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1
John Locke, Treatise of Civil Government (New York: Appleton-Century-Croft, 1937), 82; Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1952), 309 and 311.
2
См. William Appleman Williams, The Great Evasion (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1964), где содержится анализ того, как американские интеллектуалы клеймили или замалчивали марксистские теоретические исследования.
3
Adam Smith, An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (New York: Modern Library, 1937, originally 1776), 33.
4
Покойный Виктор Перло часто писал по этому вопросу; см. его обзоры в Peoples Weekly World, April 26, 1997; May 31, 1997; and August 1, 1998.
5
Классическое определение природы капитализма см. Маркс К. «Капитал», том 1. Имеется много различных изданий. Для предварительного ознакомления см. Маркс К. «Заработная плата, цена и прибыль» (различные издания) и Маркс К. «Введение в критику политической экономии» (A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. New York: International, 1970).
6
Цит. no Pat Barile, «Where Production Benefits Workers», Daily World, September 20, 1984.
7
Internal Revenue Service, Statistics of Income Bulletin, 1999-2000; Chuck Collins and Felice Yeskel, Economic Apartheid in America (New York: New Press, 2000).
8
«Forbes 400 World Series», Nation, October 20, 1997.
9
Wall Street Journal quoted in Richard Grossman, «Corporations Must Not Supplant «We the People»,» Maine Telegram, February 4, 1996.
10
John Miller, «A Rising Tide Fails to Lift All Boats», Dollars and Sense, May/June 2000.
11
О подробностях того, как Бюро переписи населения недобросовестно изображает картину см. Michael Parenti, «Economy in Numbers: The Super Rich Are Out of Sight», Dollars and Sense, May/June 1998; также доступно на сайте <http:// www.michaelparenti.org>.
12
Paul Samuelson цит. по Sam Pizzigati, The Maximum Wage (New York: Apex, 1992); см. также Chuck Collins, Chris Hartman, and Holly Sklar, Divided Decade: Economic Disparity at the Century s Turn (Boston: United for a Fair Economy, 2000); Stephen Rose, Social Stratification in the United States 2000 (New York: New Press, 2000).
13
New York Times, January 13, 1999; Jake Lewis, «The Making of the Banking Behemoths», Multinational Monitor, June 1996; Associated Press report, September 14, 2000.
14
О «золотых парашютах» для топ-менеджеров, см. Victoria Colliver, «The Softest Landing», San Francisco Examiner, August 14, 1998; и «Pensions», Solidarity, United Auto Workers, May 1966.
15
San Francisco Chronicle, July 29, 2000; Union, Service Employees International Union, Spring 1996.
16
Sarah Anderson, John Cavanaugh, Chuck Collins, Ralph Estes, and Chris Hartman, A Decade of Executive Excess: Sixth Annual Executive Compensation Survey (Boston and Washington, D.C.: United for a Fair Economy and Institute for Policy Studies, 1999); Holly Sklar, «CEO Gravy Train Keeps on Rolling», Z Magazine, June 2000.
17
Washington Post, February 11, 1982.
18
Агропромышленный бизнес представляет собой гигантскую корпорацию, которая специализируется на крупномасштабном коммерческом сельскохозяйственном производстве, обычно с широким применением механизации всех процессов, выращиванием монокультур, использованием пестицидов, гербицидов и с опорой на привлечение правительственных субсидий.
19
«Stand with the Farmers», People's Weekly World, December 18, 1999; A. V. Krebs, The Corporate Reapers (Washington, D.C.: Essential, 1992).
20
Donald Gruber, «Unfair Prices — Why Family Farmers Go Broke «People's Weekly World, March 8, 1997; «Save the Family Farms and Communities», Peoples Weekly World, March 18, 2000; и Krebs, The Corporate Reapers.
21
Marc Lappe and Britt Bailey, Against the Grain: Biotechnology and the Corporate Takeover of Your Food (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 1998); and Krebs, The Corporate Reapers, 75-97 and passim.
22
New York Times, March 31, 1997.
23
Allan Sloan, «Corporate Killers», Newsweek, February 26, 1996; см. также Doug Hen-wood, Wall Street: How It Works and For Whom (New York and London: Verso, 1997).
24
Steven Greenhouse, «Low-Paid Jobs Lead Advance in Employment», New York Times, October 1, 2000; National Priorities Project and Jobs with Justice, Working Hard, Earning Less (Washington, D.C.: National Priorities Project and Jobs with Justice, 1998); и David Gordon, Fat and Mean: The Corporate Squeeze of Working Americans and the Myth of Managerial «Downsizing» (New York: Martin Kessler/Free Press, 1996).
25
San Francisco Chronicle, August 8, 1992.
26
Lewis H. Lap ham, «Notebook», Harper's, April 1991, 11.
27
Рейча цитирует газета New York Times, April 26, 1995.
28
Wall Street Journal, August 30, 1978.
29
Цит. по Hunger, U. S. А., отчет представлен Citizens Board of Inquiry into Hunger and Malnutrition in the United States (Boston: Beacon, 1968), 46.
30
Как сообщает Артур МакИван (Arthur MacEwan) в Dollars and Sense, May/June 1998.
31
Цит. по Paul Baran and Paul Sweezy, Monopoly Capital (New York: Monthly Review, 1966), 49.
32
Резюме доклада совета конференции в статье Jacob Schlesinger, «Despite Economic Boom, More Americans Are Likely to Fall Below the Poverty Line», Wall Street Journal, June 29, 2000; отчет Associated Press, September 27, 2000.
33
Edward Herman, «The U.S. Jobs Miracle», ZMagazine, July/August 1998; Louis Uchitelle, «Despite Drop, Rate of Layoffs Remains High», New York Times, August 23, 1996.
34
Cm. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, отчет Daily Labor Report за последние два года; также см. New York Times, March 3, May 5, and December 8, 1996.
35
Stanley Mihelick, Goodyear Rubber, цит. по New York Times, December 12, 1989.
36
Vicente Navarro, «The Middle Class - A Useful Myth», Nation, March 23, 1992.
37
The State of Working America (Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy Institute, 2000); Peter Meiksins, «Confronting the Time Bind: Work, Family and Capitalism», Monthly Review, February 1998.
38
«Counterspin», Pacifica Radio, November 24, 1997; и Bob Herberts column, New York Times, February 10, 1996.
39
Zuckerman в U. S. News and World Report, April 3, 1995.
40
The State of Working America; New York Times, October 4, 1999.
41
San Francisco Chronicle, April 27, 2000.
42
Don Terry, «A Union Vote Sows Bitterness in California Strawberry Fields», New York Times, July 31, 1998; Charles Clark, «A Surge in Sweatshops», San Francisco Examiner, September 1, 1996; и Doreen Carvajal, «For Immigrant Maids, Not a Job but Servitude», New York Times, February 25, 1996.
43
John Schwarz and Thomas Volgy, «Above the Poverty Line — But Poor», Nation, February 15, 1993, 191-92.
44
Schwarz and Volgy, «Above the Poverty Line — But Poor.»
45
См. ежегодный отчет ООН «О развитии человеческого потенциала» и недавний отчет UNICEF, 1999; и Т. М. Smeeding and L. Rainwater, «Young Child Poverty in a Comparative Perspective», неопубликованный доклад, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, 1996.
46
Michael Hudson (ed.), Merchants of Misery: How Corporate America Profits from Poverty (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 1996); и Oakland Tribune, August 8, 2000.
47
См. Ежегодный отчет Национальной лиги городов, The State of Black America, 2000; Материалы Министерства торговли приведены в газете Los Angeles Times, September 25, 1998.
48
Michael Fix, Raymond Struyk, and Marjorie Turner, Opportunities Denied, Opportunities Diminished (Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, 1991).
49
Oakland Tribune, August 9, 2000.
50
Washington Post, June 10, 2000; отчет в Wrrking Woman, January 1996.
51
Kathryn Porter and Wendell Primus, Recent Changes in the Impact of the Safety Net on Child Poverty (Washington, D.C.: Center on Budget and Priorities, 1999); и исследование, проведенное National Center for Children in Poverty (Columbia University), отчет о котором помещен в New York Times, August 11, 2000; Los Angeles Times, July 1, 1999 и «Shredding the Safety Net», Backgrounder, Institute for Food and Development Policy, Winter 1998.
52
New York Times, May 26, 2000.
53
Исследование Министерства сельского хозяйства США по всем штатам, приведенное в USA Today, October 15, 1999; бессодержательный отчет представлен Center on Hunger, Poverty, and Nutrition Policy, Tufts University, опубликован в San Francisco Bay Guardian, June 17, 1998,16; USA Today, October 15,1999.
54
William Raspberry, «Garbage Eaters», Washington Post, May 2, 1984; см. также Carolyne Zinko, «Going Hungry in Good Times», San Francisco Chronicle, March 11,1998.
55
Джептрификация — процесс возрождения центральных частей ряда городов Запада США. Джентрификация предполагает реконструкцию отдельных кварталов городов, интересных с исторической точки зрения или обладающих преимуществами с точки зрения экологии, с последующим поселением здесь состоятельных людей. (Примеч. пер.)
56
Единица жилья — квартира или дом для одной семьи. (Примеч. пер.)
57
Доклад Национальной коалиции евреев за грамотность, USA Today, November 29, 2000; Michael Janofsky, «Shortage of Housing for Poor Grows in U. S.», New York Times, April 28, 1998.
58
Для более подробных статистических данных по бездомным обратитесь в National Coalition for the Homeless and National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty.
59
Trudy Lieberman, «Hunger in America», Nation, March 30, 1998; National Institute on Aging, Older Americans 2000: Key Indicators of Well-Being (Washington, D.C.: National Institute on Aging, 2000).
60
Richard Shweder, «It's Called Poor Health for a Reason», New York Times, March 9, 1997; M. Harvey Brenner, Economy, Society and Health (Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy Institute, 1992); Mary Merva and Richard Fowles, Effect of Diminished Opportunities on Social Stress (Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy Institute, 1992).
61
«National Household Survey on Drug Abuse», Department of Health and Human Services, September 1996; см. годовые отчеты Institute of Mental Health, Center for Disease Control and Prevention и National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 1998-2000.
62
Kay Redfield Jamison, Night Falls Fast: Understanding Suicide (New York: Knopf, 1999); National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics Report (Washington D.C.: National Center for Health Statistics, 1999).
63
Congressional Caucus for Women's Issues, Violence Against Women (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1992).
64
См. отчет Министерства здравоохранения и социальных служб, упомянутый в издании USA Today, June 16, 2000.
65
Плутократия — господство богачей, политический строй, в котором государственная власть в стране принадлежит кучке самых богатых представителей господствующего класса. (Примеч. пер.)
66
В отношении правящего класса см. главу 11; см. также мою книгу Land of Idols: Political Mythology in America (New York: St. Martins, 1994), в частности, главу 7, «Monopoly Culture», где анализируется дискуссия о том, как корпорации берут на вооружение социальные и культурные институты.
67
San Francisco Examiner, November 20, 1994, и October 21, 1996.
