|
1
«Счастливой Пасхи» (англ.). Кампания НАТО под названием «Союзная сила» против Югославии длилась с 24 марта по 10 июня 1999 года. – Здесь и далее примеч. авт.
2
Термин впервые использовал испанский генерал Эмилио Мола, который во время гражданской войны в Испании заявил по радио, что кроме четырех колонн войск Франко, идущих на республиканский Мадрид, в самом городе находится агентура, которая при условном сигнале начнет активные действия в тылу. В широком смысле «пятая колонна» означает всевозможных провокаторов, диверсантов, вредителей и предателей.
3
Scobell Andrew. Soldiers, Statesmen, Strategic Culture and China's 1950 Interventionin Korea // Journal of Contemporary China. Vol. 8. No. 2. Spring 1999. P. 479.
4
George A. Presidential Decisionmaking in Foreign Policy: The Effective Use of Information and Advice. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1980. P. 218.
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Krasner, Stephan. Defending the National Interest. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1978. P. 15.
6
Huntington, Samuel P. The Erosion of American National Interests // The Domestic Sources of American Foreign Policy: Insights and Evidence, ed. Eugene R. Wittkopf and James M. McCormick. New York: Rowman & Littlefield, 1999. P. 12.
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Sumner W. Folkways. New York: Dover, Inc., 1959.
8
Sumner W. G. War // WSPSA, 1964.
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Domhoff, William. The Power Elite and the State: How Policy Is Made in America. New York: Aldine DeGruyter, 1990.
10
Ibid. P. 137.
11
Ibid. Chap. 5.
12
Christina Jacqueline Johns and P. Ward Johnson. State Crime, The Media, and The Invasion of Panama, Westport: Praeger, 1994. P. 7.
13
Kanter, Arnold. Intervention Decisionmaking in the Bush Administration, in U. S. and Russian Policymaking with Respect to the Use of Force, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 1996.
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Ellsworth, Robert; Goodpaster, Andrew and Hauser, Rita. Co-Chairs, America's National Interests: A Report from The Commission on America's National Interests, Graham T. Allison, Dimitri K. Simes, and James Thomson, Executive Directors. Boston, MA: Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard, 2000. P. 3.
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Paul, Christopher. Marines on the Beach. The Politics of U. S. Military Intervention Decision Making. Praeger Security International. Westport, Connecticut. London, 2008.
17
Krasner, Stephan. Defending the National Interest. P. 291.
18
Lowenthal, Abraham F. The Dominican Intervention, Cambridge, MA: Harvard, 1972, Chap. 3; Department of State outgoing Ccables 13901 and 16317, General Records of the State Department, College Park, MD: National Archives at College Park, 1965.
19
Goff, Fred and Locker, Michael. The Violence of Domination: U. S. Power and the Dominican Republic, in Latin American Radicalism: A Documentary Report on Left and Nationalist Movements, ed. Irving Louis Horowitz, Josue Castro, and John Gerassi, New York: Random Hose, 1969. P. 280.
20
Rusk, Dean. If there was a mistake in the crisis, it was the way in which we presented our actions to the American people and the world, quoted in As I Saw It, ed. Daniel Papp and Richard Rusk, New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1990. P. 373.
21
Kuypers, Jim A. Presidential Crisis Rhetoric and the Press in the Post-Cold War World, Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997. P. 3.
22
Walt, Stephen M. We're Going to War Because We Just Can't Stop Ourselves // Foreign Policy, August 27, 2013 // http://walt.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/08/27/obama_orwell_and_shooting_an_elephant
23
Walt, Stephen М. Is America Addicted to War? The top 5 reasons why we keep getting into foolish fights. April 4, 2011 // http://www.foreignpolicy.соm/articles/2011/04/04/is_america_addicted_to_war?page=full
24
Clark, James. This Infographic Tells You Everything You Need To Know About Authorizing War, March 20, 2015 // http://taskandpurpose.com/this-infographic-tells-you-everything-you– need-to-know-about-authorizing-war/
25
Collins, John. Grand Strategy: Principles and Practices, Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute, 1973. P. 235.
26
Лиддел Гарт Б. Стратегия непрямых действий. М.: Эксмо, 2008. С. 415.
27
Yarger, Н. Richard. The Strategic Appraisal: the Key to Effective Strategy // Bartholomees, J. Boone (ed.). Theory of War and Strategy. U. S. Army War College. July 2010. P. 53.
28
Ross, Andrew L. What is to be Done with U. S. Predominance? Grand Strategy Choices and Challenges // William B. Ruger. A Nation at War: Reconciling Ends and Means. Naval War College. Newport, Rhode Island, 2005. P. 35–37.
