чтобы вы не решили, что это дорога с односторонним движением, хочу вас уверить, что мозг часто доминирует над пищеварительной системой и управляет ею самым удивительным и порой вредоносным образом. Об этом я рассказал в своей первой книге «Идиотский бесценный мозг».
5
Прекрасный автор научно-популярной литературы Эд Йонг подробно осветил важную и сложную роль кишечных бактерий в книге «Во мне живет целая толпа» (I Contain Multitudes. 2016, The Bodley Head). Если эта тема вас заинтересовала, прочтите ее.
6
Примерно 1 200 000 рублей (прим. науч. ред.).
7
Хуже того, фМРТ этого даже не делает. Сам характер действия аппарата фМРТ, который определяет, как атомы излучают радиоволны и все такое, означает, что он регистрирует изменения в уровне содержания кислорода в крови в очень конкретных участках мозга. Мозговой ткани, как любой другой, для деятельности необходим кислород. Чем активнее участок мозга, тем больше кислорода он потребляет, и это приводит к значительному изменению в уровне содержания кислорода в крови в этой области. Именно этот показатель и фиксирует фМРТ. Это ценный способ оценки мозговой активности, но более косвенный, чем можно было бы ожидать.
8
Конечно, мы не говорим об экстремальных ситуациях пищевых расстройств.
9
Восторженную реакцию ученый оценивал по количеству выделяемой слюны – надежному индикатору ожидания пищи у собак. Да-да, один из самых знаменитых психологических экспериментов в истории связан со сбором и оценкой количества собачьей слюны. А никто и не говорил, что наука – это сплошной гламур!
10
У некоторых видов это явление доведено до крайности. Лучший пример – однополушарный сон (Rattenborg, N.C., C. J. Amlaner, and S. L. Lima, Behavioral, neurophysiological and evolutionary perspectives on unihemispheric sleep. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 2000. 24 (8): p. 817–842.), когда одно полушарие мозга спит, а другое бодрствует и позволяет организму делать то, что ему необходимо. Так спят дельфины и перелетные птицы над океаном (Mascetti, G.G., Unihemispheric sleep and asymmetrical sleep: behavioral, neurophysiological, and functional perspectives. Nature and Science of Sleep, 2016. 8: p. 221–238.).
11
Честно говоря, нейроны решетки, выполняющие подобные функции, были обнаружены у животных, крыс и обезьян, но пока еще не выявлены у человека. Возможно, мы пользуемся ими, как любой другой вид, а может быть, у нас более сложная и гибкая система. В любом случае это очень интересно.
12
В Англии это состояние называют «пивным такси»: когда просыпаешься наутро после пьянки и не можешь вспомнить, как добрался до дома.
13
Вполне понятно, что многие люди меняют жилье по причинам, не поддающимся контролю: из-за финансовых проблем, катастроф, смены работы и т. п. Я говорю здесь о тех, кто переезжает по собственному желанию.
14
Это же справедливо и для Лондона, где мне было бы гораздо легче работать. Но, как британец, который не живет там, я слышать не могу о Лондоне! Так что забудьте.
15
Особенно ученые. Человек, который делает карьеру в весьма конкурентной исследовательской среде, просто вынужден отправляться туда, где есть финансирование и работа по специальности. А такие центры редко находятся рядом с тем местом, где он живет.
16
Подобные слова обычно говорятся с таким радостным самодовольством, что бывает очень трудно удержаться от соблазна придушить этого человека его веселеньким новым галстуком.
17
Это лишь средняя цифра. Возраст людей постоянно увеличивается, а вместе с ним увеличивается и количество перепробованных работ.
18
Но не бегите немедленно записывать ребенка в футбольную секцию. Делает ли спорт детей умнее? Или умные и упорные дети добиваются успехов и в спорте, и в учебе? Как это всегда бывает в нейробиологии, дать однозначный ответ невозможно.
19
Не совсем. Если деньги в назначенное время не поступят, вы отреагируете на это очень серьезно. Отсутствие ожидаемой награды считается формой наказания, и мозг это отлично осознает и реагирует на это.
20
Конечно, это не всегда так. Для некоторых чувство контроля становится значительно более серьезным стрессом. Они чувствуют личную ответственность за все ошибки и промахи. Ощущение отсутствия контроля, напротив, снимает внешнее давление. Все люди разные.
21
Я не большой любитель кофе, так что не могу точно сказать, бывает ли такое. Но звучит неплохо.
22
Самозанятость, казалось бы, решает эту проблему, но порождает неопределенность. Ваш доход зависит от прихоти клиентов и покупателей, так что проблемы только усугубляются.
23
Природа вряд ли позволит вам выйти на пенсию беременной, но одному богу известно, каким сильным стрессом ЭТО стало бы для вас.
24
Впрочем, что же тут удивительного? У садовника есть самостоятельность, компетентность, видимые результаты труда. И не забывайте о психологических преимуществах работы на природе, о чем мы говорили в предыдущей главе.
25
Существует устойчивый миф о том, что крупный мозг говорит о высоком интеллекте, но гораздо более точный показатель – соотношение между размером тела и размером мозга (т. е. более крупный мозг относительно размеров тела, чем у среднего представителя вида).
26
За редким исключением вроде меня. Чаще всего у меня отбоя нет от поклонниц.