68
Geoffry White with Flannery Hauck (eds.) Campus, Inc.: Corporate Power in the Ivory Tower (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus, 2000); Lawrence Soley, Leasing the Ivory Tower: The Corporate Takeover of Academia (Boston: South End, 1997) и Michael Yates, «Laboring in the Academic Factory», Monthly Review, January 2000.
69
Nader цит. по Home and Gardens, August 1991,144.
70
Обзор пятисот газет высших учебных заведений выявил широкое распространение цензуры: Washington Post, December 30, 1981; см. также Michael Parenti, Dirty Truths (San Francisco: City Lights, 1996), 235-52.
71
В отношении предвзятостей в учебниках и книгах см. исследования, приведенные Майклом Паренти в работе History as Mystery (San Francisco: City Lights, 1999), 11-21.
72
Linda Rocawich, «Education Infiltration: The Pentagon Targets High Schools», Progressive, March 1994.
73
William Form and Joan Rytina, «Ideological Beliefs on the Distribution of Power in the United States», American Sociological Review 34, February 1969,19-31 и Robert Coles, Privileged Ones: The Well-Off and the Rich in America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1977).
74
Сексизм — дискриминация по половому признаку, дискриминация женщин. (Примеч. пер.)
75
Jacqueline Jones, The Dispossessed: Americas Underclasses from the Civil War to the Present (New York: Basic, 1992) и Jonathan Kozol, Savage Inequalities (New York: Crown, 1991).
76
New York Times, August 22, 1996.
77
Frank Scott, editorial в Coastal Post (Marin County, California), February 1, 1996.
78
Цитата Робертсона (Robertson) в Nation, January 10—17, 2000, 49.
79
В отношении опасностей со стороны крайне правых см. Sara Diamond, Facing the Wrath (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 1996).
80
О связях Республиканской партии с гитлеровскими коллаборационистами см. Russ Be Han t, Old Nazis: The New Right and the Reagan Administration (Cambridge, Mass.: Political Research Associates, 1988).
81
Harris poll, Business Week, November 20, 1995; Anthony Lewis in New York Times, January 9, 1996; New York Times, October 26, 1995 и October 15, 1998.
82
Обзор опубликован в газете New York Times, December 14, 1997; Washington Post, November 3 and December 4, 1991; Z Magazine, November 1992; а также отчет Center for the Study of Policy Alternatives, December 1994.
83
Stephen Kohn, The History of American Draft Law Violations 1658-1985 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1986).
84
Jack Levin and Jack McDevitt, Hate Crimes: The Rising Tide of Bigotry and Bloodshed (New York: Plenum, 1993).
85
Sidney Aronson, Status and Kinship in the Higher Civil Service (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964), 35; and Daniel M. Friedenberg, Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Land: The Plunder of Early America (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus, 1992); Merrill Jensen, The New Nation (New York; Random House, 1950), 178.
86
Aronson, Status and Kinship, 49; A. E. McKinley, The Suffrage Franchise in the Thirteen English Colonies in America (Philadelphia; B. Franklin, 1969, originally 1905).
87
Процитировано по Herbert Aptheker, Early Years of the Republic (New York: International, 1976), 41.
88
Статьи Конфедерации — Договор об образовании конфедерации тринадцати английских колоний в Северной Америке (до принятия Конституции США). (Примеч. пер.)
89
В отношении классовых интересов авторов Конституции см. Charles Beard, An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States (New York: Macmillan, 1936, originally 1913). Даже Форрест МакДональд — консервативный критик взглядов Бирда — документально подтверждает происхождение из богатых семей пятидесяти трех из общего числа пятидесяти пяти делегатов; см. его We, the People: The Economic Origins of the Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), chapter 2.
90
Континентальный конгресс Соединенных Штатов — 1774 — 1781 гг. В 1776 г. принял Декларацию о независимости. (Примеч. пер.)
91
Articles of Confederation, in National Documents (New York; Unit, 1905), 59-71.
92
Например, см. большую часть статей в книге Robert Goldwin and William Schambra (eds.), How Democratic Is the Constitution (Washington, D.C.: American Enterprise Institute, 1980).
93
Merrill Jensen, The Articles of Confederation (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1948), 30.
94
Bernard Herman, The Stolen House (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1992).
95
Jensen, The Articles, of Confederation, 9-10; and Beard, An Economic Interpretation, 28.
96
Aptheker, Early Years of the Republic, 33-36. Историки вроде Роберта Брауна, которые критикуют взгляды Бирда, считают, что в Америке после революции было мало бедных. Они игнорируют присутствие большого числа должников, бедных домовладений, а также массу людей, находившихся в тюрьме за долги. Они также игнорируют такие исследования, как работу Clifford Lindsey Alderman, Colonists for Sale: The Story of Indentured Servants in America (New York: Macmillan, 1975).
97
Aptheker, Early Years of the Republic, 137, 144-145.
98
David Szatmary, Shays Rebellion: The Making of an Agrarian Insurrection (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1980).
99
Эти и другие нелестные комментарии делегатов в отношении простого народа и демократии см. Max Farrand (ed.), Records of the Federal Convention of 1787 (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1937, 1966), vols, 1-3, passim.
100
Beard, An Economic Interpretation, passim. Enormous profits accrued to holders of public securities.
101
Aptheker, Early Years of the Republic, 114.
102
Для получения полного представления о том огромном влиянии, которым располагал класс рабовладельцев см. Paul Finkelman, Slavery and the Founders (Armonk,N.Y. and London: M. Sharpe, 1996,)
103
Поправки могли также быть предложены через учредительный съезд, созванный Конгрессом по требованию двух третей членов законодательных собраний штатов и при ратификации их Конвентами в трех четвертях штатов. Этот метод еще предстоит испробовать. Дискуссии о конституционном наследстве Мэдисона см. Jennifer Nedelsky, Private Property and the Limits of American Constitutionalism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994).
104
О дальнейшей дискуссии в отношении избирательной кампании 2000 года и противоречий во Флориде см. главу 13.
105
Farrand, Records of the Federal Convention, vol. 2, 200 ff.
106
Staughton Lynd, Class Conflict, Slavery and the United States Constitution (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1967). О дискуссии по поводу классовых интересов, стоящих за американской революцией, см. Alfred Young (ed.), The American Revolution: Explorations in the History of American Radicalism (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1977); and Edward Countryman, A People in Revolution (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1982).
107
Примеры для тех, кто путает широкие классовые интересы авторов Конституции с национальными, см. David Smith, The Convention and the Constitution (New York: St. Martins, 1965); см. также несколько статей Goldwin and Schambra (eds.), How Democratic Is the Constitution
108
Farrand, Records of the Federal Convention, vol. 1, xii-xv.
109
Federalist № 10.
110
Jackson Turner Main, The Antifederalists (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1961). Для подсчета по штатам см. Michael Gillespie and Michael Lienesch (eds.), Ratifying the Constitution (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1989). Вероятно, не более 20% взрослых белых мужчин голосовало за делегатов Конвентов, созванных для ратификации.
111
Этот раздел о прогрессивных особенностях Конституции взят, в основном, из работы Aptheker, Early Years of the Republic, 71 ff. and passim.
112
Andrew Lipscomb (ed.), The Writings of Thomas Jefferson (New York: Putnam, 1897), vol. 15,112.
113
Edward Pessen, Riches, Class and Power before the Civil War (Lexington, Mass.: D. C. Heath, 1973), 278, 304 и Howard Zinn, A People's History of the United States (New York: Harper 8c Row, 1980), 125-29.
114
Edward Pessen, The Many FacetedJacksonian Era (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood, 1977), 7-31; Otto L. Bettmann, The Good Old Days - They Were Terrible (New York: Random House, 1974), 152-53.
115
Zinn, A People's History, 216; Richard Boyer and Herbert Morais, Labor's Untold Story (New York: United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers, 1971), 25 and passim; John Spargo, The Bitter Cry of the Children (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1968, originally 1906).
116
Цитата из Дэвида Монтгомери (David Montgomery) приводится в работе Boyer and Morais, Labor's Untold Story, 221. A comprehensive study is Philip Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States, vols. 1-6 (New York: International Publishers, 1947, 1955, 1964, 1965, 1980,1981).
117
Boyer and Morais, Labor's Untold Story, 216. См. Sidney Fine, Laissez-Faire and the General-Welfare State (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1964) для описания капиталистической, антимарксистской ортодоксии в США в конце XIX столетия и ее контроля над бизнесом, законодательством, экономикой, преподаванием в университетах и религией.
118
Этот и другие примеры насилия в корпоративном государстве см. Sidney Lens, Radicalism in America (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1969); Daniel Fusfeld, The Rise and Repression of Radical Labor in the United States 1877-1918 (Chicago: Charles H. Kerr, 1985); Foner, History of the Labor Movement; Boyer and Morais, Labor's Untold Story.
119
Matthew Josephson, The Robber Barons (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1934), 365.
120
William Preston Jr., Aliens and Dissenters (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1963), 24.
121
Richard Grossman and Frank T. Adams, Taking Care of Business: Citizenship and the Charter of Incorporation (Cambridge, Mass.: Charter Ink., 1993); and Why Do Corporations Have More Rights Than You? (Areata, Calif.: Democracy Unlimited, n.d.).
122
«Пусть покупатель будет осмотрителен» — принцип торговли. Он заключается в том, что покупатель несет ответственность за проверку качества приобретаемого товара. (Примеч. пер.)
123
Morton Horowitz, The Transformation of American Law 1780-1860 (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977).
124
Josephson, The Robber Barons, 395.
125
Josephson, The Robber Barons, 52.
126
James S. Allen, Reconstruction: The Battle for Democracy, 1865-1876 (New York: International, 1937); Eric Foner, Reconstruction (New York: Harper 8c Row, 1988).
127
Прогрессивизм — политическая и экономическая платформа Прогрессивной партии. (Примеч. пер.)
128
Gabriel Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1967), chapters 1 and 2.
129
Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism, 281.
130
Kolko, The Triumph of Conservatism, 283-84; see also Frank Harris Blighton, Woodrow Wilson and Co. (New York: Fox Printing House, 1916).
131
Boyer and Morais, Labor's Untold Story, 180—81.
132
Paul Koistinen, «The Industrial-Military Complex' in Historical Perspective», Journal of American History 56, March 1970, reprinted in Irwin linger (ed.), Beyond Liberalism (Waltham, Mass.: Xerox College Publishing, 1971), 228-29.
133
Boyer and Morais, Labor's Untold Story, 184 and passim.
134
John Higham, Strangers in the Land (Piscataway, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1988), 212 and passim.
135
Robert Murray, Red Scare (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1955), 95-98; Christopher May, In the Name of War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1989).
136
William Appleman Williams, «American Intervention in Russia: 1917—1920», in David Horowitz (ed.), Containment and Revolution (Boston: Beacon, 1967), 38.
137
Zinn, A People's History, 376; исследование Института Брукингса, процитированное в работе Boyer and Morais, Labor's Untold Story, 237.
138
Charles Eckert, «Shirley Temple and the House of Rockefeller», in Donald Lazare (ed.), American Media and Mass Culture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987), 174.
139
Rhonda Levine, Class Struggle and the New Deal (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1988), 70.
