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1
Kramer, Dynamic of Destruction, 8–9.
2
New York Times, 29 сентября 1914.
3
Kramer, Dynamic of Destruction, 30.
4
Так называют обострение международных отношений, вызванное оккупацией французами марокканского города Фес в 1911 г.
5
Международный конфликт 1905–1906 гг., возникший из-за соперничества европейских держав в Марокко.
6
Lloyd George, War Memoirs, т. I, 52.
7
Все ссылки на путеводитель Хатчетта по Выставке, Paris Exposition, 1900: guide pratique du visiteur de Paris et de l'exposition, взяты из онлайн-версии на сайте http://archive.org/details/parisexposition00pari
8
The Times, 24 мая 1900.
9
New York Observer and Chronicle, 25 октября 1900.
10
The Times, 18 апреля 1900.
11
Lieven, The Aristocracy in Europe, 1815–1914, 7.
12
Zweig, The World of Yesterday, 215.
13
Addison and O'Grady, Diary of a European Tour, 1900, 30.
14
Zweig, The World of Yesterday, 26.
15
Dowler, Russia in 1913, глава 1, везде.
16
Kennedy, The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers, глава 4, везде.
17
Tylor, Primitive Culture, 2.
18
Blom, The Vertigo Years, 8.
19
New York Observer and Chronicle, 27 декабря 1900.
20
New York Observer and Chronicle, 11 октября 1900.
21
Тернер Фредерик Джексон (1861–1932) – американский историк и публицист, сторонник дальнейшей экспансии США на мировой арене.
22
Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 345.
23
Cronin, Paris on the Eve, 37.
24
Zweig, The World of Yesterday, 216.
25
Weber, France: Fin de Siucle, 230–31.
26
Blom, The Vertigo Years, 265–8.
27
New York Observer and Chronicle, 18 октября 1900.
28
Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 81.
29
Hewitson, «Germany and France», 580.
30
Weber, France: Fin de Siucle, 243–4.
31
Cronin, Paris on the Eve, 36.
32
Weber, France: Fin de Siucle, 243.
33
Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 136; New York Observer and Chronicle, 1 ноября 1900.
34
Ridley, Bertie, 338.
35
New York Times, 24 июня 1897; Spectator, 26 июня 1897.
36
RA VIC/ MAIN/QVJ (W) 22 июня 1897 (экземпляры принцессы Беатрис).
37
Massie, Dreadnought, XVIII.
38
Rüger, The Great Naval Game, 200, 74.
39
Massie, Dreadnought, XX.
40
Roberts, Salisbury, 664–5; Rüger, The Great Naval Game, 184–5; Massie, Dreadnought, XVIII–XX.
41
Kipling and Pinney, The Letters of Rudyard Kipling, т. II, 303.
42
Massie, Dreadnought, XXX; Rüger, The Great Naval Game, 191–2; Roberts, Salisbury, 661.
43
Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy, 9–11; Lieven, The Aristocracy in Europe, 1815–1914, 205; Cecil, Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury, 159.
44
Roberts, Salisbury, 8–12, 28.
45
Tuchman, The Proud Tower, 9.
46
Roberts, Salisbury, 714–15; Tuchman, The Proud Tower, 6.
47
Cecil, Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury, 176.
48
Roberts, Salisbury, 111.
49
Cecil, Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury, 3–4, 6, 8.
50
Gilmour, Curzon, 125.
51
Massie, Dreadnought, 195.
52
Roberts, Salisbury, 6.
53
Король прибег к игре слов. В английском языке используются два слова со значением «маркиз». Одно из них прямо заимствовано из французского (marquis), а другое «англифицировано» (marquess).
54
Там же, 34.
55
Bánffy, They Were Divided, Kindle version, loc. 6086.
56
Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy, 36–9.
57
Hamilton, Parliamentary Reminiscences and Reflections, 1886–1906, 253.
58
Roberts, Salisbury, 624, 651.
59
Там же, 626.
60
Там же, 65.
61
Там же, 647; Gilmour, Curzon, 125.
62
Cecil, Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury, 247.
63
Roberts, Salisbury, 44.
64
Там же, 46–50.
65
Там же, 628.
66
Howard, «The Policy of Isolation», 82.
67
Cecil, Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury, 90.
68
Там же.
69
Howard, «The Policy of Isolation», 81.
70
Там же, 79–80.
71
Beesly, Queen Elizabeth, 107.
72
Chichele Professor – специальное профессорское звание оксфордского колледжа Всех Душ, учрежденное в честь архиепископа Генри Чичела – основателя этого колледжа. (Примеч. ред.)
73
Burrows, The History of the Foreign Policy of Great Britain, 34; Otte, «Almost a Law of Nature?», 75–6.
74
Rüger, The Great Naval Game, 179.
75
Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 19.
76
Перевод О. Юрьева.
77
Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 229.
78
Roberts, Salisbury, 495–6.
79
Там же, 692.
80
Там же, 615–16; Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 307–8.
81
Проконсулом, или генеральным консулом, назывался глава британской администрации Египта в период английского контроля над ним.
82
Cecil, Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury, 3, 218.
83
Gilmour, Curzon, 128.
84
Mansergh, The Commonwealth Experience, т. II, 27.
85
Tuchman, The Proud Tower, 46–7.
86
Там же, 56.
87
Spender, The Public Life, 81.
88
Гомруль – движение за автономию Ирландии, а также название пакета реформ, расширявших возможности самоуправления этой страны.
89
Massie, Dreadnought, 233–9.
90
Spender, The Public Life, 89.
91
Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 230– 32.
92
Roberts, Salisbury, 748.
93
Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 396.
94
Neilson, «The Anglo-Japanese Alliance», 52.
95
Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 230–31; Roberts, Salisbury, 745.
96
Bond, The Victorian Army and the Staff College, 191.
97
На самом деле имеется в виду, конечно, не Тяньцзинь (Tianjin), а Циндао (Qingdao).
98
Taylor, The Struggle for Mastery in // Europe, 376.
99
Там же, 395.
100
Massie, Dreadnought, 306.
101
Neilson, «The Anglo-Japanese Alliance», 49.
102
Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 29.
103
Massie, Dreadnought, 308; Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 235–6; Eckardstein and Young, Ten Years at the Court of St. James, 227.
104
Nish, «Origins of the Anglo-Japanese Alliance», 12.
105
Морская лига – существовавшая в те годы общественная организация, выступавшая за всемерное усиление военно-морского флота Великобритании.
106
Там же, 13.
107
Собственно князем (сяку) Ито Хиробуми стал лишь в 1907 г. В 1901 г. он был еще маркизом (косяку).
108
The Times, 4 января 1902.
109
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 240.
110
Екклесиаст, 10: 16.
111
Benson and Esher, Letters: A Selection from Her Majesty's Correspondence, т. III, 414.
112
Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 119.
113
Там же, 104.
114
The Times, 4 января 1896.
115
Roberts, Salisbury, 624.
116
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 195.
117
Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 21.
118
Там же, 195.
119
Kennedy, «German World Policy», 614.
120
Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 234.
121
Massie, Dreadnought, 358.
122
Там же, 259.
123
Kröger, «Imperial Germany and the Boer War», 38.
124
Имеется в виду Хлодвиг Карл Виктор цу Гогенлоэ-Шиллингсфюрст (1819–1901). У автора почему-то Готфрид фон Гогенлоэ, но это не может быть он, так как этот жил в 1265–1309 гг.
125
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 222–3.
126
Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 246–7.
127
Там же, глава 14.
128
Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 22.
129
Eckardstein and Young, Ten Years at the Court of St. James, 112.
130
Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 238.
131
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 231.
132
Carter, The Three Emperors, 267–71; The Times, 6 февраля 1901.
133
Lerchenfeld-Koefering, Kaiser Wilhelm II, 65, 58, 34.
134
Beyens, Germany before the War, 14–15.
135
Там же, 14.
136
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 82, 138–9.
137
Hopman, Das ereignisreiche Leben, 125.
138
Hull, The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 17.
139
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 162.
140
Lerchenfeld-Koefering, Kaiser Wilhelm II, 11.
141
Zedlitz-Trüt-zschler, Twelve Years at the Imperial German Court, 58–9.
142
Hopman, Das ereignisreiche Leben, 140.
143
Epkenhans, «Wilhelm II and «His» Navy», 12.
144
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 143, 142.
145
Cecil, German Diplomatic Service, 212.
146
Zedlitz-Trützschler, Twelve Years at the Imperial German Court, 36.
147
Lerchenfeld-Koefering, Kaiser Wilhelm II, 33.
148
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 82, 139, 148; Röhl, The Kaiser and His Court, 15–16.
149
Zedlitz-Trützschler, Twelve Years at the Imperial German Court, 69.
150
Röhl, The Kaiser and His Court, 15–16; Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 148.
151
Beyens, Germany before the War, 58–9.
152
Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 199.
153
Röhl, The Kaiser and His Court, 13.
154
Wilhelm II, Reden des Kaisers, 32–3.
155
Lerchenfeld-Koefering, Kaiser Wilhelm II, 19.
156
Wilhelm II, Reden des Kaisers, 44.
157
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 226–7.
158
Hull, The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 15–16.
159
Schoen, Memoirs of an Ambassador, 138.
160
Röhl, The Kaiser and His Court, 23–4.
161
Ibid., 25–6; Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 73–4.
162
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 75–6.
163
Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II, 1–2, 16–18.
164
Carter, The Three Emperors, 22.
165
Zedlitz-Trützschler, Twelve Years at the Imperial German Court, 233.
166
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 22.
167
См., например, Zedlitz-Trützschler, Twelve Years at the Imperial German Court, 184, 235, 272.
168
Craig, Germany, 1866–1945, глава 2; Clark, Iron Kingdom, 558–62.
169
Wilhelm II, Reden des Kaisers, 51.
170
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 126.
171
Hull, The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 31–3.
172
Herwig, «Luxury» Fleet, 23.
173
Zedlitz-Trützschler, Twelve Years at the Imperial German Court, 37–8, 67; Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II, 120.
174
Fesser, Reichskanzler Fürst von Bülow, 46–7.
175
Rüger, The Great Naval Game, 93.
176
Zedlitz-Trützschler, Twelve Years at the Imperial German Court, 233.
177
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 119.
178
Wilhelm II, Reden des Kaisers, 56.
179
Holstein et al., The Holstein Papers, 175.
180
Clark, Iron Kingdom, 564.
181
Craig, Germany, 1866–1945, 228; Cecil, German Diplomatic Service, 211–12.
182
Lerchenfeld-Koefering, Kaiser Wilhelm II, 23.
183
Herwig, «Luxury» Fleet, 17.
184
Hull, The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 31.
185
Langsam, «Nationalism and History», 242–3.
186
Herwig, «Luxury» Fleet, 18.
187
Epkenhans, «Wilhelm II and «His» Navy», 15.
188
Там же, 16.
189
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 232.
190
Craig, Germany, 1866–1945, 244–5.
191
Там же, 246.
192
Cecil, German Diplomatic Service, 282.
193
Lerman, The Chancellor as Courtier, 1.
194
Cecil, German Diplomatic Service, 281–2.
195
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 201.
196
Lerman, The Chancellor as Courtier, 86–90.
197
Cecil, German Diplomatic Service, 283.
198
Berghahn, «War Preparations and National Identity», 315.
199
Kennedy, «German World Policy», 617.
200
Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 226.
201
Там же, 235.
202
Massie, Dreadnought, 126.
203
Eckardstein and Young, Ten Years at the Court of St. James, 33.
204
Massie, Dreadnought, 129–30; Cecil, German Diplomatic Service, 294–5.
205
Massie, Dreadnought, 124; Craig, Germany, 1866–1945, 127.
206
Hewitson, Germany and the Causes, 146–7.
207
Там же, 147.
208
Craig, Germany, 1866–1945, 249.
209
Winzen, «Prince Bulow's Weltmachtpolitik», 227–8.
210
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. III, 100.
211
Winzen, «Treitschke's Influence», 155.
212
Cecil, Wilhelm II, 51.
213
Epkenhans, «Wilhelm II and «His» Navy», 17.
214
Winzen, «Treitschke's Influence», 160–61.
215
Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 4.
216
Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 209.
217
Epkenhans, «Wilhelm II and «His» Navy», 13.
218
Ritter, The Sword and the Sceptre, 110.
219
Kennedy, «German World Policy», 622.
220
McMeekin, The Berlin – Baghdad Express, 14.
221
Виргинские острова. Ныне – территория США.
222
Cecil, Albert Ballin, 152–3.
223
Winzen, «Treitschke's Influence», 159.
224
Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 241.
225
Этот «современник» – Джон Джервис, 1-й граф Сент-Винсент – тоже британский адмирал.
226
Carter, The Three Emperors, 105.
227
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 140.