27
«Лучший друг навеки», если вы не знаете. Поразительно оптимистическая формула, учитывая, что люди вовсе не бессмертны.
28
И визуальным. Многие считают, что речь возникла из физических жестов. Действительно, сигналы языка жестов активизируют в мозге те же участки, что и слова.
29
Технически мыслящие читатели наверняка уже завопили про серверы и процессоры, и все такое. В свою защиту скажу: я – нейробиолог. Если вас это не устраивает, то ничем не могу быть вам полезен.
30
Возможно, вы слышали об этом в связи с аутизмом. Некоторые считают, что у людей с аутизмом имеется определенный дефицит зеркальных нейронов и способности моделировать разум других людей.
31
Надо сказать, что с развитием интернета и социальных сетей можно довольно точно оценить свою известность по количеству друзей, подписчиков, лайков, репостов и т. п.
32
Примерно в 2005 году Шарлотта с классики переключилась на более популярную музыку.
33
У самок млекопитающих молочные железы увеличиваются только во время лактации, когда они вскармливают детенышей. Только у женщин грудь увеличена всю взрослую жизнь. А никто и не говорил, что эволюция – это процесс тактичный.
34
Несмотря на то что тестостерон в определенном количестве присутствует у всех, следует отметить, что самые доступные исследования касались гетеросексуальных мужчин по ряду важных (хотя порой и угнетающих) причин.
35
Существует также сексуальная дисфункция, когда мы хотим секса, но наше тело не распознает этого и не реагирует соответствующим образом. И это ведет к огорчению и несчастью.
36
Это довольно сложная сфера для исследований, поскольку неясно, является ли «болезненная зависимость» от секса клиническим расстройством или это нечто более тонкое, вроде сочетания нескольких факторов. В результате психиатры не признают такое состояние болезнью.
37
Суперзлодей из американских комиксов (прим. ред.).
38
Рак очень опасен, потому что влияет на активность пораженных клеток и тканей, увеличивая или снижая выделение определенных химических веществ, выполняющих в организме регуляторные функции. Кисспептин изначально назывался «метастином» – говорящее название.
39
Этот вид широко используется для подобных исследований, поскольку эти мыши моногамны в отличие от очень сходных с ними (физически и генетически) видов, например горных полевок. Поэтому ученые получают возможность сравнить мозг двух видов и выявить тонкие различия, которые говорят о склонности к формированию долгосрочных отношений.
40
Интересный момент: впервые я написал это в первой (и, по просьбе жены, последней) валентинке для своей жены.
41
В США и других странах этот гормон называют «норэпинефрином», а адреналин – «эпинефрином». Я таких названий не признаю и из-за этого дерусь с людьми (в буквальном смысле слова).
42
Поэтому сердце стало символом любви и главной темой миллиардов валентинок и всякой прочей чепухи.
43
Посмотрите хотя бы «Секс в большом городе»!
44
Чтобы расставить все по местам, уточню: ДИС пишет о сексе, а не получает деньги более древним, но все еще незаконным в нашей стране способом.
45
Игра слов в английском языке: слово «hole» означает одновременно дырку и лунку на поле для гольфа (прим. ред.).
46
The famous grouse – марка шотландского виски.
47
Вообще-то, это скорее означает, что для людей социальное неприятие значительно более вероятно, чем встреча со змеей или ядовитым пауком. В современном обществе вы с большей вероятностью выставите себя полным идиотом на презентации, чем наступите на разъяренного тарантула.
48
Всемирная федерация реслинга времен Халка Хогана и Мачо-Мэна Рэнди Сэвиджа.
49
Т.е. обладающая «эмоциональной ценностью», которая может быть позитивной (например, радость) или негативной (например, страх).
50
Мы уже говорили об этих участках, поскольку их роль в обеспечении эмоциональных реакций и работе системы вознаграждения очень велика.
51
Или это просто поддерживает систему в рабочем состоянии. Многие биологические функции поддерживаются двумя противоположными системами, например, симпатической и парасимпатической нервными системами. Для продолжения жизни клеток необходима определенная активность каждой из них.
52
В вашей стране такого может и не быть, но в Великобритании подобных проповедников хватает.
53
В моей жизни был период, когда я считал яркие, кричащие рубашки в гавайском стиле чрезвычайно классными и веселыми. У меня собралась целая коллекция таких рубашек. Вот только она таинственным образом исчезла, с тех пор как мы с женой стали жить вместе.
54
Ну, по крайней мере, мне так говорили. Я никогда сам не состоял в таких группах. Да мне и не нужно. Я – пухлый Адонис.
55
Помните, как в четвертой главе мы говорили об опасностях социальной изоляции? А в шестой – о важности игр со сверстниками? Человеческий мозг предрасположен к такому общению и стремится к нему.
56
Исследований этого процесса у основных опекунов, которые не являются биологическими матерями, почти не было, но мы не можем утверждать, что в мозге этих людей не происходит того же самого.
57
Уже после того, как поучаствовал в чирлидинге.
58
Джерри Спрингер (род. 1944) – британский актер, продюсер, телеведущий и политик; «Шоу Джерри Спрингера» затрагивало скандальные темы и отличалось грубостью и драками среди участников (прим. ред.).
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