Примечания книги: Финская система обучения. Как устроены лучшие школы в мире - читать онлайн, бесплатно. Автор: Тимоти Волкер

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Онлайн книга - Финская система обучения. Как устроены лучшие школы в мире

Когда система школьного образования в Финляндии была признана самой лучшей по результатам теста PISA, педагоги со всего мира принялись изучать опыт финских коллег, пытаясь понять, в чем же заключается их секрет. Американский преподаватель Тимоти Уокер, который два года проработал учителем в хельсинкской школе, утверждает, что в основе всех достижений финских школьников лежит простой принцип: учебный процесс должен приносить радость. Короткий учебный день, минимум домашних заданий и тестирования — это только внешние составляющие успешного обучения. В своей книге Уокер рассказывает, как устроена финская система обучения, почему важно обсуждать с учениками их оценки, как предоставление школьникам выбора и совместное планирование помогут им стать более независимыми, почему обилие наглядных материалов на стенах приводит к снижению успеваемости и зачем учителю нужно играть с детьми на переменах. Он предлагает 33 стратегии, которые возможно применить и в наших, российских, школах.

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Примечания

1

Сальберг П. Финские уроки. История успеха реформ школьного образования в Финляндии. — М.: Классика-XXI, Арт-транзит, 2015.

2

В современной Финляндии обязательное девятилетнее образование включает в себя шесть классов младшей общеобразовательной ступени (начальная школа) и три класса старшей общеобразовательной ступени (младшая средняя школа). — Здесь и далее, за исключением специально оговоренных случаев, прим. ред.

3

Лемов Д. Мастерство учителя. Проверенные методики выдающихся преподавателей. — М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2015.

4

Имена всех учеников, которые упоминаются в этой книге, изменены. — Прим. авт.

5

Эта оценка является аналогом русской отметки 3.

6

Лоув Р. Последний ребенок в лесу. — М.: Добрая книга, 2007.

7

Имеется в виду средневековый обычай, бытовавший в Швеции (частью которой тогда являлась Финляндия), Дании, Норвегии и Германии: дабы простой народ мог спокойно отметить Рождество, 24 декабря особым королевским указом прекращались любые военные действия и на 20 дней объявлялся Рождественский мир. И сегодня, отдавая дань традиции, в канун праздника на площадях финских городов зачитывают текст этого указа.

8

В финских школах практикуется модульное обучение — способ организации учебного процесса на основе блочно-модульного представления учебной информации.

1

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2

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8

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9

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10

Seppälä, E. (2016). The happiness track: How to apply the science of happiness to accelerate your success [Kindle Reader version, р. 1]. Retrieved from Amazon.com.

11

Там же, р. 7.

12

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13

Pellegrini, A. (2005, March 21). Give children a break. Project Syndicate. Retrieved on October 27, 2016, from https://www.projectsyndicate.org/commentary/give-children-a-break.

14

Там же.

15

Там же.

16

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18

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19

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20

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21

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22

Там же.

23

Там же.

24

Там же.

25

Там же.

26

Там же.

27

Liikkuva Koulu. (n.d.). More active and pleasant school days, brochure. Retrieved October 20, 2016, from http://www.liikkuvakoulu.fi/filebank/2342-Liikkuvakoulu_yleisesite_en_web.pdf.

28

Walker, T. (2016c, September 29). The ticking clock of teacher burnout. The Atlantic. Retrieved on October 22, 2016, from http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/09/the-ticking-clock-of-us-teacher-burnout/502253.

29

Walker, T. (2016b, October 7). The disproportionate stress plaguing American teachers. Retrieved on October 22, 2016, from http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/10/the-disproportionate-stress-plaguing-american-teachers/503219.

30

Fisher, A. V., Godwin, K. E., amp; Seltman, H. (2014). Visual environment, attention allocation, and learning in young children: when too much of a good thing may be bad. Psychological Science 25 (7), 1362–1370.

31

Hoffman, J. (2014, June 9). Rethinking the colorful kindergarten classroom. Well. Retrieved October 20, 2016, from http://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/06/09/rethinking-the-colorful-kindergarten-classroom/?_r=0.

32

Там же.

33

Там же.

34

Walker, T. (2014, June 30.) How Finland keeps kids focused through free play. The Atlantic. Retrieved on October 22, 2016, from http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2014/06/how-finland-keeps-kids-focused/373544.

35

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36

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37

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38

Там же.

39

Louv, R. (2008). Last child in the woods: Saving our children from nature-deficit disorder. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books, р. 205.

40

Louv, R. (2011). The nature principle: Human restoration and the end of nature-deficit disorder. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books.