228
Там же, 84.
229
Pless and Chapman-Huston, Daisy, Princess of Pless, 263–4.
230
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 180.
231
Eckardstein and Young, Ten Years at the Court of St. James, 55.
232
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 265.
233
Massie, Dreadnought, 106. 49. Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 296.
234
Там же, 265.
235
Roberts, Salisbury, 485–6.
236
Massie, Dreadnought, 107.
237
Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II, 184.
238
Tuchman, The Proud Tower, 131–4.
239
Там же, 132.
240
Mahan, The Influence of Sea Power upon History, 28.
241
Автором понятия считается живший в XVII в. адмирал Артур Герберт, 1-й граф Торрингтон.
242
Rüger, The Great Naval Game, 205–6.
243
Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II, 184.
244
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 36–7.
245
Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 345.
246
Там же, loc. 375–6.
247
Там же, loc. 391–5.
248
Beyens, Germany before the War, 129.
249
Massie, Dreadnought, 165.
250
Steinberg, Yesterday's Deterrent, 69.
251
Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 93–4.
252
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 203.
253
Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 383–7.
254
Там же, loc. 427–31.
255
Herwig, «From Tirpitz Plan to Schlieffen Plan», 53–5.
256
Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 592–5; Lambi, The Navy and German Power Politics, 147.
257
Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 239.
258
Steinberg, «The Copenhagen Complex», везде.
259
Tirpitz, Politische Dokumente, т. I, 1.
260
Herwig, «Luxury» Fleet, 35.
261
Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 598–601.
262
Там же, loc. 438–43, 465–77; Herwig, «Luxury» Fleet, 35; Rüger, The Great Naval Game, 37–43.
263
Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 479–83.
264
Там же, loc. 529–48.
265
Zedlitz-Trützschler, Twelve Years at the Imperial German Court, 183–4.
266
Kennedy, «German World Policy», 620.
267
Fesser, Der Traum vom Platz, 184.
268
The Times, 16 August 1902.
269
Williams, «Made in Germany», 10.
270
Там же, 11.
271
Geppert, «The Public Challenge to Diplomacy», 134.
272
Там же, 143–4.
273
Thompson, Northcliffe, 45.
274
Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 178–81.
275
Roberts, Salisbury, 666.
276
Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 247.
277
Там же, 237.
278
Там же, 248.
279
Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 33.
280
Rüger, The Great Naval Game, 12, 98.
281
Rüger, «Nation, Empire and Navy», 162.
282
Offer, The First World War, 82.
283
French, «The Edwardian Crisis and the Origins of the First World War», 208–9.
284
Thompson, Northcliffe, 296.
285
Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 416.
286
Offer, The First World War, 222.
287
Там же, 223–4.
288
Там же, глава 15.
289
«Двенадцать дней Рождества» – английская народная песня с перечислением разнообразных подарков, причем в список также входят лорды и леди.
290
French, «The Edwardian Crisis and the Origins of the First World War», 211–12.
291
Thompson, Northcliffe, 134.
292
O'Brien, «The Costs and Benefits of British Imperialism, 1846–1914», 187.
293
Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 11.
294
Roberts, Salisbury, 109.
295
Gardiner, Pillars of Society, 53.
296
Massie, Dreadnought, 404.
297
Gardiner, Pillars of Society, 54.
298
В отличие от первого лорда адмиралтейства эта должность подразумевает оперативное командование силами флота и на нее назначаются не политики, а профессиональные военные моряки.
299
Там же, 56.
300
Massie, Dreadnought, 408.
301
Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 14.
302
Gardiner, Pillars of Society, 57.
303
Там же, 57.
304
Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 15.
305
Там же, 18.
306
Gardiner, Pillars of Society, 55–6.
307
Massie, Dreadnought, 410.
308
Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 7–9.
309
Там же, 33.
310
Там же, 36.
311
Herwig, «Luxury» Fleet, 55.
312
Там же, 54–5.
313
Massie, Dreadnought, 485.
314
Herwig, «The German Reaction to the Dreadnought Revolution», 276.
315
Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 107.
316
Herwig, «Luxury» Fleet, 50.
317
O'Brien, «The Titan Refreshed», 153–6.
318
Rüger, «Nation, Empire and Navy», 174.
319
Gordon, «The Admiralty and Dominion Navies, 1902–1914», 409–10.
320
O'Brien, «The Titan Refreshed», 150. 52. Там же, 159.
321
Steiner, «The Last Years», 77.
322
Там же, 76, 85.
323
Имеется в виду император Фридрих III, отец Вильгельма II, который был болен раком и правил всего несколько месяцев.
324
Otte, «Eyre Crowe and British Foreign Policy», 27.
325
BD, т. III, Appendix, 397–420, 417.
326
Там же, 403–4.
327
Там же, 415–16.
328
Там же, 419.
329
Stevenson, Armaments, 101.
330
Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 695–9.
331
Herwig, «The German Reaction to the Dreadnought Revolution», 278.
332
Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 831–5.
333
Herwig, «Luxury» Fleet, 8–9.
334
Там же, 62.
335
Herwig, «The German Reaction to the Dreadnought Revolution», 279.
336
Там же, 281.
337
Steinberg, «The Copenhagen Complex», 38.
338
Steinberg, «The Novelle of 1908», 28.
339
Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 112–13.
340
Berghahn, Germany and the Approach of War, 57–8.
341
Herwig, «Luxury» Fleet, 62; Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 764–7.
342
Massie, Dreadnought, 701.
343
Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 813–17.
344
Ritter, The Sword and the Sceptre, 298n76.
345
Steinberg, «The Novelle of 1908», 26, 36.
346
Там же, 39.
347
Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 749–56.
348
Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 140–42.
349
Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 758–61.
350
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. I, 357.
351
Thompson, Northcliffe, 153.
352
Одна из «чиновничьих» должностей в британском правительстве. Ее занимает не член парламента, а специалист-администратор.
353
Действительно, он был произведен в почетные адмиралы королевой Викторией.
354
Имеется в виду племянник знаменитого Гельмута фон Мольтке – Мольтке-младший.
355
BD, т. VI, 117, 184–90; Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. I, 358–60.
356
Steinberg, «The Novelle of 1908», 41–2.
357
Hopman, Das ereignisreiche Leben, 152.
358
Otte, «An Altogetherby, The Road to Verdun, 169. Unfortunate Affair», 297–301.
359
Там же, 301–2.
360
Там же, 305–7, 314.
361
Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II, 239–40.
362
Otte, «An Altogether Unfortunate Affair», 329.
363
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 291.
364
Einem, Erinnerungen eines Soldaten, 122.
365
Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 7.
366
Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 156.
367
Cannadine, The Decline and Fall of the British Aristocracy, 48–9; Grigg, Lloyd George, 203–8, 223.
368
Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 423.
369
Мухаммед Ахмед ибн ас-Саййид абд-Аллах – суданский религиозный лидер, провозгласивший себя Махди, то есть «Мессией», и организовавший в стране восстание против египетского и британского правительств.
370
Eubank, «The Fashoda Crisis Re-examined», 145–8.
371
Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 45.
372
Tombs and Tombs, That Sweet Enemy, 428–9; Roberts, Salisbury, 702; Eubank, «The Fashoda Crisis Re-examined», 146–7.
373
Tombs, 126.
374
Thompson, Northcliffe, 55–7.
375
Roberts, Salisbury, 706–8.
376
Mayne et al., Cross Channel Currents, 5.
377
BD, т. I, 300, 242.
378
Mayne et al., Cross Channel Currents, 5.
379
Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 234.
380
Eckardstein and Young, Ten Years at the Court of St. James, 228.
381
Rich, The Tsar's Colonels, 88.
382
Weber, France: Fin de Siucle, 105–6.
383
Ousby, The Road to Verdun, 168–9.
384
Weber, France: Fin de Siucle, 106.
385
Joly, «La France et la Revanche», везде.
386
Porch, The March to the Marne, 55.
387
Ous
388
Там же, 122–4.
389
Barclay, Thirty Years, 135.
390
Weber, France: Fin de Siucle, 121–4.
391
Ousby, The Road to Verdun, 120.
392
Hayne, French Foreign Office, 28–40; Keiger, France and the Origins, 25– 9.
393
Hayne, French Foreign Office, 38–9.
394
Porch, The March to the Marne, 83, 218–21, 250–52 и везде.
395
Tombs and Tombs, That Sweet Enemy, 426.
396
Там же, 426–7.
397
Barclay, Thirty Years, 140–41.
398
Lincoln, In War's Dark Shadow, 17.
399
Keiger, France and the Origins, 11–12; Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 353–4.
400
Sanborn, «Education for War and Peace», 213–14.
401
BD, т. II, 35, 285–8.
402
Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 1–10.
403
Hayne, «The Quai d'Orsay», 430.
404
Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 67.
405
Там же, 90.
406
Там же, 18–19.
407
Там же, 54.
408
Там же, 24, 91.
409
Там же, 191.
410
Monger, The End of Isolation, 104–5.
411
Andrew, Théo phile Delcassé, 190, 196–7.
412
Там же, 181.
413
Hayne, French Foreign Office, 109.
414
Eubank, Paul Cambon, 65.
415
Hayne, French Foreign Office, 103.
416
Eubank, Paul Cambon, 95.
417
Там же, 209.
418
Там же, 65, 68; Hayne, French Foreign Office, 103.
419
Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 186–7.
420
Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 86.
421
Там же, 84.
422
Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 186.
423
Monger, The End of Isolation, 772.
424
Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 207–8.
425
Cronin, Paris on the Eve, 63; Tombs and Tombs, That Sweet Enemy, 439–41; Mayne et al., Cross Channel Currents, 14–16.
426
Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 209.
427
Hayne, French Foreign Office, 94.
428
Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 212–14; Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 10–13.
429
Eubank, Paul Cambon, 87.
430
Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 27; Weinroth, «The British Radicals», 657–8.
431
Clark, Kaiser Wilhelm II, 192.
432
Fischer, War of Illusions, 52–4.
433
Sharp, Anglo-French Relations, 18.
434
Lloyd George, War Memoirs, т. I, 3.
435
Scarborough Evening News, 24 октября 1904.
436
Neilson, Britain and the Last Tsar, 255–8.
437
По местному времени было уже 9 февраля.
438
По другим данным, потери русского флота составили 5045 человек убитыми, 803 ранеными и 6016 пленными. Японцы же потеряли 117 человек убитыми и 538 ранеными.
439
Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 360–61.
440
McDonald, United Government, 70–71.
441
Kleǐnmikhel», Memories of a Shipwrecked World, 176.
442
Lincoln, In War's Dark Shadow, 224.
443
McDonald, United Government, 71; Lincoln, In War's Dark Shadow, 225.
444
McDonald, United Government, 71, 73.
445
Lieven, Nicholas II, 144.
446
Figes, A People's Tragedy, 179–86.
447
Lieven, Nicholas II, 149.
448
Airapetov, Generalui, 12.
449
Figes, A People's Tragedy, 16.
450
Совершенно достоверных подтверждений этому нет, личный врач Александра III и после революции отрицал пристрастие царя к спиртному.
451
Lieven, Nicholas II, 39.
452
McDonald, United Government, 16n39.
453
Там же, 16.
454
Izvol'skiǐ and Seeger, The Memoirs of Alexander Iswolsky, 270n.
455
Carter, The Three Emperors, 64–71; Lieven, Nicholas II, 40–42, 58–9, 166– 7.
456
Carter, The Three Emperors, 69.
457
Steinberg, All the Tsar's Men, 29–31. 21. Там же, 30.
458
Lincoln, In War's Dark Shadow, 33.
459
Lieven, Nicholas II, 42.
460
Neklyudov, Diplomatic Reminiscences, 4.
461
McDonald, United Government, 65–6.
462
Neilson, Britain and the Last Tsar, 70.
463
Carter, The Three Emperors, 225.
464
Lieven, Nicholas II, 64.
465
Там же, 71.
466
Там же, 141.
467
Neilson, Britain and the Last Tsar, 62.
468
Lieven, Nicholas II, 102.
469
McDonald, United Government, 70.
470
Там же, 70.
471
Там же, 73 и главы 2 и 3.
472
Там же, 40–41.
473
Radziwill, Behind the Veil, 226.
474
Lieven, Nicholas II, 65–6.
475
Kleǐnmikhel», Memories of a Shipwrecked World, 211–12.
476
Radziwill, Behind the Veil, 230.
477
Lieven, Nicholas II, 227.
478
Там же, 55n8.
479
Carter, The Three Emperors, 221.
480
Neilson, Britain and the Last Tsar, 55.
481
Lieven, Nicholas II, 149; Figes, A People's Tragedy, 191.
482
Radziwill, Behind the Veil, 357; Lincoln, In War's Dark Shadow, 343.