29
См.: http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/ffles/docs/2015_national_security_strategy_2.pdf
30
Martinage R. Toward a New Offset Strategy: Exploiting U. S. Long-Term Advantages to Restore U. S. Power Projection Capability, CSBA, 2014.
31
Jackson, Van. Superiority at any Price? Political Consequences of the First Offset Strategy // War on the Rocks, Oct. 2014 // http://warontherocks.com/2014/10/superiority-at-any-price-political-consequences-of-the-first-offset-strategy/#_
32
The Wales Declaration on the Transatlantic Bond, 5 Sep. 2014 // http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_112985.htm?mode=pressrelease
33
Joint press point following the 172nd NATO Chiefs of Defence meeting, 22 Jan. 2015 // http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/opinions_116738.htm
34
«'Romania is a strong Ally» says NATO Secretary General, 16 Jan. 2015 // http://nato.int/cps/en/natohq/news_116584.htm
35
Major, Claudia and Moiling, Christian. The Framework Nations Concept, SWP Comments 52, Berlin, December 2014.
36
Erwin, Sandra I. Base Closures in Europe a Preview of Future Debates Over U. S. Military Budget and Strategy // National Defense Magazine 1/10/2015 // http://www.nationaldefensemagazine.org/blog/Lists/Posts/Post.aspx?ID=1709
37
DoD Announces European Infrastructure Consolidation Actions and F-35 Basing in Europe. Release No: NR-004-15, January 08, 2015 // http://www.defense.gov/Releases/Release.aspx?ReleaseID=17097
38
См.: http://www.dw.de/deutschland-droht-us-truppenabzug/a-15652148
39
См.: http://thehill.com/policy/defense/229105-army-plans-to-shift-3000-troops-to-europe
40
Braw, Elisabeth. U.S. Reliability Depends on Europe's Contribution to NATO, WAJ, 19.01.15 // http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/blog/elisabeth-braw/us-reliability-depends-europes-contribution-nato
41
Key Strategic Issues List 2014–2015, Strategic Studies Institute, U. S. Army War College, October 31, 2014.
42
См.: http://www.armytimes.com/story/military/pentagon/2015/02/20/army-expands-atlantic-resolve/23693557/
43
См.: http://www.defensenews.com/story/defense/land/army/2015/03/03/atlantic-resolve-may-expand-army-official-says/24332169/
44
См.: http://www.cubadefensa.cu/?q=node/3048
45
См.: http://www.pravda.rs/2015/02/07/ovaj-covek-kontrolise-najvise-medija-u-srbiji/
46
Breedlove: West must fight Russia in information 'war' March 22, 2015 // http://www.militarytimes.com/story/military/pentagon/2015/03/22/nato-commander-west-must-fight-russia-in-information-war/25178383/
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Cordesman, Anthony Н. The Imploding U. S. Strategy in the Islamic State War? CSIS, October 23, 2014 // http://csis.org/ffles/publication/141024_Imploding_US_Strategy_in_Islamic_State_War.pdf
48
Robinson, Linda; Miller, Paul D.; John Gordon IV, Jeffrey Decker, Michael Schwille, Raphael S. Cohen, Improving Strategic Competence.Lessons from 13 Years of War, RAND, 2014.
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Bremmer I., Kupchan С. Top Risks 2015, January 5, 2015 // http://www.eurasiagroup.net/pages/top-risks-2015
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Pietrucha, Michael W. Airpower and Globalization Effects: Rethinking the Five Rings. Joint Force Quarterly, N. 73, 2014.
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Hinote, Clint. The Air Campaign Against ISIS: Understanding What Air Strikes Can Do – and What They Can't, September 30, 2014 // http://blogs.cfr.org/davidson/2014/09/30/the-air-campaign-against-isis-understanding-what-air-strikes-can-do-and-what-they-cant/
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Holmes, James R. What Air Power Can and Cannot Accomplish. The Diplomat, October 07, 2014 // http://thediplomat.com/2014/10/what-air-power-can-and-cannot-accomplis
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55
См.: http://acronymsandslang.com/definition/24656/BMC4ISR-meaning.html
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Bryant, David J. СЕСА model of the JSTAFF. Defence R&D Canada, Toronto, January 2008.
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Faint, Charles and Harris, Michael. F3EAD: Ops/Intel Fusion «Feeds» The SOF Targeting Process // Small Wars Journal, January 31, 2012 // http://smallwarsjournal.com/jrnl/art/f3ead-opsintel-fusion-%E2%80%9Cfeeds%E2%80%9D-the-sof-targeting-process
59
Ibid.