41

Louv, R. (2008). Last child in the woods: Saving our children from nature-deficit disorder. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books.

42

Walker, T. (2016a, September 15). Kindergarten, naturally. The Atlantic. Retrieved on October 22, 2016, from http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/09/kindergarten-naturally/500138.

43

Цит. по: Walker, T. (2016a, September 15). Kindergarten, naturally. The Atlantic. Retrieved on October 22, 2016, from http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/09/kindergarten-naturally/500138.

44

Walker, T. (2016a, September 15). Kindergarten, naturally. The Atlantic. Retrieved on October 22, 2016, from http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/09/kindergarten-naturally/500138.

45

Цит. по: Louv, R. (2008). Last child in the woods: Saving our children from nature-deficit disorder. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books, р. 203.

46

Там же.

47

Там же, р. 219.

48

Finnish National Board of Education. (2016). National core curriculum for basic education 2014. Helsinki: Next Print, р. 31.

49

Khazan, O. (2016, July 21). How noise pollution impairs learning. The Atlantic. Retrieved October 20, 2016, from http://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2016/07/toddlers-and-noise/492164.

50

Deruy, E. (2016, May 20). Does mindfulness actually work in schools? The Atlantic. Retrieved October 20, 2016, from http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/05/testing-mindfulness-in-the-early-years/483749.

51

Schonert-Reichl, K. A., Oberle, E., Lawlor, M. S., Abbott, D., Thomson, K., Oberlander, T. F., amp; Diamond, A. (2015). Enhancing cognitive and socio-emotional development through a simple-toadminister mindfulness-based school program for elementary school children: A randomized control trial. Developmental Psychology, 51 (1), 52–66.

52

Davis, L. C. (2015, August 31). When mindfulness meets the classroom. The Atlantic. Retrieved October 20, 2016, from http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/08/mindfulness-education-schools-meditation/402469.

53

Там же.

54

Jennings, P. A. (2015). Mindfulness for teachers: Simple skills for peace and productivity in the classroom. New York: Norton, р. 176.

55

Там же, р. 177.

56

Там же, р. 178.

57

Там же, р. 176.

58

Pinsker, J. (2016, April 26). Why so many smart people aren’t happy. The Atlantic. Retrieved October 20, 2016, from http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/why-so-many-smart-people-arent-happy/479832.

59

Wong, H. K., amp; Wong, R. T. (2009). The first days of school: How to be an effective teacher. Mountain View, CA: Harry K. Wong, р. 2.

60

Там же, р. 6.

61

Ferlazzo, L. (2016, August 8). Response: starting the new year by ‘building relationships’. Education Week Teacher. Retrieved on October 23, 2016, from http://blogs.edweek.org/teachers/classroom_qa_with_larry_ferlazzo/2016/08/ respse_starting_the_new_year_by_building_relationships.html.

62

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63

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64

Там же.

65

Ring, E. (2016, June 10). Anti-bullying programme focused on changing bystander behaviour should be in Irish schools. Irish Examiner. Retrieved October 20, 2016, from http://www.irishexaminer.com/ireland/anti-bullying-programme-focused-on-changing-bystander-behaviour-should-be-in-irish-schools-404099.html.

66

Там же.

67

Pinsker, J. (2016, April 26). Why so many smart people aren’t happy. The Atlantic. Retrieved October 20, 2016, from http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/why-so-many-smart-people-arent-happy/479832.

68

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69

Ferlazzo, L. (in press). Education Week Teacher.

70

Там же.

71

Lemov, D. (2015). Teach like a champion 2.0: 62 techniques that put students on the path to college [Kindle Reader version, р. 161]. Retrieved from Amazon.com.

72

Там же, р. 162.

73

Там же.

74

Там же.

75

Halinen, I. (2015, March 25). What is going on in Finland? Curriculum reform 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2016, from http://www.oph.fi/english/current_issues/101/0/what_is_going_on_in_fnland_curriculum_reform_2016.

76

Walker, T. (2016d, September 1). Where sixth-graders run their own city. The Atlantic. Retrieved on October 42, 2016, from http://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2016/09/where-sixth-graders-run-their-own-city/498257.

77

Там же.

78

Там же.

79

Sahlberg, P. (2015). Finnish Lessons 2.0: What can the world learn from educational change in Finland? [Kindle Reader version, сhapter 1, loc. 1215–1228]. Retrieved from Amazon.com.

80

Там же, сhapter 1, loc. 1232.

81

Raghunathan, R. (2016). If you’re so smart, why aren’t you happy? [Kindle Reader version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com.