483
Figes, A People's Tragedy, 230; Radziwill, Behind the Veil, 361.
484
Lieven, Russia and the Origins, 23–4.
485
Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 415.
486
Szamuely, The Russian Tradition, 19.
487
Процитировано в Robert Chandler, «Searching for a Saviour», Spectator (London), 31 марта 2012.
488
Kennan, Siberia and the Exile System, 55.
489
Dowler, Russia in 1913, 198.
490
Vinogradov, «1914 God: Быть или не быть войне?», 162.
491
Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 378.
492
Neilson, Britain and the Last Tsar, 86 и гл. 3.
493
Weinroth, «The British Radicals», 665–70.
494
Gilmour, Curzon, 201.
495
Именно главнокомандующим, а не начальником штаба, как в тексте.
496
Hinsley, British Foreign Policy under Sir Edward Grey, 135–6.
497
Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 364–5; Neilson, Britain and the Last Tsar, 113–15.
498
Jusserand, What Me Befell, 203.
499
Lieven, Russia and the Origins, 6.
500
Stevenson, Armaments, 53.
501
Lieven, «Pro-Germans and Russian Foreign Policy», 38.
502
Airapetov, Generalui, 10–11.
503
Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 379–82.
504
Там же, 404.
505
Lieven, «Pro-Germans and Russian Foreign Policy», 41–2.
506
Spring, «Russia and the Franco-Russian Alliance», везде.
507
Там же, 569.
508
Soroka, «Debating Russia's Choice», 14.
509
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 33.
510
Taube, La Politique russe d'avant-guerre, 15.
511
Там же, 43.
512
Soroka, «Debating Russia's Choice», 11.
513
Там же, 4.
514
Carter, The Three Emperors, 138.
515
Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. I, 159.
516
Lieven, «Pro-Germans and Russian Foreign Policy», 43–5.
517
Levine and Grant, The Kaiser's Letters to the Tsar, 118, 120.
518
Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 250–52.
519
Carter, The Three Emperors, 130.
520
Cecil, Wilhelm II, 14.
521
На деле их по его инструкциям рисовали профессиональные художники.
522
Carter, The Three Emperors, 185; Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 146.
523
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 248.
524
Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. I, 159–60; Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 152–3; McDonald, United Government and Foreign Policy in Russia, 78–9.
525
Levine and Grant, The Kaiser's Letters to the Tsar, 191–4.
526
Lerman, The Chancellor as Courtier, 128– 30.
527
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. I, 161.
528
Hopman, Das ereignisreiche Leben, 144.
529
Lieven, Nicholas II, 192.
530
BD, т. IV, 205, 219–20.
531
Neilson, Britain and the Last Tsar, 102–3.
532
Taube, La Politique russe d'avantguerre, 90.
533
Там же, 101.
534
Soroka, «Debating Russia's Choice», 15.
535
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 49.
536
Csáky, Vom Geachteten zum Geächteten, 67.
537
В оригинале: «Je l'ai regretté tous les jours, mais je m'en félicité toutes les nuits». Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 325.
538
Radziwill, Behind the Veil, 380.
539
Taube, La Politique russe d'avant-guerre, 105.
540
BD, т. IV, 219, 235–6.
541
Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 416.
542
Soroka, «Debating Russia's Choice», 3.
543
Так называлось протекавшее в конце XIX в. противостояние российской и британской агентуры в Центральной Азии.
544
Taube, La Politique russe d'avantguerre, 103. 106. Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 183–5. 107. Hinsley, British Foreign Policy under Sir Edward Grey, 158.
545
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 352.
546
Menning and Menning, ««Baseless Allegations»», 373.
547
Grey, Twenty-five Years, т. I, 154.
548
Spring, «Russia and the Franco-Russian Alliance», 584.
549
Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. I, 189.
550
Geiss, «Deutschland und Österreich-Ungarn», 386.
551
Angelow, «Der Zweibund zwischen Politischer», 58; Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 107.
552
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 367.
553
Там же, 362.
554
Stevenson, Armaments, 4.
555
Stone, Europe Transformed, 315.
556
Франц-Карл, как утверждают, получил прозвище Добрый лишь потому, что никто не мог придумать ничего еще. (Примеч. авт.)
557
Речь об австрийских Габсбургах. Испанские пренебрегали этой опасностью и полностью вымерли к концу XVII столетия, что привело к так называемой Войне за испанское наследство. (Примеч. пер.)
558
Redlich, Emperor Francis Joseph, 40.
559
Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs, 23.
560
Margutti, The Emperor Francis Joseph, 26–7.
561
Там же, 50.
562
Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs, 230–31.
563
Margutti, The Emperor Francis Joseph, 35–50; Redlich, Emperor Francis Joseph, 17–18, 188.
564
Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs, 172.
565
Margutti, The Emperor Francis Joseph, 45–6.
566
Там же, 52.
567
Она прожила до 86 лет, но так и не узнала о судьбе своего мужа. (Примеч. пер.)
568
Теории эти включали в себя версии с политическим убийством и даже с неудачным абортом. (Примеч. пер.)
569
Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs, 265.
570
Там же.
571
RA VIC/MAIN/QVJ (W) 4 августа 1874 (экземпляры принцессы Беатрис).
572
Margutti, The Emperor Francis Joseph, 48.
573
Leslie, «The Antecedents», 309–10; Williamson, «Influence, Power, and the Policy Process», 419.
574
Lukacs, Budapest 1900, 49–50, 108–12.
575
Deák, Beyond Nationalism, 69.
576
Vermes, Istv'an Tisza, 102.
577
Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, 61.
578
Steed, Through Thirty Years, т. I, 196.
579
Wank, «Pessimism in the Austrian Establishment», 299.
580
Там же; Johnston, The Austrian Mind, 47.
581
Boyer, «The End of an Old Regime», 177–9; Stone, Europe Transformed, 304; Johnston, The Austrian Mind, 48; Urbas, Schicksale und Schatten, 77; Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 254.
582
Boyer, «The End of an Old Regime», 174–7; Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs, 291; Stone, Europe Transformed, 316; Stevenson, Armaments, 4; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 44–6.
583
Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs, 293.
584
Czernin, In the World War, 46; Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 746; Steed, Through Thirty Years, 367; Wank, «The Archduke and Aehrenthal», 86.
585
Там же.
586
Steed, Through Thirty Years, т. I, 367; Bridge, The Habsburg Monarchy, 7.
587
Czernin, In the World War, 48.
588
Там же, 50; Afflerbach, Der Dreibund, 596–7.
589
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 389.
590
Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 179–80.
591
Bridge, «Tarde Venientibus Ossa», везде.
592
Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 82–4; Ritter, The Sword and the Sceptre, 229.
593
Берлиц Максимилиан Дельфиниус (1852–1921) – лингвист и педагог, разработчик популярной методики обучения иностранным языкам и основатель международной системы школ, использующих эту методику.
594
Hoetzendorf, Mein Leben mit Conrad von Hötzendorf, 174–5.
595
Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 73–4.
596
Hoetzendorf, Mein Leben mit Conrad von Hötzendorf, 66; Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 89, 104.
597
Hoetzendorf, Mein Leben mit Conrad von Hötzendorf, 30.
598
Там же, 210.
599
Там же, 31; Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 111; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 49–50.
600
Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 440.
601
Там же, 267.
602
Bosworth, Italy and the Approach, 55–7.
603
Herwig, «Disjointed Allies», 271; Angelow, «Der Zweibund zwischen Politischer», 34; Margutti, The Emperor Francis Joseph, 220–28; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 36.
604
Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 254–5, 427–8; Margutti, The Emperor Francis Joseph, 127, 228.
605
Musulin, Das Haus am Ballplatz, 80; Stevenson, Armaments, 38–9; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 114.
606
Bridge, «Austria-Hungary and the Boer War», 79.
607
Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 260; Steiner, The Foreign Office and Foreign Policy, 182–3; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 112.
608
Wank, «Foreign Policy and the Nationality Problem in Austria-Hungary», 45.
609
Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 232–4; Jelavich, Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 212–13.
610
Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, XXI.
611
Schorske, Fin-de-siucle Vienna, 213– 19.
612
Там же, 346–8.
613
Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 230.
614
Lukacs, Budapest 1900, 129–32.
615
Offer, The First World War, 121–7.
616
Там же, 128.
617
Wank, «The Archduke and Aehrenthal», 83n33.
618
Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 84–5.
619
Förster, «Der deutschen Generalstab», 95.
620
Offer, The First World War, 129.
621
Deák, Beyond Nationalism, 128–9, 134–6.
622
Lukacs, Budapest 1900, 184n.
623
Weber, France: Fin de Siucle, 218–20.
624
Offer, «Going to War in 1914», 217.
625
Kronenbitter, Krieg im Frieden, 33.
626
Lieven, Russia and the Origins, 22.
627
Neklyudov, Diplomatic Reminiscences, 5.
628
Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War, 28.
629
Offer, «Going to War in 1914», 216.
630
Rathenau, Briefe, 147.
631
Rathenau and von Strandmann, Walther Rathenau, 142– 3.
632
Stromberg, «The Intellectuals», 115, 119.
633
Tanner, Nietzsche, 4 и везде.
634
Blom, The Vertigo Years, 354.
635
Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 128.
636
Cronin, Paris on the Eve, 43–6.
637
Там же, 47.
638
Wohl, The Generation of 1914, 6–7.
639
Blom, The Vertigo Years, гл. 8.
640
Tuchman, The Proud Tower, 88–97.
641
Там же, 106.
642
De Burgh, Elizabeth, 326–7.
643
Butterworth, The World that Never Was, 323.
644
Barclay, Thirty Years, 142.
645
Gooch, «Attitudes to War, 95. 24–7.
646
Hynes, The Edwardian Turn of Mind, 26–7.
647
Weber, France: Fin de Siucle, 224.
648
Там же, 12.
649
Tuchman, The Proud Tower, 32; Blom, The Vertigo Years, 184–5.
650
Travers, «Technology, Tactics, and Morale», 279.
651
Miller et al., Military Strategy, 14n28.
652
Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 171.
653
Hull, The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 133–5.
654
Hynes, The Edwardian Turn of Mind, 201.
655
Там же, 199.
656
Gildea, Barricades and Borders, 268–7.
657
Ousby, The Road to Verdun, 155–6.
658
Bourdon, The German Enigma, 170.
659
Hynes, The Edwardian Turn of Mind, 286–7.
660
Blom, The Vertigo Years, 334 и гл. 13.
661
Leslie, «The Antecedents», 312.
662
Я благодарен бригадному генералу Дэвиду Годсалу за разрешение процитировать этот отрывок из неопубликованного дневника капитана Уилмота Колфилда.
663
Gooch, «Attitudes to War», 94.
664
Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War, 26.
665
Joll and Martel, The Origins of the First World War, 276–7.
666
Lukacs, Budapest 1900, 130–32.
667
Schorske, Fin-de-Siucle Vienna, 133–46.
668
Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War, 57–8.
669
Berghahn, «War Preparations and National Identity», 311ff.
670
Nolan, The Inverted Mirror, 25.
671
Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 165.
672
Hewitson, Germany and the Causes, 92.
673
Eby, The Road to Armageddon, 6.
674
Martel, The Origins of the First World War, 280– 81.
675
Cannadine et al., The Right Kind of History, 19–20, 23–4.
676
Langsam, «Nationalism and History», 250–51.
677
Joll and Martel, The Origins of the First World War, 274–5.
678
Bernhardi, Germany and the Next War, 57.
679
Там же, 20.
680
Berghahn, «War Preparations and National Identity», 316.
681
Cannadine et al., The Right Kind of History, 53.
682
Roberts, Salisbury, 799.
683
Kennedy, «German World Policy», 616–18.
684
Fischer, «The Foreign Policy of Imperial Germany», 26.
685
Joll, 1914, 18.
686
Hewitson, Germany and the Causes, 95.
687
Thompson, Northcliffe, 155–6.
688
Steiner, «The Last Years», 76.
689
Ousby, The Road to Verdun, 154–6.
690
Hewitson, «Germany and France», 574–5, 580– 81.
691
Nolan, The Inverted Mirror, 56.
692
Herwig, The Marne, 32–3.
693
Nolan, The Inverted Mirror, 30.
694
Bourdon, The German Enigma, 163–4.
695
Nolan, The Inverted Mirror, 58.
696
Там же, 61.
697
Gooch, «Attitudes to War», 96.
698
Förster, «Facing «People's War»», 223–4.
699
Ritter, The Sword and the Scepter, 102.
700
Joll, The Second International, 196.
701
Stevenson, Armaments, 38.
702
Ferguson, The Pity of War, 31–3.
703
Förster, «Im Reich des Absurden», 213–14; Feldman, «Hugo Stinnes», 84–5.
704
Steed, Through Thirty Years, 359.