140
Boyer and Morais, Labor's Untold Story, 249.
141
Цит. по Zinn, A People's History, 378.
142
Irving Bernstein, Turbulent Years: A History of the American Worker 1933-1941 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1970) и Boyer and Morais, Labor's Untold Story, passim.
143
Barton Bernstein, «The New Deal», в кн.: Barton Bernstein (ed.), Toward a New Past (New York: Pantheon, 1963), 269; Levine, Class Struggle and the New Deal, chapters 1 and 4.
144
Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, Regulating the Poor (New York: Pantheon, 1971), 76; также Bernstein, «The New Deal», 269-70.
145
Piven and Cloward, Regulating the Poor, chapters 2 and 3; Paul Conkin, The New Deal (New York: Crowell, 1967).
146
Piven and Cloward, Regulating the Poor, 46.
147
Gabriel Kolko, Wealth and Power in America (New York: Praeger, 1962), 31 и Conkin, The New Deal, 67.
148
Michael Goldfield, «Worker Insurgency, Radical Organization, and New Deal Labor Legislation», American Political Science Review 83, December 1989, 1258; Art Preis, Labor's Giant Step (New York: Pioneer, 1964); Roger Keeran, The Communist Party and the Auto Workers' Union (New York: International Publishers, 1981).
149
Bernstein, «The New Deal», 278-79.
150
Richard Boyer and Herbert Morais, Labor's Untold Stary (New York: United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers, 1972), 331-32, 339.
151
Mark Zepezauer and Arthur Naiman, Take the Rich off Welfare (Tucson, Ariz.: Odonian, 1996); Donald Bartlett and James Steele, «Corporate Welfare», Time, November 9, 16, and 23,1998; Janice Shields, Corporate Welf are and Foreign Policy (Washington, D.C.: Inter-hemispheric Resource Center, 1999).
152
Zepezauer and Naiman, Take the Rich off Welfare, 75-77; «Department of Interior Looks the Other Way», Project on Government Oversight Reports, April 1995; and «The Airwaves: Al Gore's Amazing Gift», Nation, March 10, 1997.
153
Ralph Nader Cuttign Corporate Welfare (New-York, Seven Stories, 2000), John Canham-Clyne, «Cut Corporate Welfare», Public Citizen, July/August 1995, 1, 9-11; Jonathan Dushoff, «Gold Plated Giveaways», Multinational Monitor, January/February 1993, 16-20.
154
Zepezauer and Naiman, Take the Rich off Welfare, 56-68.
155
Frank Kofsky, Harry S Truman and the War Scare of 1948 (New York: St. Martins, 1994).
156
«$62 Billion Bank Bailout in Mexico Incites Outrage as Critics Say It Helps the Rich», New York Times, July 31, 1998.
157
Peter Brewton, The Mafia, CIA Of George Bush (New York: Shapolsky, 1992); Washington Post, September 2, 1988, and May 27, 1990.
158
«Crony Capitalism», Nation, October 19, 1998, 3.
159
Bartlett and Steele, «Corporate Welfare»; survey of thirty cities by the U.S. Conference of Mayors, reported in San Francisco Bay Guardian, October 6, 1999; Joanna Cagan and Neil deMause, Field of Schemes: How the Great Stadium Swindle Turns Public Money into Private Profit (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1998).
160
Zepezauer and Naiman, Take the Rich off Welfare, 115-16.
161
Washington Post, March 3, 1988.
162
Savannah Blaekwell, «You Lose», San Francisco Bay Guardian, August 13, 1997.
163
Michael Haddigan, «Rockefeller Foundation Will Weigh in During Tax Debate», Arkansas Times, December 13, 1996.
164
New York Times, April 18, 1997.
165
Ken Silverstein, «Trillion-Dollar Hideaway», Mother Jones, December 2000.
166
New York Times, December 1, 1996.
167
Michael Phillips, «Taking Shelter», Wall Street Journal, August 4, 1999.
168
Wall Street Journal, October 10, 2000.
169
New York Times, July 29, 1996.
170
Отчет Управления общей бухгалтерской отчетности (GAO), San Francisco Examiner, April 15, 1999; Paul Sweeny, «Profiting from Tax-Proof Companies», New York Times, April 5, 1998.
171
«IRS Shifts Audit Focus from Rich to Poor», Associated Press report, April 16, 2000; David Cay Johnston's reports in New York Times, April 13 and 18, 1997.
172
Статистическая информация Бюджетного управления Конгресса в газете New York Times, April 5, 1998.
173
«Money for Nothing», Nation, September 1, 1997, 5.
174
CTJNews, Citizens for Tax Justice, Washington, D.C., July 1999.
175
CTJ Update, Citizens for Tax Justice, November 1997.
176
Налогом с продаж по единому фиксированному тарифу облагается большой набор товаров и услуг. Акциз представляет собой налог на особые товары в размерах, определяемых специальными тарифами: налоги на автомобильный бензин и на сигареты являются акцизами.
177
Упоминается в Tax Notes, July 31,1995.
178
New York Times, September 1, 2000; and CTJ Update, April 2000.
179
«Кто платит? Анализ распределения налогов по 50 штатам». Citizens for Tax Justice, June 2000; <http://www.ctj.org>
180
Karl Marx, Capital vol. 1 (Harmondsworth, Middlesex, England: Penguin, 1976), 919.
181
Tom Gervasi, The Myth of Soviet Military Supremacy (New York: Harper 8c Row, 1986); Fred Kaplan, Dubious Specter: A Skeptical Look at the Soviet Nuclear Threat (Washington, D.C.: Institute for Policy Studies, 1980).
182
Defense Monitor (публикация Центра оборонной информации (Center for Defense Information, Washington, D.C.)), №. 5, 2000.
183
Defense Monitor, no. 2, 2000.
184
«Last of the Big Time Spenders», Defense Monitor, №. 8, 1999, 3; Martha Honey, «Guns «R» Us», In These Times, August 11, 1997 и David McGowan, Derailing Democracy (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 2000), 95.
185
Christopher Kitchens, «Political Defense System», Nation, February 1, 1999; Josef Joffe, «A Warning from Putin and Schroder», New York Times, June 20, 2000; «U.S. Missile Defense Project May Spur China Nuke Buildup», Oakland Tribune, August 10, 2000.
186
Цит. по Karl Grossman, «U.S. Violates World Law to Militarize Space», Earth Island Journal, Winter/Spring 1999.
187
Объединенное космическое командование Вооруженных сил США (U.S. Space Command), Vision for 2020,1998, цит. no McGowan, Derailing Democracy, 196 (emphasis added); см. также Bruce Gagnon, «Pyramids to the Heavens: The Coming Battle for Control and Exploitation of Space», Toward Freedom, September/October 1999; см. также George and Meredith Friedman, The Future of War: Power, Technology ? American World Dominance in the 21st Century (New York: St. Martin's, 1998).
188
Gar Smith and Clare Zichuhr, «Project HAARP: The Military's Plan to Alter the Ionosphere», Earth Island Journal, Fall 1994; and Nick Begich and Jeane Manning, «Vandalism in the Sky», Nexus, December 1995/January 1996.
189
Center for Defense Information Newsletter, May 2000; David Hackworth, «The Pentagons Missing $33 Billion», San Francisco Examiner, April 17, 1995.
190
«Pentagon or Bust», Nation, March 24, 1997; General Accounting Office, Financial Integrity Act Report (Washington, D.C: Government Printing Office, January 1990).
191
Edward Herman, «Privileged Dependency and Waste», Z Magazine, November 1997; «An Arms Race with Ourselves», Business Leaders for Sensible Priorities, New York, n.d. <http:/ /www.businessleaders.org>; Graham Usher, «Military Monopoly», Nation, January 13/ 20,1997, 6—7; San Francisco Examiner, November 23,1997.
192
General Accounting Office, Financial Management: Billion Dollar Decisions Made Using Inaccurate and Unreliable Air Force Data, February 1990; San Francisco Chronicle, February 26, 1997.
193
The Pentagon Follies (Washington, D.C: Council for a Livable World and Taxpayers for Common Sense, 1996); Washington Post, July 13, 1990.
194
See The Pentagon Follies; and New York Times, August 6, 1990, April 1, 1996, and October 8, 1999.
195
О недавних перерасходах сметной стоимости разработки лазера, используемого в исследованиях водородной бомбы см. New York Times, May 26, 2000.
196
Lora Lumpe, «Costly Giveaways», Bulletin of Atomic Scientists, October 1996.
197
«Why We Overfeed the Sacred Cow», Defense Monitor, no. 2, 1996.
198
San Francisco Examiner, November 19, 1998.
199
Robert Scheer, «Our Rained-Out Bomber», Nation, September 22, 1997.
200
Atomic Audit: 1940-1996 (Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution, n.d.); and The U.S. Nuclear Weapons Cost Study Project (Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution, 2000).
201
Jim Creaven, «On the Ground in Puerto Rico», Veterans for Peace, Spring 2000; and <http://www.viequeslibre.org>; and Karen Talbot, «Korea: The Anatomy of a War and Prospects for Reunification» <http://www.covertaction.org.>, October 2000.
202
Seth Shulman, The Threat at Home: Confronting the Toxic Legacy of the U.S. Military (Boston: Beacon, 1992); Jeffrey St. Clair, «30 Years After: The Legacy of America's Largest Nuclear Test», In These Times, August 8, 1999; Status Report on «Paths to Closure» (Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Energy, March 2000); New York Times, January 29, 2000.
203
Department of Defense, Worldwide U.S. Military Active Duty Military Personnel Casualties, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports booklet M07.
204
Tod Ensign, «Guinea Pigs & Disposable GIs», CovertAction Quarterly, Winter 1992—1993; Kathleen Sullivan, «Gulf War Map a Clue to Vet Ills?» San Francisco Examiner, January 24, 1999; Hank Roth, «Anthrax and Other Small Favors», North Coast Xpress, Spring 2000.
205
See «Feeding Dependency, Starving Democracy», report by Grassroots International, Somerville, Mass., 1997; and Richard Jolly et al., Human Development Report (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996).
206
Eric Verhoogen, «The U.S. in Haiti: How to Get Rich on 11 Cents an Hour», Crossroads, April/May 1996.
207
Terry Collingsworth, «Child Labor in the Global Economy», policy brief by the Inter-hemispheric Resource Center and the Institute for Policy Studies, Washington, D.C., 1997; Fingers to the Bone: United States Failure to Protect Child Farmworkers, отчет Children's Rights Division of Human Rights Watch, June 2000, <http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/crp /farmchild/ index.htmx
208
New York Times, March 16, 1996.
209
Например, см. William Hartung and Bridget Moix, «Deadly Legacy: U.S. Arms to Africa and the Congo War» <http://www.worldpolicy.org/ projects/arms/reports/congo.htm>.
210
Graham Hancock, Lords of Poverty: The Power, Prestige, and Corruption of the International Aid Business (New York: Atlantic Monthly, 1989).
211
«IMF/World Bank Watch», Asheville Global Report, February 24 - March 1, 2000; Susan George and Fabrizio Sabelli, Faith and Credit: The World Bank's Secular Empire (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994); William Greider, «Time to Rein in Global Finance», Nation, April 24, 2000 и «IMF to the Rescue (of Bankers)», Labor Party Press, May 1998.