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Буренок В. М., Ивлев А. А., Корчак В. Ю. Развитие военных технологий XXI века: проблемы, планирование, реализация. Тверь: КУПОЛ, 2009.
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Batshcelet A. Effects-Based Operations: A New Operational Model? Carlisle. Army War College Paper. 2003. P. 2.
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The Joint Warfighting Center, USJFCOM, Pamphlet 7: Operational Implications of Effects-based Operations (EBO), 17 November 2004. P. 2, 4.
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Cebrowski A. Military Transformation Strategic Approach. Office of Force Transformation. Washington, DC. December 2003. P. 34.
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Tisserand III J. Network Centric Warfare Case Study. U. S. V Corps and Third Infantry Division during Operation Iraqi Freedom Combat Operations (Mar-Apr 2003). U. S. Army War College. Carlisle, 2006. P. 175.
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Mukunda, Gautam and Troy, William J. Caught in the Net: Lessons from the Financial Crisis for a Networked Future. Parameters, US. Army. War College Quarterly, Volume XXXIX, № 2, Summer 2009. P. 63–75.
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Jindal, Bobby; Talent, Jim. Rebuilding The American Defense Consensus. Alexandria, America Next, 2014. P. 8.
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См.: http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russia-could-soon-threaten-three-ukraines-at-once-us-general-warns/514476.html
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Tomes, Robert. Relearning Counterinsurgency Warfare // Parameters, US. Army. War College, Spring 2004.
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Galula, David. Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice, Westport, CT: Praeger Security International, 2006. P. 55.
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Милевский А. Асимметрия как стратегия, и стратегия как асимметрия // Геополитика, 02.12.2014 // http://geopolitica.ru/article/asimmetriya-kak-strategiya-i-strategiya-kak-asimmetriya#.VRbyQvysWuI
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Barnett R. Asymmetrical Warfare: Today's Challenge to U. S. Military Power, Washington, DC: Potomac Books, 2003. P. 15.
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U. S. Army, Army Campaign Plan. P. 3.
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Турс Н. Секретная война Америки в 134 странах // Геополитика, 16.01.2015 // http://geopolitica.ru/article/sekretnaya-voyna-ameriki-v-134-stranah#.VRb3AvysWuI
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Bucci, Stephen P. The Importance of Special Operations Forces Today and Going Forward // The Heritage Foundation // http://index.heritage.org/militarystrength/important-essays-analysis/importance-special-operations-forces-today-going-forward/
88
Ibid.
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Аркилла Дж. Создать сеть // Геополитика. 2014. № 25. С. 5–15 // http://geopolitica.rU/magazine/geopolitika-xxv-2014-terrorizm#.VSj2TtysWuI
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Cleveland, Lt. Gen. Charles Т. and Lt. Col. Stuart L. Farris. A global landpower network could be the ultimate anti-network // Army magazine, JULY 14, 2014 // http://armymagazine.org/2014/07/14/a-global-landpower-network-could-be-the-ultimate-anti-network/
91
Landpower переводится как «сухопутное могущество», а в контексте вооруженных сил означает необходимость превосходства на суше.
92
Bello, Walden. The U. S. Military Just Plunged Philippine Politics into Crisis // FPIF, March 17, 2015 // http://fpif.org/the-u-s-military-just-plunged-philippine-politics-into-crisis/.
93
См.: http://www.state.gOv/j/cso/index.htm
94
Эта фирма специализировалась на оказании общественных, коммерческих и финансовых услуг, часто связанных со спекуляциями. В 2008 году она входила в сотню фирм, занимающихся оборонными контрактами. Однако в 2009 году из-за экономического кризиса ее постигло банкротство и она была реструктурирована.
95
См.: http://www.paruskg.info/2011/02/01/39123
96
Binnendijk, Hans and Patrick M. Cronin (ed.). Civilian Surge.Key to Complex Operations. Washington. NDUPress, 2009.
97
Савин Л. В. От шерифа до террориста. Очерки о геополитике США. М.: Евразийское движение, 2012. С. 102.
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См.: http://www.securityinfonet.com/military/unconventional_warfare.htm
99
Madden, Dan & Hoffmann, Dick etc. Special Warfare.The Missing Middle in U. S. Coercive Options. RAND, 2014.
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Casebook on Insurgency and Revolutionary Warfare, Volume II: 1962–2009, United States Army Special Operations Command and The Johns Hopkins University / Applied Physics Laboratory National Security Analysis Department, 2012.
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Special Operations. Joint Publication 3-05, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 16 July 2014.