705
Lieven, Russia and the Origins, 16–17; Bushnell, «The Tsarist Officer Corps», passim.
706
Airapetov, Последняя война императорской России, 44–58.
707
Ritter, The Sword and the Sceptre, 102–3.
708
Bourdon, The German Enigma, 207.
709
Eby, The Road to Armageddon, 4.
710
Howard, «Men Against Fire», 17.
711
Перевод Владимира Кормана.
712
Rohkrämer, «Heroes and Would-be Heroes», 192–3.
713
Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 169.
714
Hynes, The Edwardian Turn of Mind, 28–9.
715
Linton, «Preparing German Youth for War», 177–8.
716
Там же, 167.
717
Там же, 180–83.
718
Weber, France: Fin de Siucle, 215–17; Porch, The March to the Marne, 207–10.
719
Porch, The March to the Marne, 92–3.
720
Там же, гл. 5, 106–7; Harris, The Man on Devil's Island, 365–6.
721
Porch, The March to the Marne, гл. 7.
722
Там же, 189.
723
Clark, Iron Kingdom, 596–9.
724
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 333.
725
Berghahn, Germany and the Approach of War, 174–8.
726
Gooch, «Attitudes to War», 97.
727
Rohkrämer, «Heroes and Wouldbe Heroes», 199–203.
728
Stromberg, «The Intellectuals», 109.
729
Urbas, Schicksale und Schatten, 67–8.
730
Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 581.
731
Stromberg, «The Intellectuals», 117–18n37.
732
Там же, 120; Weber, The Nationalist Revival in France, 108–9.
733
Laurence, «Bertha von Suttner», 184–5.
734
Там же, 196.
735
Blom, The Vertigo Years, 192.
736
Laurence, «Bertha von Suttner», 186–7; Joll and Martel, The Origins of the First World War, 260–61; LaFeber, The Cambridge History of American Foreign Relations, 43.
737
Kennedy, Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism, 293.
738
Rotte, «Global Warfare», 483–5.
739
Bloch, The Future of War, ХХХ.
740
Там же, LXXI.
741
Там же, IX.
742
Там же, XIX.
743
Travers, «Technology, Tactics, and Morale», 266.
744
Bloch, The Future of War, XVI.
745
Там же, XI.
746
Dungen, «Preventing Catastrophe», 456–7.
747
Ceadel, Living the Great Illusion, 4, 20–21.
748
Angell, The Great Illusion, Kindle version, loc. 4285.
749
Там же, loc. 947–9.
750
Там же, loc. 633–4.
751
Там же, loc. 1149.
752
Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 142; Ceadel, Living the Great Illusion, 8–12, 22.
753
Offer, The First World War, 250.
754
Laity, The British Peace Movement, 189.
755
Cooper, «Pacifism in France», 360–62.
756
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 383.
757
Chickering, «Problems of a German Peace Movement», 46, 52.
758
Chickering, Imperial Germany, 239–53.
759
Wank, «The Austrian Peace Movement», 42–3; Dülffer, «Efforts to Reform the International System», 28.
760
Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 358–60.
761
Patterson, «Citizen Peace Initiatives», 187–92.
762
Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 357–8.
763
Chickering, Imperial Germany, 345.
764
Cooper, «Pacifism in France», 366–7.
765
Morris, «The English Radicals» Campaign», везде.
766
Weinroth, «The British Radicals», 661–2.
767
Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 336, 368–9.
768
Zweig, The World of Yesterday, 226.
769
Cooper, «Pacifism in France», 363.
770
Anderson, The Rise of Modern Diplomacy, 253–5.
771
Там же, 255.
772
Morrill, «Nicholas II and the Call», 296–313.
773
Dülffer, «Chances and Limits of Arms Control», 98.
774
Dülffer, «Citizens and Diplomats», 30–31.
775
Joll and Martel, The Origins of the First World War, 258.
776
Massie, Dreadnought, 429.
777
Chickering, Imperial Germany, 225.
778
Dülffer, «Citizens and Diplomats», 25.
779
Laurence, «The Peace Movement in Austria», 55.
780
Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 121.
781
BD, т. I, 274, 224–5; 276, 226.
782
White, The First Hague Conference, 114.
783
Tuchman, The Proud Tower, 252.
784
BD, т. I, 282, 229–31.
785
White, The First Hague Conference, 8.
786
Там же, 18–19.
787
Dülffer, «Citizens and Diplomats», 24.
788
Dülffer, «Chances and Limits of Arms Control», 102.
789
Chickering, Imperial Germany, 227.
790
Там же, 228.
791
Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 388.
792
Stevenson, Armaments, 109.
793
Laity, The British Peace Movement, 171–2.
794
Laurence, «The Peace Movement in Austria», 29.
795
Stevenson, Armaments, 109–10.
796
Ceadel, Semi-Detached Idealists, 166.
797
Charykov, Glimpses of High Politics, 261.
798
Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 133.
799
Chickering, Imperial Germany, 229–30.
800
Steiner, «Grey, Hardinge and the Foreign Office», 434–5.
801
Dülffer, «Efforts to Reform the International System», 40.
802
Howorth, «French Workers and German Workers», 85.
803
Chickering, Imperial Germany, 269.
804
Laurence, «Bertha von Suttner», 194.
805
Joll, The Second International, 107.
806
Craig, Germany, 1866–1945, 267–9; Joll, The Second International, 89–90.
807
Groh, «The «Unpatriotic Socialists»», 153–5.
808
Chickering, Imperial Germany, 272.
809
Joll, The Second International, 100–105; Goldberg, Life of Jean Jaurus, 329–30.
810
Goldberg, Life of Jean Jaurus, 13.
811
Там же, 63–5.
812
Там же, 15, 375; Heinrich, Geschichte in Gesprächen, 327–8.
813
Goldberg, Life of International, 126–43, 197.
814
Porch, The March to the Marne, 247–9.
815
Joll, The Second International, 126–43, 197.
816
Chickering, Imperial Germany, 275; Haupt, Socialism and the Great War, 90–91, 107.
817
Haupt, Socialism and the Great War, 67–8.
818
Там же, 64.
819
Там же, 91–2; Joll, The Second International, 152–7.
820
Haupt, Socialism and the Great War, 102–3.
821
Joll, The Second International, 70.
822
Howorth, «French Workers and German Workers», 75; Chickering, «War, Peace, and Social Mobilization», 16–17.
823
Joll, The Second International, 49–54; Howorth, «French Workers and German Workers», 78–81.
824
Haupt, Socialism and the Great War, 68–9.
825
Там же, 69–70.
826
Joll, The Second International, 123–4.
827
Haupt, Socialism and the Great War, 64–6.
828
Там же, 77.
829
Там же, 114; Goldberg, Life of Jean Jaurus, 435–8.
830
Cooper, Patriotic Pacifism, 171.
831
Там же, 165–7.
832
Chickering, Imperial Germany, 317.
833
Weinroth, «The British Radicals», 676; Chickering, Imperial Germany, 118.
834
Cooper, «Pacifism in France», 365.
835
Angell, The Great Illusion Kindle version, loc. 2928–30.
836
Howard, «The Armed Forces», 217.
837
Stevenson, «War by Timetable?», 167–8; Herwig, «Conclusions», 232.
838
Howard, The Franco-Prussian War, 14.
839
Stevenson, «War by Timetable?», 167.
840
Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 146–7, 229, 232.
841
Там же, 150.
842
Stevenson, «War by Timetable?», 171.
843
Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 197n3.
844
Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 64–6.
845
Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 216.
846
Moltke, Erinnerungen, 11.
847
Herwig, «Conclusions», 231.
848
Showalter, «Railroads», 40.
849
Stevenson, «War by Timetable?», 192–3.
850
Evera, «The Cult of the Offensive», 73–6.
851
Hamilton, «War Planning», 13.
852
Herwig, «Imperial Germany», 90.
853
Herwig, «From Tirpitz Plan to Schlieffen Plan», 57.
854
Tirpitz, My Memoirs, т. II, 290.
855
Bond, The Victorian Army and the Staff College, 133.
856
Kronenbitter, Krieg im Frieden, 88.
857
Echevarria, «Heroic History», 573–90.
858
Echevarria, «On the Brink of the Abyss», 31–3.
859
Прусская винтовка Дрейзе была фактически в два раза скорострельнее, хотя в боевых условиях часто выходила из строя. Французская винтовка Шасспо была в этом и других отношениях еще совершенней – в частности, дальность прицельной стрельбы из нее достигала километра и более.
860
Howard, «The Armed Forces», 206–9.
861
Travers, «Technology, Tactics, and Morale», 268.
862
Welch, «The Centenary», 273–94.
863
Bloch, «The Wars of the Future», 307.
864
Там же, 314–15.
865
Cairns, «International Politics», 280–81.
866
Bloch, «The Wars of the Future», 314.
867
Travers, «Technology, Tactics, and Morale», 273–4.
868
Burkhardt, «Kriegsgrund Geschichte?», 72–4.
869
Mombauer, «German War Plans», 52n10.
870
Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 26–30; Evera, «The Cult of the Offensive», везде.
871
Travers, «Technology, Tactics, and Morale», 271n22.
872
Doughty, Pyrrhic Victory, 25.
873
Howard, «Men Against Fire», 10–11.
874
Messimy, Mes Souvenirs, 119.
875
Porch, «The French Army», 120.
876
Там же, 118.
877
Gooch, «Attitudes to War», 95.
878
Echevarria, «On the Brink of the Abyss», 27–8, 30–31.
879
Foley, German Strategy, 41.
880
Howard, «Men Against Fire», 8–10.
881
Cairns, «International Politics», 282.
882
Foley, German Strategy, 28–9.
883
Kießling, Gegen den «Großen Krieg»?, 43–50, 139; McDonald, United Government, 199–201; Kronenbitter, Krieg im Frieden, 139.
884
Kronenbitter, Krieg im Frieden, 126–31.
885
Förster, «Dreams and Nightmares», 345, 360.
886
Maurer, The Outbreak of the First World War; см., например, гл. 1.
887
Förster, «Der deutschen Generalstab», 61–95.
888
Csáky, Vom Geachteten zum Geächteten, 137.
889
Mombauer, «German War Plans», 59.
890
Steinberg, Bismarck, 57–60; Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 110–13.
891
Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 120–21.
892
Там же, 127.
893
Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 134.
894
Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 130–31.
895
Там же, 124, 129–31.
896
Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 277.
897
Echevarria, «Heroic History», 585; Mombauer, «German War Plans», 52n10.
898
Snyder, «Civil-Military Relations», 35.
899
Förster, «Dreams and Nightmares», 359–60.
900
Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 277.
901
Herwig, The Marne, 33.
902
Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 100–105; Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 117.
903
Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 301–2.
904
Foley, German Strategy, 6–7.
905
Herwig, «From Tirpitz Plan to Schlieffen Plan», 55.
906
Craig, Germany, 1866–1945, 317.
907
Ritter, The Sword and the Sceptre, 206.
908
Там же.
909
Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 46.
910
Там же, 42–6.
911
Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 300.
912
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 201–2.
913
Maurer, The Outbreak of the First World War, 37.
914
Herwig, «From Tirpitz Plan to Schlieffen Plan», 59.
915
Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 59.
916
Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 223–5.
917
Kronenbitter, Krieg im Frieden, 311.
918
Hull, The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 240.
919
Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 658; Foley, «Debate – the Real Schlieffen Plan», 222.
920
Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 203.
921
Groener, Lebenserinnerungen, 84.
922
Fischer, War of Illusions, 55.
923
Hull, The Entourage of Kaiser Wilhelm II, 258–9; Afflerbach, Falkenhayn. Politisches, 79.
924
Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 165.
925
Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 263–4.
926
Mombauer, «German War Plans», 57.
927
Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 280.
928
Showalter, «From Deterrence to Doomsday Machine», 696.
929
Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 152.
930
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 88–9.
931
Fischer, War of Illusions, 390.
932
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 84–5.
933
Fischer, War of Illusions, 225–9; Beyens, Germany before the War, 36–8.
934
Mombauer, «German War Plans», 48–79.
935
Fischer, War of Illusions, 390.
936
Hewitson, Germany and the Causes, 118.
937
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 96–7.
938
Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 210.
939
Hewitson, Germany and the Causes, 131–3; Hewitson, «Images of the Enemy», везде.
940
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 132–3.
941
Там же, 84.
942
Там же, 91–5.
943
Mombauer, «German War Plans», 57.
944
Herwig, «Imperial Germany», 71.
945
Herwig, «Disjointed Allies», 273.
946
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 101.
947
Gooch, «Italy before 1915», 211–22; Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 167–9.
948
Maurer, The Outbreak of the First World War, 33; Herwig, «Disjointed Allies», 271–2; Ritter, «Zusammenarbeit», 535.
949
Herwig, «Disjointed Allies», 271n9.