212
В 2000 году ЦРУ впервые признало, что оно «имело связи» с теми, кто организовывал заговор с целью осуществления переворота в Чили, включая дезинформаторов и убийц: Associated Press, September 20, 2000. Но ЦРУ по-прежнему отрицает, что оно было причастно к нарушениям прав человека.
213
William Blum, Rogue State (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 2000), 125-67.
214
Reed Brody, Contra Terror in Nicaragua (Boston: South End, 1985); Holly Sklar, Washington's War on Nicaragua (Boston: South End, 1985); United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice, «Why Is the U.S. Prolonging War in Angola?» Washington Post, October 5, 1989; Augustus Richard Norton, «The Rename Menace: Hunger and Carnage in Mozambique», New Leader, November 16, 1987; Blum, «East Timor, 1975-99», Rogue State, 146-47.
215
О том, как искажались сообщения из Гренады и Панамы, см. Michael Parenti, Inventing Reality: The Politics of News Media, 2nd ed. (New York: St. Martin's, 1993), 148-51, 159-63.
216
London Times, March 3, 1991.
217
Ramsey Clark et al., Challenge to Genocide (New York and San Francisco: International Action Center, 2000).
218
Washington Post, June 23, 2000.
219
В отношении Турции см. Ertugrul Kurkeu, «Trapped in a Web of Covert Killers», Covert Action Quarterly, Summer 1997.
220
Michael Parenti, To Kill a Nation: The Attack on Yugoslavia (New York and London: Verso, 2000).
221
Parenti, To Kill a Nation.
222
John Hooper, «US Plans to Thwart War Crimes Court», Guardian Weekly (U.K.), July 26, 1998; «U.S. Seeking Immunity for Troops from New War Crimes Court», San Francisco Chronicle, June 12, 2000.
223
New York Times, August 5 и December 30,1996 и February 26,1999; Dana Priest, «Army Instructed Latins on Executions, Torture», Washington Post, September 21,1996; David Kirsh, «Death Squads in El Salvador: A Pattern of U.S. Complicity», Covert Action Quarterly, Summer 1990.
224
Chicago Tribune, March 4, 1997; Washington Times, March 4, 1997.
225
New York Times, March 11, 1999.
226
William Hoffman, «Vietnam: The Bloody Get-Rich-Quick Business of War», Gallery, November 1978; также см. Marvin Gettleman et al. (eds.), Vietnam and America (New York: Grove, 1985), который, несмотря на неряшливое исполнение, содержит необходимые данные.
227
Ben Kiernan (ed.), Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia, Yale University/Southeast Asia Students monograph series, no. 41, 1993; John Pilger, «Pol Pot: The Monster We Created», Guardian Weekly (U.K.), April 26,1998.
228
Nonviolent Activist (publication of War Resisters League), May/June 2000.
229
Javier Giraldo, S.J., Colombia: The GenocidalDemocracy (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 1996); «Colombia and the Drug War Fraud», Focus, Office of the Americas, July 1997; and Columbia Update, Colombia Human Rights Network, Fall 1997/Winter 1998; «Defoliation in Colombia», International Action Center <http://www.iacenter.org>; and New York Times, June 25, 2000.
230
Arvind Ganesan, «Corporation Crackdowns, Business Backs Brutality», Dollars and Sense, May/June 1999.
231
Edward Herman, The Real Terror Network (Boston: South End, 1985); Michael Parenti, Against Empire (San Francisco: City Lights, 1995); Blum, Rogue State, 92 ff.
232
Edward Herman, Demonstration Elections (Boston: South End, с 1984); Parenti, Against Empire, 125-29; New York Times, March 8, 1997.
233
Anuradha Mittal, «Hungry and Poor in a Rich Nation», San Francisco Chronicle, November 25, 1998 и «Shredding the Safety Net», Backgrounder, Institute for Food and Development Policy, Winter 1998.
234
Trudy Lieberman, «Hunger in America», Nation, March 30, 1998.
235
San Francisco Chronicle, October 20, 1999.
236
«Thousands of Kids Lose Disability Aid», San Francisco Chronicle, August 15, 1997.
237
Welfare Myths, отчет, представлен Center on Social Welfare Policy and Law, New York, May 1996; Myriam Marquez, «Debunking AFDC Mythology», San Francisco Examiner, March 7,1997.
238
New York Times, September 29, 1995.
239
Mark Dunlea, «The Poverty Profiteers Privatize Welfare», Covert Action Quarterly, Winter 1996-97; Adam Fifield, «Corporate Caseworkers», In These Times, June 1997; Christopher Cook's report in Christian Science Monitor, March 1997.
240
Lucia Hwang, «Training in Vain», San Francisco Bay Guardian, October 6, 1999.
241
«The Case for Killing Social Security», Time, May 20, 1995.
242
Doug Henwood, «The Myth of Social Security's Imminent Collapse», Extra! July/ August 1995; «If Politics Got Real», Nation, May 1, 2000.
243
«Ten Excellent Reasons to Strengthen Social Security and Oppose Privatization», Solidarity, July/August 2000.
244
Lawrence J. O'Brien, Bad Medicine: How the American Medical Establishment Is Ruining Our Healthcare System (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus, 1999).
245
To Err is Human: Building a Safer Health System (Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Medicine, 1999); David Himmelstein and Steffie Woolhandler, Bleeding the Patient Dry: The Consequences of Corporate Healthcare (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 2000).
246
New York Times, October 4, 1999.
247
Allen Myerson, «A Double Standard in Health Coverage», New York Times, March 17, 1996; «Hospital for the Rich», Solidarity, January/February 1997.
248
New York Times, June 29, 1999, and June 20, 2000; San Francisco Chronicle, July 30, 1998, and May 25, 2000.
249
Бенефициарий — получатель средств по страховому полису, в случае медицинского страхования — врачи и лечебные учреждения. (Примеч. пер.)
250
L.J. Davis, «Medscam», Mother Jones, March/April 1995; New York Times,]uy 17, August 8, and December 14, 1997; New York Times, November 4, 1999; исследование Управления генерального инспектора (Inspector General's Office) Министерства здравоохранения и социальных служб (Department of Health and Human Services), а также Управления общей бухгалтерской отчетности (General Accounting Office), reported in Los Angeles Times, July 28, 1997.
251
Eric Bates, «The Shame of Our Nursing Homes», Nation, March 29, 1999.
252
Phil Benjamin, «The Nations Health», People's Weekly World, February 26, 2000; «The Canadian Health Care System», Economic Notes, July /August 1991; Craig Whitney, «Medical Care in Germany», New York Times, January 23, 1993.
253
Michael Makover, Mismanaged Care: How Corporate Medicine Jeopardizes Your Health (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus, 1998); Charles Andrews, Profit Fever: The Drive to Corporatize Health Care and How to Stop It (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 1995); Ron Adler, «Why Your Doctor Isn't Happy to See You», San Francisco Chronicle, April, 7, 2000.
254
«HMOs to Drop 934,000 on Medicare», San Francisco Examiner, July 23, 2000; Laura McClure, «Just Healthcare», Labor Party Press, November 1998.
255
Lisa Davis, «Sutter's Giant Sucking Sound», San Francisco Weekly, January 21-27, 1998.
256
Ken Silverstein, «Millions for Viagra, Pennies for Diseases of the Poor», Nation, July 19, 1999; Don Sloan, «Profit and Loss in Medical Research», Peoples Weekly World, November 21,1998.
257
Baltimore Sun, October 19, 1996.
258
Joel Bleifuss, «Take a Powder», In These Times, March 3, 1997.
259
PDA Drug Review Disapproval Risk, General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C., May 1990; «Free-Market Medicine», Progressive, March 1992; New York Times, March 20, 1996, and April 15, 1998.
260
New York Times, February 21, 1994; Hilary Varner, «Milking the Public», Chicago Life Magazine, October 1995.
261
The Use of Drugs in Food Animals: Benefits and Risks, National Research Council, 1998; Margaret Mellon, «Prescription for Trouble», Nucleus, Winter 1998-99; «FACT Calls for End to Farm Drug Abuse», годовой отчет Food Animal Concerns Trust, Chicago, Winter 1999; Humane Society statement: New York Times, February 27, 1998.
262
См.: <http://www.osha.gov/oshstats/work.html>; а также <http://www.osha-slc.gov/OshDoc /toc_FatalFacts.html>; см. также Joseph Kinney et al, Ending Legalized Workplace Homicide (Chicago: National Safe Workplace Institute, 1988); and Race and the Risk of Fatal Injury at Work, исследование, проведенное Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, 1998.
263
Christopher Cook, «Losing Life and Limb on the Job», Progressive, February 2000.
264
Jonathan Kozol, Savage Inequalities (New York: Crown, 1991); Neil Christopher, «Property Taxes Fund Education Inequity», Peoples Weekly World, July 1, 2000.
265
New York Times, July 27, 2000.
266
«Cost of College Shutting Students Out», San Francisco Chronicle, November 18, 1998.
267
«Naked Cities», Nation, January 6, 1997.
268
Los Angeles Times, April 18, 1992.
269
Christopher Jencks, «Half-Right on Public Housing», New York Times, May 20, 1997.
270
Раздел 8 — Государственная программа аренды или приобретения жилья за ваучеры. Ее название происходит от раздела 8 закона США «О развитии жилищного строительства» (Section 8 of the U.S. Housing Act, 1937). Это крупнейшая федеральная программа помощи в приобретении жилья для людей с низкими доходами. (Примеч. пер.)
271
Michael Winerip, «Doors Shut to Poor Seeking Homes», New York Times, July 22, 1996; Study by Center on Budget and Policy Priorities, reported in New York Times, April 22, 1996.
272
U.S. House of Representatives task force report in Washington Post, December 26, 1987; Joel Blau, The Visible Poor, Homelessness in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
273
См. ежегодный отчет о положении бездомных Национального правового центра по бездомности и бедности (National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty, Washington, D.C.) и Becky Johnson and Robert Norse, «Mean Sweeps», Street Spirit (Bay Area, Calif.), June 1997.
274
Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took over America, and How We Can Take It Back (New York: Crown, 1997).
275
Washington Post, September 3, 1989; Kay, Asphalt Nation.
276
В отношении недавних примеров промышленного загрязнения см. New York Times, March 16,1997; Associated Press report, January 25,1999; DUuth News-Tribune, May 2,1999; Pratap Chatterjee, «Who Is Stealing Our Future», CovertAction Quarterly, Fall 1996; Lois Marie Gibbs and Citizens Clearing House for Hazardous Waste, Dying from Dioxin (Boston: South End, 1995).
277
«Brazil of the North», Briarpatch (Saskatchewan, Canada), July/August 1997.
278
«Cutting the Heart Out of the Ancient Redwoods», Greenpeace Quarterly, Spring 1997.
279
San Francisco Chronicle, October 26, 1998.
280
Michael Brower and Leon Warren, The Consumer's Guide to Effective Environmental Choices (New York: Three Rivers, 1999).