102
Counter-Unconventional Warfare. White Paper. US Army Special Operations Comman. 26 September 2014. P. 40.
103
Crawford, Jamie. Pentagon document lays out battle plan against zombies, May 16, 2014 // http://edition.cnn.com/2014/05/16/politics/pentagon-zombie– apocalypse/index.html
104
New Army Field Manual Trains Soldiers For Zombie Apocalypse, June 30, 2013 // http://www.duffelblog.com/2013/06/army-zombie-apocalypse/
105
Следует заметить, что оперативное реагирование США на данный кризис послужило примером для обоснования концепции сетецентричной войны, что отметил Артур Сибровски.
106
Gompert, David С. and Terrence К. Kelly. U. S., China and an unthinkable war. Both have planned for a conflict they hope to avoid. // Los Angeles Times August 26, 2013 // http://www.latimes.com/opinion/со mmentary/la-oe-gompert-kelly-war-china-u-s-20130826,0,6126914.story?track=rss
107
Ibid.
108
Air-Sea Battle. Service Collaboration to Address Anti-Access & Area Denial Challenges. Air-Sea Battle Office, May 2013.
109
Macgregor, Douglas & Young J. Kim. Air-Sea Battle: Something's missing // http://armedforcesjournal.com/2012/04/9772607
110
Reed, John. U. S. Deploying Jets Around Asia to Keep China Surrounded. Monday, July 29 // http://killerapps.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/07/29/us_deploying_jets_around_asia_to_keep_china_surrounded
111
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112
Leffler М. September 11 in Retrospect. Foreign Affairs. September/ October 2011 // http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68201/melvyn-p-leffler/september-11-in-retrospect
113
Bellinger III, John. Revisiting a Stale Counterterrorism Law. CFR, September 1, 2011 // http://www.cfr.org/counterterrorism/revisiting-stale-counterterrorism-law/p25742?cid=nlc-public-the_world_this_week-linkl5-20110902
114
Dalby, Simon. Ten years after: September 11th and its aftermath // The Geographical Journal, Volume 177, Issue 3, September 2011. R 198–202.
115
См.: http://www.state.gOv/s/ct/cl4151.htm
116
Ibid.
117
CIA Red Cell. A Red Cell Special Memorandum. 5 Feb. 2010.
118
Ibid.
119
Salami, Ismail. Racism and «Hate Crime» in the U. S.: The Ku Klux Klan Still «Kill At Will». Global Research, April 7, 2012 // https://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=30186
120
Chaliand, Gerard. Terrorism: From Popular Struggle to Media Spectacle, London: Saqi Books, 1987.
121
National Strategy for Combating Terrorism. February 2003 // https://www.cia.gov/fr/cia-the-war-on-terrorism/Counter_Terrorism_Strategy.pdf
122
Neumann, Peter R. & М. L. R. Smith. Strategic terrorism: The framework and its fallacies. Journal of Strategic Studies, 2005, 28: 4, 571–595.
123
Thornton, Т. P. «Terror as a Weapon of Political Agitation» in Harry Eckstein (ed.), Internal War: Problems and Approaches, New York: Free Press, 1964. Pp.71–99.
124
Knauss, Peter and D. A. Strickland, 'Political Disintegration and Latent Terror', in Michael Stohl (ed.), The Politics of Terrorism, New York: Marcel Dekker, 1979. P. 77.
125
Berry, N. О. 'Theories on the Efficacy of Terrorism, in Paul Wilkinson and A. M. Stewart (eds), Contemporary Research on Terrorism, Aberdeen: Aberdeen UP, 1987. Pp. 293–304.
126
Wilkinson, Paul. Terrorism and the Liberal State, London: Macmillan, 1986. P. 296.
127
Myhrvold, Nathan. Strategic Terrorism. A Call to Action // Researchpaper. No. 2, 2013.
128
Этциони А. От империи к сообществу: новый подход к международным отношениям. М.: Ладомир, 2004. С. 130.
129
Mueller, John. The Truth About al Qaeda // Foreign Affairs. August 2, 2011 // http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/68012/john-mueller/the-truth-about-al-qaeda
130
Ungerer, Carl. Beyond bin Laden. Future trends in terrorism. ASPI, Dec. 2011. P. 17.
131
Fogelman, Shai. 'Made in Israel', Haaretz, 24. Dec. 2011.
132
Shabtay, Shay. The War after the Next War: The Era of Protracted Conflicts, Maarachot, No. 440. Dec. 2011.