82

Anderson, M. (2010). The well-balanced teacher: How to work smarter and stay sane inside the classroom and out. Alexandria, VA: ASCD, рр. 85–86.

83

Там же, р. 86.

84

OECD (Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development). (2015, September 15). New approach needed to deliver on technology’s potential in schools. Retrieved September 27, 2016, from http://www.oecd.org/education/new-approach-needed-todeliver-on-technologys-potential-in-schools.htm.

85

Там же.

86

Richardson, W. (2016, July 12). The digital ordinary. Retrieved October 20, 2016, from http://willrichardson.com/the-digital-ordinary.

87

APA (American Psychological Association). (2014, August 8). Musical training offsets some academic achievement gaps, research says. Science Daily. Retrieved September 22, 2016, from https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140808110024.htm.

88

Там же.

89

Цит. по: Schiff, S. (2016, July 11). A singing Harvard mathematician on using music to convince your kid they love math. Fatherly. Retrieved October 20, 2016, from https://www.fatherly.com/activities/music-activities/how-to-teach-kids-math-using-music.

90

Ferlazzo, L. (in press). Education Week Teacher.

91

Там же.

92

Moss, C. M., amp; Brookhart, S. M. (2012). Learning targets: Helping students aim for understanding in today’s lesson. Alexandria, VA: ASCD, р. 3.

93

Там же, р. 39.

94

Там же, р. 38.

95

Там же, р. 39.

96

Там же, р. 40.

97

Sahlberg, P. (2015). Finnish Lessons 2.0: What can the world learn from educational change in Finland? [Kindle Reader version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com.

98

Там же, сhapter 1, loc. 1083.

99

Strauss, V., and Sahlberg, P. (2014, March 24). The brainy questions on Finland’s only high-stakes standardized test. The Washington Post. Retrieved September 27, 2016, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/answer-sheet/wp/2014/03/24/the-brainy-questions-on-fnlands-only-high-stakes-standardized-test.

100

Pinsker, J. (2016, April 26). Why so many smart people aren’t happy. The Atlantic. Retrieved October 20, 2016, from http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/why-so-many-smart-people-arent-happy/479832.

101

Raghunathan, R. (2016). If you’re so smart, why aren’t you happy? [Kindle Reader version, р. 242]. Retrieved from Amazon.com.

102

Там же.

103

Цит. по: Cherry, K. (2016b, May 6). What is flow? Very Well. Retrieved October 20, 2016, from https://www.verywell.com/what-is-flow-2794768.

104

Cherry, K. (2016a, March 15). Five ways to achieve flow. Very Well. Retrieved October 20, 2016, from https://www.verywell.com/ways-to-achieve-flow-2794769; Cherry, K. (2016b, May 6). What is flow? Very Well. Retrieved October 20, 2016, from https://www.verywell.com/what-is-flow-2794768.

105

Там же.

106

Там же.

107

Raghunathan, R. (2016). If you’re so smart, why aren’t you happy? [Kindle Reader version, р. 77]. Retrieved from Amazon.com.

108

Там же.

109

Там же.

110

Elmers, J., amp; Kneyber, R. (Eds.). (2016). Flip the system: Changing education from the ground up. London: Routledge, рр. 176–177.

111

Hargreaves, A., amp; Shirley, D. (2012). The global fourth way: The quest for educational excellence [Kindle Reader version, р. 51]. Retrieved from Amazon.com.

112

Schulte, B. (2014). Overwhelmed: Work, love, and play when no one has the time. [Kindle Reader version, р. 91]. Retrieved from Amazon.com.

113

Adler, A. (2015, April 30). Gross national happiness and positive education in Bhutan. IPEN Blog. Retrieved October 20, 2016, from http://www.ipositive-education.net/gross-national-happinessand-positive-education-in-bhutan/; Parker, O. (2016, July 11). Should happiness be part of the school curriculum? The Telegraph. Retrieved October 20, 2016, from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/2016/07/11/should-happiness-be-part-of-the-school-curriculum.

114

Adler, A. (2015, April 30). Gross national happiness and positive education in Bhutan. IPEN Blog. Retrieved October 20, 2016, from http://www.ipositive-education.net/gross-national-happinessand-positive-education-in-bhutan.

115

Raghunathan, R. (2016). If you’re so smart, why aren’t you happy? [Kindle Reader version]. Retrieved from Amazon.com.

116

Pinsker, J. (2016, April 26). Why so many smart people aren’t happy. The Atlantic. Retrieved October 20, 2016, from http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/04/why-so-many-smart-people-arent-happy/479832.

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