281
Theodore Colborn, Dianne Dumanoski, and John Peterson Meyers, Our Stolen Future (New York: Dutton, 1996); Ron Nixon, «Toxic Gumbo», Southern Exposure, Summer/ Fall 1998; New York Times, July 17, 1995; Ulla Lehtinen, «Nuclear Waste and Native Land», Oregon PeaceWorker, September 1998; San Francisco Examiner, March 23, 1998.
282
Согласно исследованию Natural Resources Defense Council, Environmental Working Group, and Environmental Information Center (Совета по охране национальных ресурсов, Рабочей группы по окружающей среде и Информационного центра по окружающей среде), May 9, 1996.
283
Nucleus, Union of Concerned Scientists, Spring 1998; Greenpeace Magazine, Fall 1997; Marian Hetherly, «Worth Noting», Humanist, March/April 2000.
284
Sandra Steingraber, Living Downstream: An Ecologist Looks at Cancer and the Environment (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1997).
285
В отношении пестицидов и связанных с ними проблемах здоровья см. Our Children at Risk (Washington, D.C.: Natural Resources Defense Council, 1997); reports by Consumers' Union: <http://www .consumersunion.org/ food/food.htm>; studies by Environmental Working Group, Washington D.C.: http://www.ewg.org/pesticides и Environmental Health Perspectives, March 1999 и журнал Bioscience, November 1992.
286
Robert Van Den Bosch, The Pesticide Conspiracy (Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday, 1978).
287
Цитата из выступления Дж. Буша приводится по Los Angeles Times, February 6, 1990; см. также Jed Greer and Kenny Bruno, Greenwash: The Reality behind Corporate Environmentalism (New York: Apex, 1997) и Endangered Education: How Corporate Polluters An Attacking Environmental Education (Oakland, Calif.: Center for Commercial Free Public Education, 1997).
288
Eban Goodstein, «Does Preserving Earth Threaten Jobs?» Dollars and Sense, May 1997.
289
Lester Brown, «Natural Limits», New York Times, July 24, 1993; Zero Population Growth newsletter, Washington, D.C., June 1993.
290
Ross Gelbspan, «Putting the Globe at Risk», Nation, November 30, 1998; Nucleus (publication of Union of Concerned Scientists), Summer 1997; David Corn, «White House vs. Greenhouse», Nation, October 13, 1997.
291
Los Angeles Times, January 9,1998; Greenpeace newsletter, July 2000; San Francisco Chronicle, March 11, 2000.
292
New York Times, November 3, 1997.
293
Ross Gelbspan, The Heat Is On: The Climate Crisis, the Cover-Up and the Prescription (Reading, Mass.: Perseus, 1998); Washington Post, June 12, 2000.
294
Robert Gould, «The Greenhouse Effect on Health», San Francisco Examiner, October 27, 1997.
295
Christian Parenti, «NASA's Assault on the Ozone Layer», Lies of Our Times, September 1993. For updates on the ozone, see <http://www.newscientist.com/dailynews/ news.jsp?id=ns999961 >.
296
Richard McKenzie et al., «Increased Summertime UV Radiation in New Zealand in Response to Ozone Loss», Science, September 10, 1999; Janet Wagner, «Double Exposure», Nucleus, Winter 1995-96.
297
В отношении этих нескольких примеров см. San Francisco Examiner, May 15, 1997; Los Angeles Times, August 3, 1996; and New York Times, October 10, 1997.
298
Chellis Glendinning, «Cell-Phone Towers' Effects Under Wraps», Santa Fe New Mexican, April 15, 2000.
299
Three-mile-island — островок на реке Саскуэханна близ города Харрисберга (штат Пенсильвания), на котором расположена атомная электростанция. В 1979 году произошла первая в истории ядерной энергетики крупная авария на АЭС. В результате аварии произошел выброс радиоактивных материалов в атмосферу, что повлекло за собой эвакуацию тысяч жителей близлежащих районов. (Примеч. пер.)
300
Karl Grossman, «Three Mile Island: They Say Nothing Happened», Extra!, July/
301
Greenpeace newsletter, April 1997; «Feds Say Nuke Sites Will Never Be «Clean»,» Oakland Tribune, August 8, 2000.
302
Carole Gallagher, American Ground Zero (Cambridge, Mass.: МГГ Press, 1993); Washington Post, September 6, 1989, and September 22, 1991.
303
San Francisco Examiner, September 19, 1999.
304
New York Times, September 2, 1998; Tyrone Savage, «The Pentagon Assaults the Environment», Nonviolent Activist, July/August 2000.
305
San Francisco Chronicle, July 7, 1997.
306
Los Angeles Times, July 7, 1992; Daniel Rosenberg, Super Polluters: The Top 25 Super-fund Polluters and Their Toxic Waste Sites (Washington, D.C.: Public Interest Research Groups, 1998); and The PIRG's Campaign against Toxics, Executive Summary, Public Interest Research Groups, August 1998.
307
Chatteijee, «Who Is Stealing Our Future.»
308
New York Times, January 30, 1997.
309
Marc Reisner, Cadillac Desert: The American West and Its DisappearingWater, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin, 1993).
310
Sheldon Rampton and John Stauber, «Shut Up and Eat: The Lessons of the Oprah Trial», Nation, February 16, 1998; Helen Cordes, «Watch Your Mouth», Utne Reader, January 2, 1996.
311
Frankenfood — ироничное название генетически модифицированных продуктов, которое можно перевести как «Еда Франкенштейна». (Примеч. пер.)
312
Marc Lappe and Britt Bailey, Against the Grain: Biotechnology and the Corporate Takeover of Your Food (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 1998); Kirkpatrick Sale, «Monsanto: Playing God», Nation, March 8, 1999; «Food Safety», San Francisco Bay Guardian, August 9, 2000.
313
Building Economic Alternatives (publication of Co-Op America), Winter 1990; Cool Energy, The Renewable Solution to Global Warming (publication of the Union of Concerned Scientists), Cambridge, Mass., 1990.
314
«Ground Zero for Zero Emission Vehicles», California Today (publication of Planning and Conservation League), June 2000.
315
Margaret Mellon, «Wholesome Harvest», Nucleus, Winter 1997-98; San Francisco Examiner, September 28, 1999; Organic Gardening May/June 2000.
316
W. S. Albrecht et al, Fraud: Bringing Light to the Dark Side of Business (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994).
317
New York Times, May 11, 1934; Charles Higham, Trading with the Enemy (New York: Dell, 1983); eyewitness report by E. F. Patterson, Ramparts, August 1974; New York Times, April 29, 2000; а также отчет Associated Press, March 14, 1998.
318
U.S. Department of Labor, Office of the Inspector General, Changes Are Needed in the ERISA Audit Process to Increase Protections for Employee Benefit Plan Participants, Report no. 09-90-001-12001, Washington, D.C., 1989.
319
Michel Chossudovsky, «The Business of Crime and the Crimes of Business», CovertAction Quarterly, Fall 1996.
320
Los Angeles Times, March 10, 1990; Ashville Global Report, October 21-27, 1999; San Francisco Chronicle, August 13, 1998; Internal Report of U.S. Department of Interior Audit, Project on Government Oversight, Washington, D.C., April 13, 1995.
321
New York Times, September 12, 1985 и November 9, 1986; Washington Post, October 23, 1988; America's Censored Newsletter, March 1993.
322
David Friedrichs, Trusted Criminals: White Collar Crime in Contemporary Society (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 1996); also Washington Post, June 1, 1988, and March 6, 1991; Utility Notes, Bulletin from the Office of the Peoples Counsel, Washington, D.C., December 30,1988; New YorkTimes, June 2,1992.
323
Robert Sherrill, «A Year in Corporate Crime», Nation, April 7, 1997; New York Times, August 22, 1995.
324
General Accounting Office, Financial Integrity Act Report (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, January 1990); San Francisco Examiner, February 25, 1993.
325
Russell Mokhiber and Robert Weissman, Corporate Predators (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 1999).
326
Los Angeles Times, March 13, 1996.
327
USA Today, November 10, 1997.
328
James Stewart, Den of Thieves (New York: Touchstone, 1992), 527; see also Benjamin J. Stein, A License to Steal: The Untold Story of Michael Milken and the Conspiracy to Bilk the Nation (New York: Simon 8c Schuster, 1992); New York Times, January 30, 1993.
329
Ralph Nader and Wesley Smith, No Contest: Corporate Lawyers and the Perversion of Justice in America (New York: Random House, 1996); Michael Waldman, Who Robbed America (New York: Random House, 1990).
330
Первая поправка к Конституции США гарантирует свободу слова и печати. (Примеч. пер.)
331
Судья Nicholas Cobella, цит. по Molly Ivins, «Corporations Wielding Cynical Lawsuits against Free Speech», San Jose Mercury News, January 23, 2000.
332
David Burnham, Above the Law (New York: Scribner, 1996); Nader and Smith, No Contest.
333
Griffin и Illinois (1956).
334
James C. Turner and Joyce A. McGee, «Freedom of Legal Information: Increasing Court Access for Americans of Limited Means», Management Information Exchange Journal, Summer 1999.
335
Los Angeles Times, June 16, 1990; People's Daily World, June 14, 1989, January 23, 1990, and October 7, 1995; and documentary film, Harlan County, USA, 1978.
336
Jeffrey Toobin, «Women in Black», New Yorker, October 30, 2000; New York Times, August 5, 1984; City Paper (Washington, D.C.), April 21, 1989.
337
Vincent Schiraldi, «Poor Prison Policy», San Francisco Bay Guardian, May 5, 1999; Adolph Reed, Jr., Without Justice for All (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1999); Darrell Gilliard and Alien Beck, Prison and Jail Inmates, Bureau of Justice Statistics report, Washington, D.C., 1998; New York Times, June 1, 2000.
338
«Crime Drop Not Linked to Arrest Rates», Prison Focus, Winter 2000; and New York Times, July 5 and August 28, 2000.
339
«The Impact of Three Strikes and You're Out' Laws», Prison Focus, Winter 1997; and San Francisco Chronicle, March 7, 1997.
340
Behind Bars: Substance Abuse and Americas Prison Population, National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse, Columbia University, 1998; and various issues of FAMM-gram, publication of Families Against Mandatory Minimums Foundation.
341
Eric Schlosser, «More Reefer Madness», Atlantic Monthly, April 1997; «Congressional Family Drug Offenders Escape Mandatory Sentences, Get Favorable Treatment», North Coast Xpress, Spring 2000.
342
San Francisco Examiner, May 24, 1993.
343
Richard Moran, «FBI Scare Tactics», New York Times, May 7, 1996.
344
Согласно данным New York Criminal Justice Alliance. См. Julia Lutsky, «Torture in America's Prisons», Peoples Weekly World, September 13, 1997.
345
Tom Cahill, «Prisoner Rape: Institutionalized Torture in the U.S.», Prison Focus, Winter 2000, and see <http://www.prisons.org>.
346
United States of America - Rights for All, отчет Amnesty International, October 1998; Corey Weinstein and Eric Cummins, «The Crime of Punishment at Pelican Bay Maximum Security Prison», Covert Action Quarterly, Summer 1993.