950
Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 87–8.
951
Kronenbitter, Krieg im Frieden, 282.
952
Stone, «V. Moltke – Conrad», 201–2 и везде.
953
Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 85.
954
Stevenson, «War by Timetable?», 181–2.
955
Stone, «V. Moltke – Conrad», 204n7.
956
Kronenbitter, ««Nur los lassen»», 39.
957
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 234, 237.
958
Stone, «V. Moltke – Conrad», 213–14.
959
Herwig, «Disjointed Allies», 278.
960
Menning, «The Offensive Revisited», 226.
961
Armour, «Colonel Redl: Fact and Fantasy», 175–6.
962
Там же, 179–80; Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 124–7.
963
Stevenson, «War by Timetable?», 177–8; Heywood, «The Most Catastrophic Question», 46, 54.
964
Menning, «The Offensive Revisited», 224.
965
Menning, «Pieces of the Puzzle», 782.
966
Fuller, «The Russian Empire», 109, 122–4.
967
Shatsillo, Ot Portsmutskogo, 199.
968
Fuller, «The Russian Empire», 110.
969
Stevenson, Armaments, 151–6.
970
Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 427–33.
971
Brusilov, A Soldier's Notebook, 11.
972
Fuller, The Foe Within, 46–8.
973
Turner, «Role of the General Staffs», 317; Paléologue, Ambassador's Memoirs, т. I, 83.
974
Rich, The Tsar's Colonels, 221.
975
Fuller, «The Russian Empire», 100–101.
976
Spring, «Russia and the Franco-Russian Alliance», 568–9, 578–9 и везде.
977
Menning, «The Offensive Revisited», 219.
978
Айрапетов, Последняя война императорской России, 174–5; Shatsillo, Ot Portsmutskogo, 65–7.
979
Menning, «Pieces of the Puzzle», 788.
980
Fuller, «The Russian Empire», 111–12, 118–21.
981
Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 178.
982
Fuller, «The Russian Empire», 111–13; Menning, «The Offensive Revisited», 225.
983
Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 440–41.
984
Menning, «Pieces of the Puzzle», 796.
985
Menning, «War Planning», 121.
986
Айрапетов, «К вопросу о причинах поражения русской армии»; Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 189–94.
987
Fuller, «The Russian Empire», 110–11.
988
Айрапетов, «К вопросу о причинах поражения русской армии»; Menning, «War Planning», 122–5.
989
Andrew, «France and the German Menace», 147.
990
Ignat'ev, 50 лет в строю, 390–91.
991
Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 182–3.
992
Ignat'ev, 50 лет в строю, 392.
993
Messimy, Mes Souvenirs, 118n1; Porch, The March to the Marne, 184–5.
994
Porch, The March to the Marne, 216–23.
995
Tanenbaum, «French Estimates», 163.
996
Doughty, «France», 160.
997
Doughty, Pyrrhic Victory, 26.
998
Doughty, «France», 159.
999
Becker, 1914, Comment les Français, 43n174.
1000
Tanenbaum, «French Estimates», 164.
1001
Porch, The March to the Marne, 129–32.
1002
Tanenbaum, «French Estimates», 137.
1003
Doughty, «France», 154.
1004
Там же, 154; Tanenbaum, «French Estimates», 156.
1005
Doughty, «France», 153.
1006
Herwig, «Imperial Germany», 70.
1007
Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 165–7.
1008
Tanenbaum, «French Estimates», 163.
1009
Там же, 159.
1010
Там же, 166.
1011
Snyder, The Ideology of the Offensive, 102–3.
1012
Tanenbaum, «French Estimates», 170–71.
1013
Doughty, «France», 163.
1014
Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 226.
1015
Doughty, «France», 165–8; Doughty, «French Strategy in 1914», 434.
1016
Doughty, «France», 165.
1017
Porch, The March to the Marne, 232–3.
1018
Messimy, Mes Souvenirs, 179.
1019
Schoen, Memoirs of an Ambassador, 20; Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, т. II, 694.
1020
Schoen, Memoirs of an Ambassador, 22–3.
1021
BD, т. III, 71, 62.
1022
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 255.
1023
Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, т. II, 695.
1024
Hewitson, «Germany and France», 579.
1025
Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, т. II, 691–3.
1026
Там же, 702n1.
1027
Hewitson, «Germany and France», 585–6.
1028
Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, т. II, 680–81.
1029
Там же, 683, 684.
1030
Morris, Theodore Rex, 334–5.
1031
Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 269–70.
1032
Там же, 272.
1033
Kaiser, «Germany and the Origins», 453.
1034
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 162.
1035
Kaiser, «Germany and the Origins», 453.
1036
Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 285.
1037
Lee, Edward VII, т. II, 340.
1038
The Times, 31 марта 1905.
1039
Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 116.
1040
Monger, The End of Isolation, 192.
1041
Там же, 187.
1042
Там же, 190.
1043
Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 287–8.
1044
Там же, 281, 283, 285.
1045
Там же, 286.
1046
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 265.
1047
Monger, The End of Isolation, 224 and n2.
1048
Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 119.
1049
Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 291–2.
1050
Там же, 299.
1051
Там же, 292–3.
1052
Там же, 296–7.
1053
Там же, 289.
1054
Там же, 276–8, 278–9.
1055
Там же, 296–301.
1056
Weber, The Nationalist Revival in France, 31.
1057
Monger, The End of Isolation, 202.
1058
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 135, 138.
1059
Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, т. II, 707.
1060
Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 122.
1061
Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 303.
1062
Weber, The Nationalist Revival in France, 32.
1063
Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 40–41.
1064
Там же, 42.
1065
Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 117.
1066
Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, т. II, 731.
1067
Grey, Twenty-five Years, т. I; см., например, его письмо от 31 января 1906, 176–9.
1068
Otte, «Almost a Law of Nature?», 82–3.
1069
Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 13.
1070
Grey, Twenty-five Years, т. I, 128.
1071
Lloyd George, War Memoirs, т. I, 91.
1072
Gilmour, Curzon, 26n.
1073
Robbins, Sir Edward Grey, 23–4, 29.
1074
Massie, Dreadnought, 585.
1075
Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 41–2.
1076
Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 35.
1077
Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 42–3.
1078
Otte, «Almost a Law of Nature?», 79.
1079
BD, т. III, 200, 162.
1080
Grey, Twenty-Five Years, т. I, 98.
1081
Rich, Friedrich von Holstein, т. II, 733.
1082
Oppel, «The Waning of a Traditional Alliance», 324.
1083
Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 281–2.
1084
Herring, From Colony to Superpower, 363.
1085
BD, т. III, 401, 337–8.
1086
Lerman, The Chancellor as Courtier, 147–8.
1087
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 262; Lerman, The Chancellor as Courtier, 144.
1088
Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 264.
1089
Otte, «Almost a Law of Nature?», 83.
1090
Foley, «Debate – the Real Schlieffen Plan», 44–5.
1091
Craig, The Politics of thePrussian Army, 284–5.
1092
Joll and Martel, The Origins of the First World War, 197.
1093
Oppel, «The Waning of a Traditional Alliance», 325–6.
1094
Dumas, The Franco-British Exhibition, 4.
1095
Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 38–40.
1096
BD, т. III, 299, 266–8.
1097
Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 76.
1098
Lloyd George, War Memoirs, т. I, 49–50.
1099
Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 85–7.
1100
Там же, 93–6.
1101
Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 90–92.
1102
Kennedy, «Great Britain before 1914», 173.
1103
Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 125.
1104
Offer, The First World War, 303.
1105
Doughty, Pyrrhic Victory, 39.
1106
Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 384–8.
1107
Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 126; Fisher and Marder, Fear God and Dread Nought, т. II, 232.
1108
Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 246–7.
1109
Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 106–7.
1110
Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 213.
1111
Neilson, «Great Britain», 183–5; Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 187–93.
1112
Jeffery, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, 96–7.
1113
Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 196.
1114
Porch, The March to the Marne, 228.
1115
Eubank, Paul Cambon, 114, 123, 155 и везде.
1116
Doughty, «French Strategy in 1914», 435.
1117
Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 138–41.
1118
Jeffery, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, 37.
1119
Williamson, «General Henry Wilson», 91.
1120
Там же, 94–6.
1121
Callwell, Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, т. I, 89.
1122
Там же, 78–9.
1123
Andrew, «France and the German Menace», 137.
1124
Callwell, Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, т. I, 105.
1125
Keiger, «Jules Cambon», 642.
1126
Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 196.
1127
Diöszegi, Hungarians in the Ballhausplatz, 197–200.
1128
Hoetzendorf, Mein Leben mit Conrad von Hötzendorf, 63, 237.
1129
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. I, 372.
1130
Kronenbitter, Krieg im Frieden, 248–51.
1131
Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 290.
1132
Wank, «Aehrenthal's Programme», 520–22.
1133
Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass; see, for example, 385–8.
1134
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 371.
1135
Jelavich, Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 217.
1136
Musulin, Das Haus am Ballplatz, 57.
1137
Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 95.
1138
Czernin, In the World War, 50.
1139
Williamson, «Influence, Power, and the Policy Process», 431.
1140
Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 97.
1141
Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 279; Bridge, The Habsburg Monarchy, 189– 90.
1142
Diöszegi, Hungarians in the Ballhausplatz, 200.
1143
Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 597–8; Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 149–50.
1144
Stevenson, Armaments, 82.
1145
Jelavich, Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 240; Jelavich and Jelavich, The Establishment, 255–6.
1146
Jelavich, Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 239n53.
1147
Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 774.
1148
Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 65.
1149
Baernreither and Redlich, Fragments, 21–2.
1150
Там же, 35, 44.
1151
Там же, 43–4.
1152
Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 449–52.
1153
Там же, 599.
1154
Bridge, «Isvolsky, Aehrenthal», 326.
1155
Bridge, «The Entente Cordiale», 341.
1156
Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 433.
1157
Baernreither and Redlich, Fragments, 37.
1158
Bridge, «Isvolsky, Aehrenthal», 326.
1159
Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 298–9.
1160
Lee, Europe's Crucial Years, 326.
1161
McDonald, United Government, 127.
1162
Cooper, «British Policy in the Balkans», 262.
1163
Taube, La Politique russe d'avant-guerre, 185–7; Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 200; Lee, Europe's Crucial Years, 184–5.
1164
Margutti, The Emperor Francis Joseph, 225.
1165
Hopman, Das ereignisreiche Leben, 147–8.
1166
Reynolds, Shattering Empires, 22.
1167
Schoen, Memoirs of an Ambassador, 77; Bridge, «Isvolsky, Aehrenthal», 332–3.
1168
Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 419.
1169
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. I, 373.
1170
Bridge, «Isvolsky, Aehrenthal», 334; Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 121–2.
1171
Bridge, «Isvolsky, Aehrenthal», 335.
1172
Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 419.
1173
Bridge, «Isvolsky, Aehrenthal», 334.
1174
Там же, 339.
1175
McMeekin, The Russian Origins, 225.
1176
Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 437.
1177
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 144.
1178
McDonald, United Government, 136–51.
1179
Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 435–6.
1180
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. I, 373, 379–80; Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 287.
1181
Bridge, The Habsburg Monarchy, 296.
1182
Steed, Through Thirty Years, 308–14. IX, ч. 1, 695, 671–3.
1183
Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 624.
1184
Sweet, «The Bosnian Crisis», 178–9.
1185
Eby, The Road to Armageddon, 151.
1186
Otte, «Almost a Law of Nature?», 92.
1187
Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 149–50.
1188
Menning, «Dress Rehearsal for 1914?», 8.
1189
Там же, 11–15.
1190
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. I, 374.
1191
Boghitschewitsch, Die auswärtige Politik Serbiens, т. III, 78.
1192
Stevenson, Armaments, 115–16.
1193
Boghitschewitsch, Die auswärtige Politik Serbiens, т. III, 93; Jelavich, Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 241–2.
1194
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 137.
1195
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 123–5; Stevenson, Armaments, 116.
1196
Heinrich, Geschichte in Gesprächen, 124–5, 221–2.
1197
Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 628.
1198
Musulin, Das Haus am Ballplatz, 168.
1199
Stevenson, Armaments, 117 –18, 125–6.
1200
Turner, «Role of the General Staffs», 306; Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 629.
1201
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 439.
1202
Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 91.
1203
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 118–19.
1204
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 142.
1205
McDonald, United Government, 141–4; Lee, Europe's Crucial Years, 193–4.
1206
Sweet, «The Bosnian Crisis», 183–4; Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 215.
1207
Sweet, «The Bosnian Crisis», 182–3; Heinrich, Geschichte in Gesprächen, 169.
1208
Menning, «Dress Rehearsal for 1914?», 7.
1209
BD, т. V, 576, 603.
1210
Berghahn, Germany and the Approach of War, 81.
1211
Zedlitz-Trützschler, Twelve Years at the Imperial German Court, 263.