133
Inbar, Efraim & Eitan Shamir. Mowing the Grass: Israel's Strategy for Protracted Intractable Conflict. Journal of Strategic Studies. Oct. 2013.
134
Например, см.: http://www.idf.il/1613-15468-he/Dover.aspx и http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-4340652,00.html
135
Ben-Meir, Yehuda and Olena Bagno-Moldavsky, The Voice of the People: Israeli Public Opinion on National Security, 2012, Memorandum 126. Tel Aviv: INSS, March 2013.
136
Byman, Daniel. Curious Victory: Explaining Israel's Suppression of the Second Intifada, Terrorism and Political Violence 24/5, 2012.
137
Burton, Fred & Scott Stuart. The «Lone Wolf» Disconnect // http://www.stratfor.com
138
Gill P., Horgan J., Deckert P. Bombing Alone: Tracing the Motivations and Antecedent Behaviors of Lone-Actor Terrorists, Journal of Forensic Sciences, Volume 59, Issue 2, March 2014. Pp. 425–435.
139
Прозвище «Unabom» (от «University and airline bomber» – бомбист университетов и авиалиний) террорист-одиночка Теодор Качинский получил от ФБР, благодаря прессе стал известен как Unabomber. – Ред.
140
Harwood, Matthew. The lone-wolf terror trap, 5 February 2015 // http://www.middleeasteye.net/essays/lone-wolf-terror-trap-1586253692
141
Ortiz, Carlos. Regulating Private Military Contractors: Legal Frameworks, Political Hurdles // WPR, June 14, 2011 // http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/articles/9157/regulating-private-military-соntractors-legal-frameworks-political-hurdles?utm_source=Weekly+Headlines&utm_campaign=142dda61ef-free-to-weekly-031615&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_6e36cc98fd-142dda61ef-62694145
142
Храмчихин А. А. Почему востребованы универсальные солдаты // Независимая газета, 22.01.2010 // http://nvo.ng.ru/concepts/2010-01-22/l_universal.html?mthree=4
143
Михайленко A. H., Келехсаев В. И. Противодействие терроризму: международный опыт. М.: Фонд им. М. Ю. Лермонтова, 2008. С. 170.
144
Campbell D. Marketing the new 'Dogs of War'. // IWatch News. October 30, 2002 // http://www.iwatchnews.org/2002/10/30/5681/marketing-new-dogs-war
145
Валецкий О. Частные военные компании, их создание и развитие – опыт работы в Ираке, Афганистане, Африке и в других регионах мира // http://artofwar.rU/w/waleckij_o_w/chvk.shtml
146
http://www.icioregon.com/
147
Peterson, Laura. Privatizing combat, the new world order // IWatch News. October 28, 2002 // http://www.iwatchnews.org/2002/10/28/5678/privatizing-combat-new-world-order
148
Валецкий О. Частные военные компании, их создание и развитие – опыт работы в Ираке, Афганистане, Африке и в других регионах мира // http://artofwar.rU/w/waleckij_o_w/chvk.shtml
149
Необходимо отметить, что основатель и владелец этой компании Эрик Принс является представителем семьи, члены которой связаны с Республиканской партией и различными ультраправыми проектами, такими как Совет по национальной политике. Сам Принс финансировал кампании Республиканской партии, а его сестра Бэтси замужем за представителем семьи ДеВос – основным донором республиканцев. Подробнее см.: Pelton, Robert Young. Licensed to Kill, Hired Guns in the War on Terror. New York: Crown Books, 2006.
150
Chatterjее, Pratar. Halliburton's Army: How a Well-Connected Texas Oil Company Revolutionized the Way America Makes War, N. Y.: Nation Books, 2009.
151
Risen J. Efforts to Prosecute Blackwater Are Collapsing. // New York Times. October 20, 2010 // http://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/21/world/21contractors.html?_r=l&ref=americas
152
Ibid.
153
Ross, Sherwood. The Rise of Mercenary Armies: A Threat to Global Security Help White House Thwart Peace Movement. Global Research, August 31, 2009 // www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=14972
154
Scott, Peter Dale. The Real Grand Chessboard and the Profiteers of War. Global Research, August 11, 2009 // http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=14672
155
Scahill, Jeremy. Blackwater Officials Indicted for Weapons Violations // The Nation, April 19, 2010 // http://www.thenation.com/doc/20100503/scahill2
156
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Правильнее было бы назвать такие комплексы безэкипажными, но поскольку, как и в случае с летательными аппаратами, в английском языке используется слово unmanned (что переводится на русский язык как «беспилотный»), мы решили оставить данный термин и для других видов роботов.
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Имеется в виду кора головного мозга.
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