347
United States of America - Rights for All, Amnesty International, October 1998.
348
United States of America - Rights for All, Amnesty International, October 1998; Lutsky, «Torture in America's Prisons»; Prison Legal News, October 1999; San Francisco Chronicle, June 10, 2000; Jean Stewart, «Life, Death and Disability Behind Bars», New Mobility, June 1998.
349
Audrey Bomse, «Congress Closes Courthouse Doors to Prison Litigation», Legal Journal (National Lawyers Guild Prison Law Project), Winter/Spring 1997.
350
Эндемичный вид — вид, распространение которого ограничено только определенным регионом или ареалом. (Примеч. пер.)
351
Willie Wisely, «Why Prisons Cost So Much», North Coast Xpress, April/May 1995.
352
David McGowan, Derailing Democracy (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 2000), 136.
353
Los Angeles Times, July 29, 2000.
354
San Francisco Chronicle, December 1, 1997. Анализ других дел десяти неправомерно осужденных обвиняемых см. Barry Scheck, Peter Neufeld, Jim Dwyer, Actual Innocence (Garden City, N.Y: Doubleday, 1999).
355
New York Times, June 15 and July 4, 1996.
356
New York Times, September 22, 2000.
357
Caucasian — в США это выражение означает европеец, лицо белой расы (Maxxicum). Например, надпись: members of the Caucasian race only served here — здесь обслуживаются только белые. (Примеч. пер.)
358
Richard Dieter, The Death Penalty in Black and White, отчет Death Penalty Information Center, Philadelphia, June 1998.
359
Michael Radelet, Hugo Adam Bedau, and Constance Putnam, In Spite of Innocence: The Ordeal of 400 Americans Wrongly Convicted of Crimes Punishable by Death (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1992); а также Michael Radelet, William Lofquist, and Hugo Adam Bedau, «Death Penalty Symposium: Prisoners Released From Death Rows Since 1970 Because of Doubts about Their Guilt», Thomas M. Cooley Law Review 13, 1996.
360
«In Spite of Innocence», newsletter of Campaign to End the Death Penalty, Chicago, 1998.
361
New York Times, August 22, 1999 и June 12, 2000.
362
Shirley Dicks (ed.), Young Blood: Juvenile Justice and the Death Penalty (Amherst, N.Y: Prometheus, 1995); and United States of America - Rights for AU, Amnesty International, October 1998.
363
Lorraine Dusky, Still Unequal: The Shameful Truth about Women and Justice in America (New York: Crown, 1996); U.S. Surgeon General's report: San Francisco Chronicle, October 2,1998; New York Times, March 17,1998.
364
Nina Siegal and Martin Espinoza, «No Escape», San Francisco Ray Guardian, April 30, 1997; Jennifer Gonnerman, «Welfare's Domestic Violence», Nation, March 10, 1997.
365
Karen Winner, Divorced from Justice (New York: Regan, 1996); Dusky, Still Unequal, passim,
366
Jennifer Gonnerman, «The Anti-Abortion Stealth Campaign», On the Issues, Fall 1996; «Crusade of Terror», Nation, December 16, 1998.
367
New York Times editorial, December 7, 1984.
368
U.S. Department of Justice report cited in McGowan, Derailing Democracy, 117; Bobbie Stein, «Life in Prison: Sexual Abuse», Progressive, July 1996; Nina Siegal, «Death Behind Bars», San Francisco Bay Guardian, February 5, 1997.
369
Nancy Kurshan, «Women and Prison Today», North Coast Xpress, February/March 1997; редакционная колонка Arianna Huffington s, San Francisco Examiner, June 25, 2000.
370
U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, A Nation's Shame: Fatal Child Abuse and Neglect in the United States (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect, 1995); отчет Child Protective Services, San Francisco Chronicle, May 9, 1999.
371
New York Times, October 7, 2000.
372
Franklin Zimring, American Youth Violence (New York: Oxford University Press, 1998); New York Times, May 17, 1999.
373
McGowan, Derailing Democracy, 57.
374
A. Clay Thompson, «The Lost Boys», San Francisco Bay Guardian, January 27, 1999; Vincent Schiraldi in Christian Science Monitor, November 1997.
375
Alien Jones, «Crime and Too Much Punishment», San Francisco Examiner, June 28, 2000; Dwight Edgar Abbott, / Cried, You Didn't Listen (Los Angeles: Feral House, 1991), with Jack Carters concluding essay, «America's Incarcerated Children Today», 159-71; Louise Armstrong, And They Call It Help: The Psychiatric Policing of America's Children (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1993); Thomas Cottle, Children in Jail (Boston: Beacon, 1977); Kenneth Wooden, Weeping in the Playtime of Others (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1976).
376
Peter Breggin, Talking Back to Ritalin (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 2000); New York Times, February 23, 2000.
377
San Francisco Bay Guardian, July 10 and August 14, 1996; Street Spirit (San Francisco), July 1996 and August 1996.
378
New York Times, March 5, 1998, and May 22, 1999; San Francisco Examiner, December 10, 1997.
379
В отношении свидетельств о насильственном инцесте см. «Childhood Sexual Abuse», special issue of Central Park (New York), Spring 1993; also «Incest Statistics», Witness, April 1988; John Crewdson, By Silence Betrayed: Sexual Abuse of Children in America (Boston: Little, Brown, 1988); Jane Ashley, «When Incest Haunts Love», Washington Post, August 27, 1990.
380
New York Times, May 10, 1998; Elisabeth Flynn and Chong Choe, «Down by Law», San Francisco Bay Guardian, June 26, 1996.
381
New York Times, June 1, 2000 и August 31, 1996; Debbie Nathan, «Sodomy for the Masses», Nation, April 19, 1999; and the case of Sandy Nelson, newsletter, National Lawyers Guild, Seattle chapter, August 1995.
382
Gish и Board of Education ofParamus, N.J. (1976); Bowers и Hardwick (1986).
383
См. годовой отчет National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, Washington, D.C., а также National Coalition of Anti-Violence Programs; San Francisco Chronicle, October 13, 1998.
384
Washington Post, November 30, 1986.
385
Eileen Poe-Yamagata and Michael A. Jones, And Justice for Some (National Council on Crime and Delinquency, 2000).
386
Punishment and Prejudice: Racial Disparities in the War on Drugs, Human Rights Watch, 2000; отчет National Criminal Justice Commission цит. по McGowan, Derailing Democracy, 71; Washington Post, October 9,1996.
387
USA Today, March 24, 1998.
388
New York Times, December 12, 1995 и March 13, 1997; Los Angeles Times, January 25, 2000; San Francisco Bay Guardian, July 2 and July 9, 1997.
389
McGowan, Derailing Democracy, 47-48; а также Los Angeles Times, June 13 and July 26, 1999; New York Times, August 14, 1997 и May 5, 1999; see also Christian Parenti, Lock-down America: Police and Prisons in the Age of Crisis (New York and London: Verso, 1999); Bruce Shapiro, «When Justice Kills», Nation, June 9, 1997.
390
New York Press, June 15-22, 1999.
391
Bob Herbert, «A Brutal Epidemic», New York Times, April 27, 1997.
392
Belinda Griswold, «The Thin Blue Line», San Francisco Bay Guardian, October 15, 1997.
393
Цитируется по журналу Parade, August 22, 1976. Однако, даже при наилучшей обстановке в обществе всегда находятся безжалостные эгоисты, которые прибегают к насилию и незаконным средствам для достижения своих целей. Не все преступления обусловлены материальными лишениями и классовой несправедливостью.
394
David Burnham, A Law Unto Itself: The IRS and the Abuse of Power (New York: Vintage, 1989), 255-90.
395
Margaret Spillance, «Fo's Last Laugh — II», Nation, November 3, 1997.
396
Канадская королевская конная полиция — служба безопасности и контрразведки Канады. (Примеч. пер.)
397
Merrily Weisbord, The Strangest Dream: Canadian Communists, the Spy Trials, and the Cold War (Toronto: Lester and Orpen Denriys, 1983), 7.
398
Bias and Restrictionism Towards Central American Asylum Seekers in North America (Washington, D.C.: United States Committee for Refugees, 1988).
399
Lloyd Corporation и Tanner (1972).
400
Ellen Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes: McCarthyism in America (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1999); Stanley Kutler, The American Inquisition (New York: Hill 8c Wang, 1982); Richard Curry (ed.), Freedom at Risk: Secrecy, Censorship and Repression in the 1980s (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988).
401
New York Times, August 11, 1996.
402
Philip Colangelo, «The Secret FISA Court», CovertAction Quarterly, Summer 1995.
403
James Kirkpatrick Davis, Assault on the Left: The FBI and the Sixties Antiwar Movement (New York: Praeger, 1997). On the FBI's longstanding battle against integration, see James Dickerson, Dixie's Dirty Secret (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1998); and Kenneth O'Reilly, Racial Matters: The FBI's Secret File on Black America, 1960-1972 (New York: Free Press, 1989).
404
Quoted in Frank Donner, «The Theory and Practice of American Political Intelligence», New York Review of Books, April 22, 1971, 28; also Frank Donner, The Age of Surveillance (New York: Knopf, 1980).
405
Mike Rothmiller and Ivan Goldman, L.A. Secret Police (New York: Pocket, 1992); Frank Donner, Protectors of Privilege: Red Squads and Police Repression in Urban America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).
406
Nelson Blackstock, COINTELPRO (New York: Pathfinder, 1988); Ward Churchill and Jim Vander Wall, COINTELPRO Papers: Documents from the FBI's Secret Wars against Dissent in the United States (Boston: South End, 1990); M. Wesley Swearingen, FBI Secrets: An Agent's Expose (Boston: South End, 1995).
407
New York Times, November 24, 1974.
408
Swearingen, FBI Secrets, 105-6.
409
Brian Click, War at Home (Boston: South End, 1989).
410
Anthony Summers, Official and Confidential: The Secret Life of J. Edgar Hoover (New York: Putnam, 1993); Herbert Mitgang, Dangerous Dossiers (New York: Donald Fine, 1988); Hank Messick, John Edgar Hoover: A Critical Examination of the Director and of the Continuing Alliance between Crime, Business, and Politics (New York: David McKay, 1972); Athan Theoharis and John Stuart Cox, The Boss: J. Edgar Hoover and the Great American Inquisition (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1988); Michael Milan, The Squad: The Government's Secret Alliance with Organized Crime (New York: Shapolsky, 1989).
411
Heather Rhoads, «FBI Ups Psychological Warfare against Activists», Guardian, August 28, 1991; Ross Gelbspan, Break-ins, Death Threats, and the FBI (Boston: South End, 1991).
412
Robert J. Goldstein, Political Repression in Modern America, from 1870 to the Present (Boston: Schenkman/Hall, 1978); Schrecker, Many Are the Crimes; David Caute, The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge under Truman and Eisenhower (New York: Simon 8c Schuster, 1978).