1212
Afflerbach, Der Dreibund, 655.
1213
Jelavich, Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 224.
1214
Fuller, «The Russian Empire», 99.
1215
Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 438.
1216
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 174.
1217
Carter, The Three Emperors, 371.
1218
Palmer, Twilight of the Habsburgs, 305.
1219
Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 755–64.
1220
Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 96.
1221
Stevenson, Armaments, 122; Bridge, The Habsburg Monarchy, 295.
1222
Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 726.
1223
Fellner, «Die «Mission Hoyos»», 115.
1224
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 131.
1225
Lieven, Nicholas II, 193–4.
1226
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 131.
1227
Grey, Twenty-five Years, т. I, 182.
1228
Lieven, Russia and the Origins, 37.
1229
Goldberg, Life of Jean Jaurus, 470.
1230
Stevenson, Armaments, 136.
1231
Cooper, «British Policy in the Balkans», 261.
1232
Stevenson, Armaments, 131–3; Boghitschewitsch, Die auswärtige Politik Serbiens, т. III, 77.
1233
Jelavich, Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 244; Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 33; Neklyudov, Diplomatic Reminiscences, 46–50; Gieslingen, Zwei Jahrzehnte im Nahen Orient, 253.
1234
Cooper, «British Policy in the Balkans», 279.
1235
Barraclough, From Agadir to Armageddon, 1–2.
1236
Mortimer, «Commercial Interests and German Diplomacy», 454.
1237
Barraclough, From Agadir to Armageddon, 2; Cecil, Albert Ballin, 178; Massie, Dreadnought, 725–7.
1238
Fesser, Der Traum vom Platz, 141; Fischer, War of Illusions, 74–5.
1239
Barraclough, From Agadir to Armageddon, 31–2.
1240
Keiger, «Jules Cambon», 642–3; Keiger, France and the Origins, 31–3.
1241
Hewitson, «Germany and France», 591.
1242
Berghahn, Germany and the Approach of War, 94.
1243
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. III, 12.
1244
Cecil, Albert Ballin, 122–3.
1245
Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 16.
1246
Там же, 43.
1247
Там же, 29n34.
1248
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. III, 19.
1249
Cecil, Albert Ballin, 122–3.
1250
Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 68.
1251
Там же, 25–7.
1252
Там же, 27–9.
1253
Там же, 122.
1254
Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 422.
1255
Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 509.
1256
Rathenau and von Strandmann, Walther Rathenau, 134.
1257
Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 121.
1258
Spitzemberg, Das Tagebuch, 545.
1259
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. II, 464.
1260
Cecil, German Diplomatic Service, 310–12.
1261
Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 123.
1262
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 160.
1263
Allain, Joseph Caillaux, 371–7.
1264
Hewitson, «Germany and France», 592–4.
1265
Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 143.
1266
Barraclough, From Agadir to Armageddon, 127–8.
1267
Stevenson, Armaments, 183.
1268
Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 124; Mommsen, «Domestic Factors», 23.
1269
Crampton, «August Bebel and the British», 221–2.
1270
Keiger, France and the Origins, 35.
1271
Messimy, Mes Souvenirs, 64–5.
1272
Там же, 60.
1273
Там же.
1274
Keiger, «Jules Cambon», 646; Keiger, France and the Origins, 35.
1275
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 153.
1276
Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 75.
1277
Neilson, Britain and the Last Tsar, 321.
1278
Rose, King George V, 165–6.
1279
Weinroth, «The British Radicals», 664.
1280
Neilson, Britain and the Last Tsar, 318.
1281
Wilson, «The Agadir Crisis», 514–15; Dockrill, «British Policy», 274–5.
1282
BD, т. VII, 392, 371–3.
1283
The Times, 22 июля 1911.
1284
Redlich, Schicksalsjahre Österreichs, 95–6.
1285
Fesser, Der Traum vom Platz, 145; Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 313–14.
1286
Callwell, Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, т. I, 97–8.
1287
Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 244–6.
1288
Eubank, Paul Cambon, 139; Messimy, Mes Souvenirs, 61.
1289
Jeffery, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, 99–100.
1290
Riezler, Tagebücher, Aufsätze, Dokumente, 180.
1291
Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 124.
1292
Barraclough, From Agadir to Armageddon, 135.
1293
Fischer, War of Illusions, 83.
1294
Andrew, Théophile Delcassé, 70n1.
1295
Rathenau and von Strandmann, Walther Rathenau, 157.
1296
Eubank, Paul Cambon, 141.
1297
Grey, Twenty-five Years, т. I, 233.
1298
Stieve, Der diplomatische Schriftwechsel Iswolskis, 194–5.
1299
Steiner and Neilson, Britain and the Origins, 79–80.
1300
Там же, 80–81.
1301
Messimy, Mes Souvenirs, 68.
1302
Krumeich, Armaments and Politics, 21–9.
1303
Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 21–21.
1304
Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 124.
1305
Beyens, Germany before the War, 61.
1306
Fesser, Der Traum vom Platz, 148.
1307
Craig, The Politics of the Prussian Army, 291.
1308
Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 125.
1309
Ritter, The Sword and the Sceptre, 172.
1310
Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 852–9.
1311
Röhl, «Admiral von Müller», 656.
1312
Herwig, «Imperial Germany», 81–2; Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 131.
1313
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 161–6.
1314
Bosworth, Italy and the Approach, 57.
1315
Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. I, 342.
1316
Bosworth, «Britain and Italy's Acquisition», 683.
1317
Bosworth, Italy and the Approach, 10.
1318
Там же, 38–9.
1319
Gooch, «Italy before 1915», 222. 86. Там же, 225–8. 87. Там же, 206.
1320
Bosworth, Italy and the Approach, 6–8; Gooch, «Italy before 1915», 216–17.
1321
Bosworth, Italy and the Approach, 34.
1322
Там же, 36.
1323
Gooch, «Italy before 1915», 209.
1324
BD, т. IX, ч. 1, 257, 289–91.
1325
BD, т. IX, ч. 1, 241, 278–9.
1326
Barraclough, From Agadir to Armageddon, 143–4.
1327
Haupt, Socialism and the Great War, 58–62.
1328
BD, т. IX, ч. 1, 250, 284.
1329
Rossos, Russia and the Balkans, 35.
1330
Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. I, 346; Barraclough, From Agadir to Armageddon, 144–5.
1331
BD, т. VII, 763, 788–9.
1332
Cambon, Correspondance, т. III, 7.
1333
Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. I, 357.
1334
Trotsky, The Balkan Wars, 360–61.
1335
Hoetzendorf, Mein Leben mit Conrad von Hötzendorf, 105.
1336
Aehrenthal, Aus dem Nachlass, 232.
1337
Trotsky, The Balkan Wars, 72.
1338
Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo, 179–80.
1339
Jelavich, History of the Balkans, 110.
1340
Rossos, Russia and the Balkans, 34–5.
1341
Trotsky, The Balkan Wars, 80.
1342
BD, т. IX, ч. 1, 249, 283–4.
1343
Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 29–30.
1344
Там же, 32–3.
1345
Там же, 33.
1346
Thaden, Russia and the Balkan Alliance, 27–8.
1347
Neklyudov, Diplomatic Reminiscences, 38 –9.
1348
Там же, 45.
1349
Там же, 80–81.
1350
Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 62–4, 67.
1351
BD, т. IX, ч. 1, 570, 568.
1352
Fischer, War of Illusions, 150.
1353
BD, т. IX, ч. 2, 5, 3–4.
1354
Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 141–5.
1355
Trotsky, The Balkan Wars, 65–6.
1356
Rossos, Russia and the Balkans, 79.
1357
Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 203–4.
1358
Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 92.
1359
Thaden, Russia and the Balkan Alliance, 116–17; Jelavich, Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 231.
1360
Thaden, Russia and the Balkan Alliance, 118; Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. I, 412–13.
1361
Игнатьев, Внешняя политика России, 1907–1914, 141.
1362
Neilson, Britain and the Last Tsar, 328–9.
1363
Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 92.
1364
Jelavich, Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 203.
1365
Bodger, «Russia and the End», 84.
1366
Thaden, Russia and the Balkan Alliance, 132.
1367
Bodger, «Russia and the End», 79.
1368
Rossos, Russia and the Balkans, 85.
1369
Sazonov, Fateful Years, 49–50; Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 234n.
1370
Taube, La Politique russe d'avant-guerre, 225–7.
1371
Sazonov, Fateful Years, 54.
1372
BD, т. IX, ч. 1, 711, 683–5; Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 154–5.
1373
Sazonov, Fateful Years, 78.
1374
Там же, 80.
1375
Rossos, Russia and the Balkans, 102.
1376
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 119.
1377
Там же, 484–5.
1378
Musulin, Das Haus am Ballplatz, 178.
1379
Vermes, Istv'an Tisza, 199.
1380
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 246.
1381
Csáky, Vom Geachteten zum Geachteten, 129; Leslie, «Österreich-Ungarn», 663.
1382
Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. I, 385.
1383
Там же, 383–4.
1384
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 176.
1385
См. письмо Bertie to Grey, 29 августа 1912, BD, т. IX, ч. 1, 671, 653–5.
1386
BD, vol. Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 323; Afflerbach, Der Dreibund, 731–3; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 127.
1387
Heinrich, Geschichte in Gesprächen, 380.
1388
Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 214–15.
1389
Boghitschewitsch, Die auswärtige Politik Serbiens, т. III, 159.
1390
Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 124.
1391
Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 153.
1392
Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 132; Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 276.
1393
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 323; Afflerbach, Der Dreibund, 731–3; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 127.
1394
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 328.
1395
Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 132.
1396
Sazonov, Fateful Years, 78.
1397
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 178.
1398
BD, т. IX, ч. 2, 303, 227–8.
1399
Там же.
1400
Rossos, Russia and the Balkans, 104–5.
1401
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 178.
1402
Fischer, War of Illusions, 155–6.
1403
Röhl, «Admiral von Müller», 659.
1404
Fischer, War of Illusions, 157–8.
1405
Röhl, «Admiral von Müller», 664; Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 276–7.
1406
The Times, 22 ноября 1912.
1407
Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 216.
1408
Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 120–21.
1409
Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 130–31.
1410
Fischer, War of Illusions, 158–61.
1411
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 388.
1412
Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 130–31.
1413
Grey, Twenty-Five Years, т. I, 256.
1414
Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 250.
1415
Eubank, Paul Cambon, 161.
1416
Crampton, «The Decline», 393–4.
1417
BD, т. IX, ч. 2, 626, 506.
1418
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 377.
1419
Там же, 381.
1420
Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 134; Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 282–4.
1421
Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 136; Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 296–7.
1422
Crampton, «The Decline», 395 и след. 12.
1423
Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 313–14.
1424
Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 139–40. 94. Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 123.
1425
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 471.
1426
Cambon, Correspondance, т. III, 27.
1427
Jelavich, Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 246–8.
1428
Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 151.
1429
Vermes, Istv'an Tisza, 203.
1430
Там же, 131.
1431
Stone, «Hungary and the July Crisis», 157.
1432
Leslie, «The Antecedents», 323–4.
1433
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 498; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 133–4.
1434
Crampton, «The Decline», 417–19.
1435
Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. I, 483–4.
1436
Helmreich, The Diplomacy, 428.
1437
Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 366–7.
1438
Там же, 442.
1439
Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 154–5.
1440
Afflerbach, Der Dreibund, 748.
1441
Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 129.
1442
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 513.
1443
Там же, 312.
1444
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 179.
1445
Williamson, Austria– Hungary, 135; Leslie, The Antecedents, 352–3.
1446
Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. I, 483–4.
1447
Crampton, The Hollow Detente, 172.
1448
Haupt, Socialism and the Great War, 107.
1449
Cooper, Patriotic Pacifism, 159–60.
1450
Kennan, The Other Balkan Wars, 271.
1451
BD, т. X, ч. 2, 476, 702–3.
1452
Rose, King George V, 166–7.
1453
McLean, Royalty and Diplomacy, 197.
1454
Craig, Germany, 1866–1945, 295; Herwig, «Imperial Germany», 84.
1455
Kießling, Gegen den «Großen Krieg»?, 195–6.
1456
Rosen, Forty Years of Diplomacy, 154.
1457
Brusilov, A Soldier's Notebook, 3–4.
1458
Gildea, Barricades and Borders, 419.
1459
Rogger, «Russia in 1914», 96.
1460
Sazonov, Fateful Years, 80.
1461
Miliukov and Mendel, Political Memoirs, 284.
1462
Kokovtsov, Out of My Past, 296.
1463
Там же, 361.
1464
Figes, A People's Tragedy, 216.
1465
Там же, 241–5.
1466
Rogger, «Russia in 1914», 95–6.
1467
Там же, 101–2.
1468
Geyer, Russian Imperialism, 249–54.
1469
Там же, 274–5.
1470
Lieven, Nicholas II, 168.