413
Kenneth Heineman, Campus Wars: The Peace Movement at American State Universities in the Vietnam Era (New York: NYU Press, 1993); American Civil Liberties Report edited by Norman Dorsen, Our Endangered Rights (New York: Pantheon, 1984); also Michael Parenti, «Struggles in Academe: A Personal Account», in Parenti, Dirty Truths (San Francisco: City Lights, 1997).
414
William Blum, «A Day in the Life of a Free Country», unpublished ms., January 1998.
415
Theodore Decker and Vernon Murray (eds.), Government Lawlessness in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), 153-57.
416
Guardian, September 24,1975; Shuford Defense Committee Newsletter, January 1978.
417
Крэк — наркотик, дешевая смесь кокаина с примесями, пригодная для курения. (Примеч. пер.)
418
Guardian, August 3, 1988.
419
Реконструкция — период с 1867 по 1877 год. (Примеч. пер.)
420
John Wojcik, «The Incredible Frameup of Mayor Eddie Carthan», World Magazine, May 6, 1982.
421
Выпуск новостей, Национальное демократическое движение народа Ухуру (National People s Democratic Uhuru Movement), Chicago, 1997.
422
United States of America — Rights for All, Amnesty International, October 1998.
423
«Political Prisoners in the U.S.», Prison Focus, Fall 1997/ Winter 1998; Los Angeles Times, April 26, 2000; Churchill and Wall, Agents of Repression.
424
Philadelphia Inquirer, May 23, 1996; «The Case for a New Trial», Equal Justice USA, Quixote Center, n.d.; also <http://www.mumia.org>.
425
Newsletter, Leonard Peltier Defense Committee, February 1999; Nonviolent Activist, March/April 1996.
426
Неполный список, см.: Can't Jail the Spirit: Political Prisoners in the US. (Chicago: Editorial El Coqui, с 1990).
427
Guardian, May 30, 1990.
428
Sandra Baird and Louise Andrews, «Torture — American Style», Toward Freedom, March/ April 1998; Legal Services for Prisoners with Children newsletter, San Francisco, January 1999; Can't Jail the Spirit, 170-71; William Reuben and Carlos Norman, «The Women of Lexington Prison», Nation, June 27,1987.
429
Mary O'Melveny, «Lexington Prison High Security Unit», CovertAction Information Bulletin, Winter 1989; Baird and Andrews, «Torture — American Style.»
430
В отношении Всемирной торговой организации см. главу 11.
431
<http://www.cybernaute.com/earthconcert2000/PressCoverUP.htm>; and Barbara Jean Hope, «Massive Arrests from Peaceful COP Demos», People's Weekly World, August 12, 2000.
432
<http://www.indgmedia.org>, April 18, 2000; и <http://www.al6.org/al6_notebook.cfm>, April 25, 2000.
433
Jack Nelson and Jack Bass, The Orangeburg Massacre (New York: World, 1969); I. F. Stone, «Fabricated Evidence in the Kent State Killings», New York Review of Rooks, December 3, 1970; 11m Spofford, Lynch Street: The May 1970 Slayings at Jackson State College (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1988).
434
Churchill and Wall, Agents of Repression; Peter Mathiessen, In the Spirit of Crazy Horse (New York: Viking, 1983).
435
Их звали Жан-Клод Оливье, Фриц Дор и Донна Сент Плайт. Silenced by Death: Journalists Killed in the United States (1976-1993) (New York: Committee to Protect Journalists, 1993); New York Times, October 26, 1993.
436
Jeff Stein, «Inside Omega 7», Village Voice, March 10, 1980; Peter Katel, «A Rash of Media Murders», Newsweek, July 5, 1993; Cuba Update, Center for Cuban Studies, New York, October 1980.
437
Steve Grossman, «Vietnamese Death Squads in America?» Asia Insights, Asia Resource Center, Summer 1986; and Steve Grossman, «Vietnamese Death Squads: Is This the End?» Indochina Newsletter, Asia Resource Center, May/June 1988.
438
Grossman, «Vietnamese Death Squads in America.»
439
Daily World, June 10, 1983.
440
Ace Hayes «Col. Sabow Murder and Cover-up», Portland Free Press, July/October 1996.
441
San Francisco Examiner, January 11, 1976; Donner, The Age of Surveillance, 444-45.
442
New York Times, May 12, 1985; Michael Parenti and Carolyn Kazdin, «The Untold Story of the Greensboro Massacre», Monthly Review, November 1981.
443
Ken Lawrence, «Klansmen, Nazis, and Skinheads», CovertAction Information Bulletin, Winter 1989.
444
Los Angeles Times, November 29, 1997.
445
James Ridgeway, «Looney Tune Terrorists», Village Voice, July 23, 1985.
446
Guardian, February 4, 1981; New Age, July 1979.
447
Guardian, June 14, 1989.
448
Vince Bielski, Cindy Forster, and Dennis Bernstein, «The Death Squads Hit Home», Progressive, October 1987.
449
«COINTELPRO Tactics Target Environmentalists», newsletter of Redwood Summer Justice Project, n.d. <http://www.monitor.net/-bari>; «Who Bombed Judi Bari?» newsletter Redwood Summer Justice Project, April 1997, and October and November 1997 updates; Ward Churchill, «The FBI Targets Judi Bari», CovertAction Quarterly, Winter 1993-94.
450
National Radio Project, May 2000: <http://www.radioproject.org>
451
Russ Baker, «CIA Out of Control», Utne Reader, January/February 1992.
452
Final Report of the Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities, Senate Report 755, 94th Congress, 2nd Session, 1976; James Bamford, The Puzzle Palace: A Report on America's Most Secret Agency (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1982); Washington Post, October 9, 1990.
453
David Wise, «The Spies W7ho Lost $4 Billion», George, October 1998; New York Times, February 27, 1996.
454
David Banisar, «Big Brother Goes High-Tech», CovertAction Quarterly, Spring 1996; John Dillon, «Are the Feds Sniffing Your Re-mail?» CovertAction Quarterly, Summer 1996.
455
Angus Mackenzie, Secrets: The CIA's War at Home (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997); Stuart Loory, «The CIA's Use of the Press», Columbia Journalism Review, September/October 1974, 9-18; Robert Witanek, «Students, Scholars and Spies: The CIA on Campus», CovertAction Information Bulletin, Winter 1989; Sigmund Diamond, Compromised Campus: The Collaboration of Universities with the Intelligence Community (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
456
William Pepper, Orders to Kill (New York: Carroll 8c Graff, 1995), 9.
457
John Marks, The Search for the Manchurian Candidate (New York: Times Books, 1979); First Principles, September 1977.
458
New York Times, December 5, 1981.
459
Отчет, процитированный в публикации McGowan, Derailing Democracy, 80.
460
William Blum, Rogue State (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 2000); John Pike, «Uncloaked Daggers», CovertAction Quarterly, Winter 1994-95; Ralph McGehee, Deadly Deceits (Melbourne and New York: Ocean, 1999); «Training Abusive Militaries», editorial, New York Times, August 31, 1998; David Corn, «Tortured Logic from Langleys Spies (Again)», Nation, November 10, 1997; Lisa Haugaard, «Textbook Repression: US Training Manuals Declassified», CovertAction Quarterly, Summer 1997.
461
New York Times, March 7, 1997. The Times published these revelations injagan's obituary.
462
New York Times, June 29, 1996.
463
Baltimore Sun, June 11-18, 1995.
464
Scott Armstrong and Jeff Nason, «Company Man», Mother Jones, October 1988.
465
New York Times, December 3, 1995; June 22, 1996; and March 8, 1997.
466
<http://www.iacenter.org>, September 2000.
467
New York Times, April 13, 1995.
468
Baltimore Sun, January 27, 1997; Vista, Radio for Peace International, July 1977; «CIA Advocates Assassinations», Guatemala, Bulletin of the Guatemala Human Rights Commission/ USA, Spring-Summer 1997.
469
United States of America — Rights for All, Amnesty International, October 1998.
470
Washington Post, September 16,1977; William Schaap, «The 1981 Cuba Dengue Epidemic», CovertAction Information Bulletin, Summer 1982; Center for Disease Control, <http://www.cdc.gov/ ncidod/dvbid/dengue.htm>; «History of CIA Biological Warfare Against Cuba, 1962—1997», Granma International, November 23, 1997. William Blum summarizes much of this material in his Rogue State, 103-12.
471
Hal Gold, Unit 731 Testimony (Tokyo: Yen, 1996), 125-26, 173; and Sheldon Harris, Factories of Death (London and New York: Routledge, 1994).
472
Howard Blum, Wanted: The Search for Nazis in America (New York: Quadrangle, 1977); Christopher Simpson, Blowback: America's Recruitment of Nazis and Its Effects on the Cold War (New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1988).
473
Russ Bellant, Old Nazis, the New Right and the Reagan Administration (Cambridge, Mass.: Political Research Associates, 1988).
474
Сообщение Susan Lucas's в Peacework, March 1995.
475
House Intelligence Committee reported in Nation, May 20,1996.
476
Washington Post, January 4, 1978.
477
Alfred McCoy, The Politics of Heroin (Brooklyn, N.Y: Lawrence Hill, 1991), passim; William Blum, Killing Hope: US. Military and CIA Interventions since World War//(Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 1995), 351; Henrick Kruger, The Great Heroin Coup (Boston: South End, 1980).
478
Senate Committee on Foreign Relations, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics, and International Operations, report, Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1989); McCoy, The Politics of Heroin, 61-62; Leslie Cockburn, Out of Control (New York: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1987); Peter Dale Scott and Jonathan Marshall, Cocaine Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991).
479
Tim Weiner, «Anti-Drug Unit of CIA Sent Ton of Cocaine to U.S. in 1990», New York Times, November 20, 1993; David Corn, «CIA Clears Self of Drug Charge», Nation, May 9, 1998; and Walter Pincus4s report in Washington Post, November 4,1998; «CIA Didn't Just Say No», Nation, November 30, 1998; Jeffrey St. Clair et al., White-Out: The CIA, Drugs and the Press (London and New York: Verso, 1998).
480
Dennis Dayle, quoted in Scott and Marshall, Cocaine Politics, x-xi.
481
Dennis Bernstein and Leslie Kean, «People of the Opiate: Burma's Dictatorship of Drugs», Nation, December 16, 1996.
482
Pete Brewton, The Mafia, CIA & George Bush (New York: Shapolsky, 1992); Rebecca Sims, «The CIA and Financial Institutions», CovertAction Information Bulletin, Fall 1990; Jack Colhoun, «BCCI: The Bank of the CIA», CovertAction Quarterly, Spring 1993.
483
Здесь приведен небольшой фрагмент обширного исследования убийства Джона Фитцджеральда Кеннеди: Jim Marris, Crossfire (New York: Carroll 8c Graf, 1989); Sylvia Meagher, Accessories after the Fact (New York: Vintage, 1992); Jim Garrison, On the Trail of Assassins (New York: Sheridan Square, 1988); James Di Eugenio, Destiny Betrayed (New York: Sheridan Square, 1992); Michael Kurt, Crime of the Century (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1982); Mark Lane, Rush to Judgment (New York: Holt, Rinehart 8c Winston, 1966); Mark Lane, Plausible Denial (New York: Thunder's Mouth, 1991); James Fetzer (ed.), Murder in Dealey Plaza (Chicago: Catfeet, 2000).