1471
Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 371.
1472
Hewitson, «Germany and France», 578; Kießling, Gegen den «Großen Krieg»?, 196.
1473
Tanenbaum, «French Estimates», 167–8.
1474
Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 609.
1475
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince von Bulow, т. III, 33; Cecil, German Diplomatic Service, 317.
1476
Spitzemberg, Das Tagebuch, 563.
1477
Stevenson, Armaments, 286–9.
1478
Röhl, The Kaiser and His Court, 173–4; Röhl, «Admiral von Müller», 661; Stevenson, Armaments, 252–3.
1479
Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 145.
1480
Herwig, «Imperial Germany», 84.
1481
Röhl, «Admiral von Müller», 665; Balfour, The Kaiser and His Times, 339–40; Tanenbaum, «French Estimates», 169.
1482
Stevenson, Armaments, 316–20. 33. Krumeich, Armaments and Politics, гл. 2.
1483
Stevenson, Armaments, 221.
1484
Doughty, «France», 163.
1485
Там же, 162.
1486
Weber, The Nationalist Revival in France, 97.
1487
Там же, 94–5, 102.
1488
Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 580.
1489
German Foreign Office, Die grosse Politik, т. XXXIX, 292.
1490
Nolan, The Inverted Mirror, 40, 82–3.
1491
Stevenson, Armaments, 222.
1492
Keiger, Raymond Poincaré, 122–3, 130–31.
1493
Там же, 145.
1494
Williams, Tiger of France, 286.
1495
Там же, 11–14, 24–7, 154.
1496
Там же, 147.
1497
Adamthwaite, Grandeur and Misery, 8; Hughes, Policies and Potentates, 223–7.
1498
Hayne, French Foreign Office, 274.
1499
Cambon, Correspondance; Там же, III, 39.
1500
Keiger, Raymond Poincaré, 151.
1501
Hayne, French Foreign Office, 238.
1502
Keiger, Raymond Poincaré, 155–7.
1503
Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 236–7.
1504
Там же, 238–40.
1505
Williamson, «German Perceptions», 206.
1506
Goldberg, Life of Jean Jaurus, 439.
1507
Sazonov, Fateful Years, 56.
1508
Rose, King George V, 80.
1509
Там же, 71.
1510
Clifford, The Asquiths, 2–3.
1511
Там же, 13–14.
1512
Haldane, An Autobiography, 111.
1513
Clifford, The Asquiths, 186.
1514
Там же, 145.
1515
Adam, Bonar Law, 107–9.
1516
Jeffery, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, 115–16.
1517
BD, т. X, ч. 2, 537, 780–83.
1518
Churchill, The World Crisis, т. I, 185; Dangerfield, The Strange Death, 366.
1519
Leslie, «Österreich-Ungarn», 669–70. 71. Afflerbach, Der Dreibund, 793–4, 806–8, 810–11.
1520
Angelow, Der Weg in die Katastrophe, 26.
1521
Wandruszka and Urbanitsch, Die Habsburgermonarchie, 331–2; Bridge, From Sadowa to Sarajevo, 364–5.
1522
Bodger, «Russia and the End», 88.
1523
Herwig, «Imperial Germany», 87.
1524
Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 117.
1525
Sazonov, Fateful Years, 43–4; Kokovtsov, Out of My Past, 321–3.
1526
Stieve, Der diplomatische Schriftwechsel Iswolskis, 17–18.
1527
McLean, Royalty and Diplomacy, 67–8.
1528
Shatsillo, Ot Portsmutskogo, 272–4; Stevenson, Armaments, 343–9.
1529
Churchill, The World Crisis, т. I, 178; Grey, Twenty-Five Years, т. I, 269.
1530
Grey, Twenty-Five Years, т. I, 195.
1531
Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 68.
1532
Spring, «Russia and the Franco-Russian Alliance», 584; Robbins, Sir Edward Grey, 271.
1533
Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 266–76.
1534
Там же, 252–3, 258–9.
1535
Jeffery, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, 103.
1536
Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 253.
1537
Churchill, The World Crisis, т. I, 118.
1538
Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 274.
1539
Churchill, The World Crisis, т. I, 119.
1540
Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 254–6, 265– 6.
1541
Churchill, The World Crisis, т. I, 113.
1542
Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 320–25.
1543
BD, т. X, ч. 2, 416, 614–15.
1544
Esher, Journals and Letters, т. III, 331.
1545
BD, т. X, ч. 2, 400, 601–2.
1546
Robbins, Sir Edward Grey, 285.
1547
Rose, King George V, 164.
1548
Bridge, «The Entente Cordiale», 350.
1549
Angelow, Der Weg in die Katastrophe, 60–61.
1550
Stevenson, Armaments, 2–9.
1551
Там же, 4.
1552
Herrmann, The Arming of Europe, 207.
1553
Epkenhans, Tirpitz, Kindle version, loc. 862.
1554
Kießling, Gegen den «Großen Krieg»?, 67–8.
1555
Heywood, «The Most Catastrophic Question», 56.
1556
Förster, «Im Reich des Absurden», 233.
1557
Stevenson, Armaments, 358–9; Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 208–11, 242–4.
1558
Herwig, «Imperial Germany», 88.
1559
Brusilov, A Soldier's Notebook, 1.
1560
Kießling, Gegen den «Großen Krieg»?, 43–4.
1561
Grey, Twenty-Five Years, т. I, 292.
1562
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 458.
1563
Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 134; Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 252–3; Kronenbitter, ««Nur los lassen»», 39.
1564
McDonald, United Government, 199–201.
1565
Leslie, «The Antecedents», 334–6, 338–9.
1566
Churchill, The World Crisis, т. I, 95.
1567
Haldane, Before the War, 33–6.
1568
Cecil, Wilhelm II, 172.
1569
Cecil, Albert Ballin, 182–96.
1570
Hopman, Das ereignisreiche Leben, 209–10.
1571
Cecil, Wilhelm II, 172–3.
1572
House and Seymour, The Intimate Papers, т. I, 249.
1573
Marder, From the Dreadnought to Scapa Flow, 283–4; Maurer, «Churchill's Naval Holiday», 109– 10.
1574
Brinker-Gabler, Kämpferin fur den Frieden, 167.
1575
Haupt, Socialism and the Great War, 108.
1576
Poincaré, Au Service de la France, т. IV, 173–4.
1577
Geinitz, Kriegsfurcht und Kampfbereitschaft, 50–53.
1578
Cecil, Wilhelm II, 198.
1579
Massie, Dreadnought, 852–3; Cecil, Wilhelm II, 198; Geiss, July 1914, 69.
1580
Smith, One Morning in Sarajevo, 40.
1581
Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo, 175–8, 208–9, 217 и гл. 10, везде.
1582
Там же, 197.
1583
Там же.
1584
Там же, 373–5; Jelavich, What the Habsburg Government Knew, 134–5.
1585
Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo, 294–301, 309; Jelavich, What the Habsburg Government Knew, 136.
1586
Leslie, «The Antecedents», 368; Funder, Vom Gestern ins Heute, 483; Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo, 405–7, 409–10.
1587
Kronenbitter, Krieg im Frieden, 459; Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo, 312; Funder, Vom Gestern ins Heute, 484.
1588
Dedijer, The Road to Sarajevo, 11–16, 316.
1589
Margutti, The Emperor Francis Joseph, 138– 9.
1590
Smith, One Morning in Sarajevo, 214; Hopman, Das ereignisreiche Leben, 381; Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. II, 117–19; Hoetzsch, Die internationalen Beziehungen, 106–7.
1591
Stone, «Hungary and the July Crisis», 159–60.
1592
Kronenbitter, Krieg im Frieden, 460–62.
1593
Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 140; Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 558–9.
1594
Musulin, Das Haus am Ballplatz, 226.
1595
Leslie, «The Antecedents», 320.
1596
Wank, «Desperate Counsel», 295; Leslie, «Österreich-Ungarn», 664.
1597
Leslie, «Österreich-Ungarn», 665.
1598
Stone, «Hungary and the July Crisis», 161.
1599
Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. II, 150–55.
1600
Leslie, «The Antecedents», 375–80.
1601
Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 559.
1602
Bittner and Ubersberger, Österreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik, 248.
1603
Fellner, «Die «Mission Hoyos»», 122; Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. II, 129–30.
1604
Turner, «Role of the General Staffs», 308.
1605
Bittner and Ubersberger, Österreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik, 252; Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. II, 133–5.
1606
Fellner, «Die «Mission Hoyos»», 125–6, 137.
1607
См., например: Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. II, 137–48; Geiss, July 1914, 70–80; Kronenbitter, ««Nur los lassen»», 182.
1608
Sösemann, «Die Tagebücher Kurt Riezlers», 185.
1609
Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 168–9, 177.
1610
Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 153–5.
1611
Mommsen, «The Debate on German War Aims», 60n16.
1612
Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 168–9.
1613
Cecil, Wilhelm II, 172; Dülffer, «Kriegserwartung und Kriegsbild», 785; Joll and Martel, The Origins of the First World War, 274; Förster, «Im Reich des Absurden», 251–2; Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 177, 181.
1614
Förster, «Im Reich des Absurden», 233.
1615
Wolff, Tagebücher 1914–1919, 63–5.
1616
Bach, Deutsche Gesandtschaftsberichte, 63.
1617
Groener, Lebenserinnerungen, 140.
1618
Stevenson, Armaments, 363–4; Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 182.
1619
Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 135.
1620
Там же, 173.
1621
Herwig, «From Tirpitz Plan to Schlieffen Plan», 58; Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 159–60, 212–13.
1622
Lichnowsky and Delmer, Heading for the Abyss, 379–80n.
1623
Sösemann, «Die Tagebücher Kurt Riezlers», 183.
1624
Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 105.
1625
Herwig, «Imperial Germany», 80; Sösemann, «Die Tagebücher Kurt Riezlers», 183–4.
1626
Sösemann, «Die Tagebücher Kurt Riezlers», 184–5; Lichnowsky and Delmer, Heading for the Abyss, 392.
1627
Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 195n44; Lichnowsky and Delmer, Heading for the Abyss, 381; Sösemann, «Die Tagebücher Kurt Riezlers», 184.
1628
Fesser, Der Traum vom Platz, 181.
1629
Lichnowsky and Delmer, Heading for the Abyss, 381.
1630
Turner, «Role of the General Staffs», 312; Geiss, July 1914, 65.
1631
Fischer, War of Illusions, 478; Cecil, Wilhelm II, 193–6.
1632
Joll, 1914, 8.
1633
Kronenbitter, «Die Macht der Illusionen», 531; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 199–200.
1634
Bittner and Ubersberger, Österreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik, 248.
1635
Geiss, July 1914, 80–87; Sondhaus, Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf, 141; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 197–9.
1636
Stone, «Hungary and the July Crisis», 166–8; Vermes, Istv'an Tisza, 226; Leslie, «The Antecedents», 343.
1637
Geiss, July 1914, 114–15.
1638
Jelavich, What the Habsburg Government Knew, 133.
1639
Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 200–201; Geiss, July 1914, 90–92.
1640
Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 201.
1641
Jelavich, Russia's Balkan Entanglements, 256.
1642
BD, т. XI, 56, 44–5.
1643
Turner, «Role of the General Staffs», 312; Fischer, War of Illusions, 478–9; Geiss, July 1914, 89–90.
1644
Hoetzsch, Die internationalen Beziehungen, т. IV, 301–2; Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 161–2; Hertling and Lerchenfeld-Köfering, Briefwechsel Hertling-Lerchenfeld, 307.
1645
BD, т. XI, 27, 19–20; 45, 37; Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. II, 272– 5.
1646
Gieslingen, Zwei Jahrzehnte im Nahen Orient, 257–61; Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. II, 276–9.
1647
Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 201.
1648
Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 808n.
1649
Austro-Hungarian Gemeinsamer Ministerrat, Protokolle des Gemeinsamen Ministerrates, 150–54; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 203.
1650
Vermes, Istv'an Tisza, 232–3.
1651
Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. II, 265.
1652
Geiss, July 1914, 142, 149–50, 154.
1653
Macartney, The Habsburg Empire, 808n; Hantsch, Leopold Graf Berchtold, 602–3. Полный текст в книге Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. II, 286–9.
1654
Gieslingen, Zwei Jahrzehnte im Nahen Orient, 267–8; Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. II, 346; Bittner and Ubersberger, Österreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik, 659–63; Cornwall, «Serbia», 72–4.
1655
BD, т. XI, 92, 74; 107, 85; Stokes, «Serbian Documents from 1914», 71–4; Cornwall, «Serbia», 75–9, 82.
1656
Kronenbitter, «Die Macht der Illusionen», 536; Kronenbitter, ««Nur los lassen»», 159.
1657
Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. II, 373–5; Gieslingen, Zwei Jahrzehnte im Nahen Orient, 268–72.
1658
MacKenzie and MacKenzie, The Diary of Beatrice Webb, т. III, 203–5.
1659
Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 631–40.
1660
Mombauer, «A Reluctant Military Leader?», 422.
1661
Lieven, Nicholas II, 198.
1662
Бестужев, «Russian Foreign Policy February – June 1914», 100–101.
1663
Lieven, Russia and the Origins, 49.
1664
Rogger, «Russia in 1914», 98–9.
1665
Shukman, Rasputin, 58.
1666
Bridge, «The British Declaration of War», 403–4.
1667
Brock and Brock, H. H. Asquith, 93, 122–3.
1668
Rose, King George V, 157–8.
1669
Hazlehurst, Politicians at War, 31.
1670
Messimy, Mes Souvenirs, 126–7.
1671
Cronin, Paris on the Eve, 427–9.
1672
Afflerbach, «The Topos of Improbable War», 179.
1673
Doughty, «France», 149.
1674
Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 271–2, 278–83.
1675
Там же, 265–8.
1676
Goldberg, Life of Jean Jaurus, 460.
1677
Poincaré, Au Service de la France, 224–6, 230.
1678
Krumeich, Armaments and Politics, 217; Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 283.
1679
Figes, A People's Tragedy, 232; Игнатьев, 50 лет в строю, 423.
1680
Poincaré, Au Service de la France, 259, 269–70; Krumeich, Armaments and Politics, 291n153.
1681
Poincaré, Au Service de la France, 246–7.
1682
BD, т. IX, 101, 80–82.
1683
Там же, 253–5; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 203.
1684
Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 78.
1685
Hoetzsch, Die internationalen Beziehungen, т. IV, 128.
1686
Bridge, How the War Began, 27.
1687
Lieven, Nicholas II, 201; Lieven, Russia and the Origins, 108–9.
1688
Turner, «The Russian Mobilization», 74.
1689
Там же, 78.
1690
Hayne, French Foreign Office, 116–21; Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 227–8; Cairns, «International Politics», 285.
1691
BD, т. IX, 101, 80–2.
1692
Turner, «The Russian Mobilization», 81, 83.
1693
Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 89–91.
1694
Doughty, «France», 146–7.
1695
Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 202–4.
1696
Bittner and Ubersberger, Österreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik, 805.
1697
Bark, «Июльские дни 1914 г.», 32–4; Bridge, How the War Began, 30–32; Игнатьев, Внешняя политика России, 1907–1914, 213–14.
1698
BD, т. IX, 125, 93–4.
1699
Turner, «The Russian Mobilization», 76–7.
1700
Там же, 77, 80.
1701
Rosen, Forty Years of Diplomacy, 163.
1702
Stengers, «Belgium», 158.
1703
Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 335–42; Poincaré, Au Service de la France, 288; Krumeich, Armaments and Politics, 219– 20.
1704
Turner, «The Russian Mobilization», 82–3; Poincaré, Au Service de la France, 302; Doughty, «French Strategy in 1914», 443.
1705
Lichnowsky and Delmer, Heading for the Abyss, 375.
1706
Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 295.
1707
Там же, 301.
1708
Bridge, «The British Declaration of War», 407; Haldane, An Autobiography, 288–9; Cecil, Albert Ballin, 205–9.
1709
Bridge, «The British Declaration of War», 408; Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 135–6; BD, т. XI, 91, 73–4; 104, 83–4.
1710
Geiss, July 1914, 183–4.
1711
Bülow, Memoirs of Prince Von Bulow, т. III, 122–3.
1712
Lichnowsky and Delmer, Heading for the Abyss, 368–469.
1713
Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 301.
1714
Hobhouse, Inside Asquith's Cabinet, 176–7; Robbins, Sir Edward Grey, 289–90.
1715
BD, т. IX, 185, 128.
1716
BD, т. IX, 170, 120–1.
1717
BD, т. IX, 216, 148.
1718
Eubank, Paul Cambon, 171.
1719
Там же, 169.
1720
Trumpener, «War Premeditated?», 66–7; Bittner and Ubersberger, Österreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik, 739, 741.
1721
Cecil, Wilhelm II, 202–3.
1722
Bridge, Russia, 52.
1723
BD, т. IX, 135, 99; 147, 103; The Times, 27 июля 1914; Bark, «Июльские дни 1914 г.», 26; Bittner and Ubersberger, Österreich-Ungarns Aussenpolitik, 759; Verhey, Spirit of 1914, 28–31.
1724
BD, т. XI, 162, 116; 245, 160–61.
1725
Renzi, «Italy's Neutrality», 1419–20.
1726
Там же, 1421–2.
1727
Hobhouse, Inside Asquith's Cabinet, 177.
1728
Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 345.
1729
Afflerbach, «Wilhelm II as Supreme Warlord», 432.
1730
Игнатьев, Внешняя политика России, 1907–1914, 218–19.
1731
Geiss, July 1914, 283.
1732
Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 171.
1733
Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. II, 460–61.
1734
Vermes, Istv'an Tisza, 234.
1735
Rosen, Forty Years of Diplomacy, 163.
1736
Zweig, The World of Yesterday, 243–5.
1737
BD, т. XI, 270, 174; Poincaré, Au Service de la France, 368.
1738
Keiger, Raymond Poincaré, 171.
1739
Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 335–42; Turner, «The Russian Mobilization», 83.
1740
Schmidt, Frankreichs Aussenpolitik, 345–7; Herwig, The Marne, 17.
1741
Lieven, Nicholas II, 199–200.
1742
Geiss, July 1914, 260–61.
1743
Там же.
1744
Bridge, Russia, 50; Turner, «The Russian Mobilization», 86.
1745
Там же, 87–8.
1746
Там же, 78; Geiss, July 1914, 291.
1747
Cimbala, «Steering through Rapids», 387.
1748
Bridge, How the War Began, 65–6; Bark, «Июльские дни 1914 г.», 31–2; Kleǐnmikhel», Memories of a Shipwrecked World, 202–3.
1749
Cecil, Wilhelm II, 204–5.
1750
Geiss, July 1914, 284–5; Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia, 447; Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 168–9.
1751
Ekstein and Steiner, «The Sarajevo Crisis», 404; Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 347.
1752
Hankey, The Supreme Command, 154–6.
1753
Geiss, July 1914, 288–90.
1754
Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. II, 300–302; Geiss, July 1914, 296–7; Turner, «The Russian Mobilization», 86.
1755
Verhey, Spirit of 1914, 17–20.
1756
Там же, 53–6. 22. Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 151–2, 164, 168–9.
1757
Geiss, July 1914, 291–2, 308–9.
1758
Turner, «Role of General Staffs», 315.
1759
Там же.
1760
Austro-Hungarian Gemeinsamer Ministerrat, Protokolle des Gemeinsamen Ministerrates, 156–7.
1761
Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. II, 669–70.
1762
Geiss, July 1914, 323.
1763
Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 199–200; Hewitson, Germany and the Causes, 197; Turner, «Role of General Staffs», 314–15.
1764
Cecil, Wilhelm II, 204.
1765
BD, т. XI, 293, 185–6.
1766
BD, т. XI, 303, 193; Robbins, Sir Edward Grey, 293–4.
1767
Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 140–3; Hazlehurst, Politicians at War, 84–7.
1768
Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 349.
1769
BD, т. XI, 369, 228– 9.
1770
The Times, 29, 30 и 31 июля 1914.
1771
Bucholz, Moltke, Schlieffen, 280–81.
1772
Bach, Deutsche Gesandtschaftsberichte, 107.
1773
Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 205.
1774
Там же, 208.
1775
Там же, 206.
1776
Herwig, «Imperial Germany», 95; Fischer, War of Illusions, 502–4.
1777
Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 174; Verhey, Spirit of 1914, 59–60.
1778
Stone, «V. Moltke – Conrad», 216–17.
1779
Albertini, The Origins of the War, 670–71; Williamson, Austria-Hungary, 206–8.
1780
Stone, «V. Moltke – Conrad», 217.
1781
Afflerbach, «Wilhelm II as Supreme Warlord», 433n22.
1782
Verhey, Spirit of 1914, 46–50, 62–4, 68, 71; Stargardt, The German Idea of Militarism, 145–9.
1783
Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 216–20.
1784
Groener, Lebenserinnerungen, 141–2, 145–6.
1785
Mombauer, Helmuth von Moltke, 219–24.
1786
Там же, 223–4.
1787
Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 174–5.
1788
The Times, 1 августа 1914.
1789
BD, т. XI, 510, 283–5.
1790
Robbins, Sir Edward Grey, 295; Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 136–7; Brock and Brock, H. H. Asquith, 38.
1791
DDF, 3-й выпуск, 532, 424–5; BD, т. IX, 447, 260.
1792
Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 304.
1793
Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 353n34; Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 304–5; Hazlehurst, Politicians at War, 88.
1794
Бодлианская библиотека Оксфордского университета, Papers of Sir Eyre Alexander Barby Wichart Crowe, MS Eng. E. 3020, 1–2.
1795
Bridge, Russia, 76–9.
1796
Воейков, С царем и без царя, 110.
1797
Lieven, Nicholas II, 203.
1798
Goldberg, Life of Jean Jaurus, 463–4.
1799
Там же, 465–7; Joll, The Second International, 162–6.
1800
Goldberg, Life of Jean Jaurus, 469–72.
1801
Poincaré, Au Service de la France, 432–3.
1802
Keiger, Raymond Poincaré, 174–7; Albertini, The Origins of the War, vol. III, 88–91.
1803
Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. III, 85, 89; Krumeich, Armaments and Politics, 227.
1804
Albertini, The Origins of the War, т. III, 106–7; Keiger, Raymond Poincaré, 180–82.
1805
Keiger, Raymond Poincaré, 189.
1806
Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 147n82; Lichnowsky and Delmer, Heading for the Abyss, 422.
1807
Adam, Bonar Law, 170.
1808
Hazlehurst, Politicians at War, 96–7; Brock and Brock, H. H. Asquith, 145; Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 136ff.
1809
Hankey, The Supreme Command, 161–2; Hazlehurst, Politicians at War, 97–100.
1810
Geiss, July 1914, 231.
1811
Stengers, «Belgium», 152–5.
1812
Там же, 161–3.
1813
BD, т. XI, 670, 349–50; Tuchman, The Guns of August, 107–8; The Times, 4 августа 1914.
1814
Brock and Brock, H. H. Asquith, 150.
1815
Grey, Twenty-Five Years, т. II, 12–13.
1816
Robbins, Sir Edward Grey, 296.
1817
Grey, Twenty-Five Years, т. II, 20; Nicolson, Portrait of a Diplomatist, 305–6.
1818
Grey, Twenty-Five Years, т. II, 321–2; Wilson, The Policy of the Entente, 145–6; Великобритания, парламентские дебаты, палата общин, 5-й выпуск, т. LXV, 1914, cols 1809–34; The Times, 4 августа 1914.
1819
Hazlehurst, Politicians at War, 32; Grigg, Lloyd George, 154.
1820
BD, т. IX, 147, 240–41; Schoen, Memoirs of an Ambassador, 200–201, 204.
1821
Krumeich, Armaments and Politics, 229.
1822
The Times, 5 августа 1914.
1823
Joll, The Second International, 171–6.
1824
Hollweg, Reflections on the World War, 158n; Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 176–7; BD, т. XI, 671, 350–54.
1825
Jarausch, The Enigmatic Chancellor, 181.
1826
Cecil, Wilhelm II, 208–9.
1827
Williamson, Politics of Grand Strategy, 361.
1828
Gregory, Walter Hines Page, 51–2.
1829
Там же, 151.
1830
Joll, 1914, 15.
1831
Lubbock, Letters of Henry James, 389.
1832
Morison, Letters of Theodore Roosevelt, 790.
1833
Bosworth, Italy and the Approach, 78.
1834
Brock and Brock, H. H. Asquith, 130n2.
1835
Bond, The Victorian Army and the Staff College, 294–5, 303.
1836
Strachan, The First World War, т. I, 239–42.
1837
Там же, 278–9.
1838
Kessler, Journey to the Abyss, 857–8.
1839
Smith, One Morning in Sarajevo, 264–8.
1840
Fuller, The Foe Within, гл. 8, везде.
1841
Craig, Germany, 1866–1945, 368.
1842
Cecil, Wilhelm II, 210–12.
1843
Там же, 296.
1844
Joll, 1914, 6.
1845
Хорошее описание последних лет жизни Вильгельма см. у Cecil, Wilhelm II, гл. 14–16.
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Все материалы взяты из открытых источников и представлены исключительно в ознакомительных целях.
Все права на книгу Война, которая покончила с миром. Кто и почему развязал Первую мировую
принадлежат автору Маргарет Макмиллан и издательствам.