484
Pratap Chatterjee, «$pying for Uncle $am», CovertAction Quarterly, Winter 1995-96; London Independent, July 2, 2000.
485
Jonathan Marshall, Peter Dale Scott, and Jane Hunter, The Iran-Contra Connection (Boston: South Elnd, 1988); Report of the Congressional Committee Investigating the Iran-Contra Affair (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1987).
486
Lawrence Walsh, Firewall: The Iran-Contra Conspiracy and Cover-Up (New York: Norton, 1997).
487
Marshall, Scott, and Hunter, The Iran-Contra Connection, 134—39 and passim; Baker, «CIA Out of Control», 81; Seymour Hersh, «The Iran-Contra Committees: Did They Protect Reagan?» New York Times Magazine, April 29, 1990.
488
Edward Pressen, The Social Background of the Presidents (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1984).
489
Лига плюща — привилегированные университеты северо-востока США. (Примеч. пер.)
490
Sidney Aronson, Status and Kinship in the Higher Civil Service (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1964); Philip Burch, Jr., Elites in American History, vols. 1—3 (New York: Holmes 8c Meier, 1980, 1981); G. William Domhoff, The Powers That Be (New York: Vintage, 1979); John Schmidhauser, The Supreme Court (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1960).
491
G. William Domhoff, «Politics among the Redwoods», Progressive, January 1981; John Roemer, «People Writer Kicked Out by Bohemians», San Francisco Weekly, August 7, 1991; Bohemian Grove Fact Sheet, Bohemian Grove Action Network, Occidental, Calif., 1992.
492
Федеральная резервная система выполняет функции Центрального банка и контроля над коммерческой банковской системой США. (Примеч. пер.)
493
Laurence Shoup and William Minter, Imperial Brain Trust: The Council on Foreign Relations and United States Foreign Policy (New York: Monthly Review, 1977); G. William Domhoff, Who Rules America Now? (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1983); and annual reports of the Council on Foreign Relations, Pratt House, New York.
494
Shoup and Minter, Imperial Brain Trust, passim.
495
Stephen Gill, American Hegemony and the Trilateral Commission (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991); Domhoff, Who Rules America Now?, 89, 134, and passim; Philip Burch Jr., «The American Establishment: Its Historical Development and Major Economic Components», Research in Political Economy, vol. 6 (Greenwich, Conn.: JAI, 1983), 83—156.
496
Ron Brownstein and Nina Easton, Reagan's Ruling Class (Washington, D.C.: Center for the Study of Responsive Law, 1982); Domhoff, Who Rules America Now?, 139-40.
497
Workers World, March 4, 1993.
498
New York Times, February 16, 1999.
499
Jean Stefancic and Richard Delgado, No Mercy: How Conservative Think Tanks and Foundations Changed America's Social Agenda (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996); Sally Covington, «How Conservative Philanthropies and Think Tanks Transform US Policy», CovertAction Quarterly, Winter 1998.
500
Chuck Fogel, «Spying on the Union», Solidarity, March 1988; Tim Wheeler and Ron Johnson, «Files Reveal Four Years of FBI Spying on Unions, Peace Groups», People's Daily, January 28, 1988.
501
Economic Notes, Labor Research Association, March 1997.
502
New York Times, October 24, 2000; Kate Bronfenbrenner, «We’ll Close!» Plant Closing Threats, Union Organizing and NAFTA», Multinational Monitor, March 1997; Michael Yates, Power on the Job: The Legal Rights of Working People (Boston: South End, 1995); David Bacon, «Labor Slaps the Smug New Face of Union-Busting», CovertAcHon Quarterly, Spring 1997.
503
Michael Goldfield, The Decline of Organized Labor in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989). For a well-documented and damning report on the anti-union state of U.S. labor law, see Human Rights Watch, Unfair Advantage: Workers' Freedom of Association Under International Human Rights Standards, <http://www.hrw.org/reports /2000/uslabor>.
504
Don Terry quoted in New York Times, July 31, 1998.
505
Economic Notes, January/February 1992, 3.
506
Bacon, «Labor Slaps the Smug New Face of Union-Busting.»
507
Union, Service Employees International Union, Spring 1996; UAW Report, Region 5, March/April 1998.
508
Dan Moldea, Dark Victory: Ronald Reagan, MCA, and the Mob (New York: Penguin, 1987), 66-70.
509
Michael Yates, Why Unions Matter (New York: Monthly Review, 1998); New York Times, April 22, 1993.
510
New York Times, August 31,1997; Economic Notes, May/June 1990, 4—5; Richard Freeman and James Medoff, What Do Unions Do? (New York: Basic, 1984); «OSHA Enforcement», Economic Notes, January/ February 1991.
511
Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 2, 1996; Detroit News, September 1, 1996.
512
Laurie Jo Hughes, «AIFLD: American Intervention against Free Labor Development», Nicaragua Monitor (Nicaragua Network Education Fund, Washington, D.C.), December 1991/ January 1992.
513
Quoted in New York Times, May 21, 1989.
514
See Lori Wallach and Michelle Sforza, The WTO (New York: Seven Stories, 2000); and John R. Mac Arthur, The Selling of «Free Trade»: NAFTA, Washington, and the Subversion of American Democracy (New York: Hill 8c Wang, 2000).
515
New York Times, April 30, 1996, and May 9, 1997; Washington Post, October 13, 1998.
516
Из отчета Программы развития Организации Объединенных Наций (ПРООН, United Nations Development Program) New York Times, July 13, 1999.
517
Порошок карри — смесь черного, белого, красного и душистого перца с кардамоном, имбирем, крахмалом, глюкозой и поваренной солью. (Примеч. пер.)
518
Quoted in People's Weekly World, December 7, 1996.
519
MacArthur, The Selling of «Free Trade»; John Ross, «Tortilla Wars», Progressive, June 1999; and Sarah Anderson and John Cavanagh, «Nafta's Unhappy Anniversary», New York Times, February 7, 1995.
520
For a concise but thorough treatment, see Steven Shrybman, A Citizen's Guide to the World Trade Organization (Ottawa and Toronto: Canadian Center for Policy Alternatives and James Lorimer, 1999).
521
San Francisco Chronicle, June 19, 1999.
522
Dean Alger, Megamedia: How Giant Corporations Dominate Mass Media, Distort Competition, and Endanger Democracy (Lanham, Md.: Rowman 8c Littlefield, 1998); Arthur Rowse, Drive-By Journalism (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 2000); Ben Bagdikian, The Media Monopoly, 5th ed. (Boston: Beacon, 1997).
523
Неполный список, см. Nation, March 17, 1997, 23-26.
524
«From the Top», Extra!, July/August 1998.
525
Alger, Megamedia, passim. Nation, March 17, 1997. Детальный отчет о захвате сети см. Dennis Mazzocco, Networks of Power (Boston: South End, 1994).
526
Daniel Zoll, «Radio Rat Poison», San Francisco Bay Guardian, September 20, 2000; Molly Ivins, «Surprise! Telecom Act Is a Disaster», San Francisco Chronicle, March 16, 1999.
527
Доклад Комиссии по свободе прессы цитируется в работе Robert Cirino, Don't Blame the People (New York: Vintage, 1972), 47; см. также Michael Parenti, Inventing Reality: The Politics of News Media, 2nd ed. (New York: St. Martins, 1993), 33-35, 47, 59.
528
Цитируется в публикации Eric Barnouw, The Sponsor (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978), 57.
529
Джонатан Куитни, телефонный разговор с Майклом Паренти, Март 1992.
530
Интервью для MediaFile, опубликовано в Media Alliance, January/February 2000.
531
Herb Kaye, ««Freedom of the Press» — for Publishers», People's Weekly World, August 22, 1998.
532
«Where s the Power: Newsroom or Boardroom?» Extra!, July /August 1998; Fear and Favor in the Newsroom, documentary film, California Newsreel, San Francisco, KQED-TV, November 12, 1998.
533
«Where's the Power: Newsroom or Boardroom?» Extra!, July /August 1998.
534
Burling Lowrey, «The Media's Honoraria», Washington Post, April 26, 1989; William Dorman, «Favors Received», Nation, October 11, 1980.
535
David Croteau, «Challenging the «Liberal Media» Claim», Extra!, July/August 1998.
536
Carl Jensen (ed.), America's CENSORED Newsletter, December 1992.
537
Todd Purdum in New York Times, January 13, 1999.
538
По словам Винсента Ширальди, директора Института полицейских судей, процитированным в публикации David Mc-Gowan, Derailing Democracy (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 2000), 60.
539
Обзор Morton Mintz в Nieman Reports, July 2000.
540
Robert Entman, «The Color Game: How Media Play the Race Card», Newswatch, Summer 1999.
541
«Who Gets to Speak?» Extra!, July/August 1998; Doug Ireland, «Unfit to Print», Nation, July 28-August 4,1997; Norman Solomon and JefF Cohen, Wizards of Media Oz: Behind the Mainstream News (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 1997).
542
«Field Guide to TVs Lukewarm Liberals», Extra!, July /August 1998.
543
William Solomon, «More Form Than Substance: Press Coverage of the WTO Protests in Seattle», Monthly Review, May 2000. On how the media misrepresented NAFTA, see Edward Herman, «Mexican Meltdown», Z Magazine, September 1995.
544
«Journalists at Work: Who's Watching the Watchdogs?» Alternative Press Review, Spring/ Summer 1998, and <http://www.pir.org>.
545
William Blum, Rogue State (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 2000), 10.
546
Parenti, Inventing Reality, passim; and Blum, Rogue State, passim.
547
Входит в состав Китая. (Примеч. ред.)
548
См. дискуссию и ссылки в главе 7.
549
Цитируется и подвергается критике в Blum, Rogue State, 10.
550
Sean Gervasi, «CIA Covert Propaganda Capability», CovertAction Information Bulletin, December 1979/Janaury 1980; Daniel Brandt, «Journalism and the CIA», Alternative Press Review, Spring/Summer 1998; Carl Bernstein, «The CIA and the Media», Rolling Stone, October 20, 1977.
551
Gary Webb, Dark Alliance: The CIA, the Contras, and the Crack Cocaine Explosion (New York: Seven Stories, 1998); а также Jeffrey St. Clair et al., The CIA, Drugs and the Press (New York and London: Verso, 1998).
552
«Tailwind: Rebuttal to the Abrams/Kohler Report», posted Jul)? 22, 1998, <http:// www.freedomforum.org/fpfp/specialprograms/tailwindl.asp>; also April Oliver and Peter Arnett, «Did the U.S. Drop Nerve Gas?» Time, June 15, 1998.
553
New York Times, July 1, 1998; исследование, проведенное Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, цит. по Leib Dodell, в Письме редактора New York Times, July 8,1998.
554
New York Times, November 27, 1988; italics added.
555
Michael Parent!, Mahe-Believe Media: The Politics of Entertainment (New York: St. Martins, 1992).
556
Parenti, Make-Believe Media, Chapter 7 and studies cited therein.
557
Parenti, Make-Believe Media, Chapter 5.
558
PBS and the American Worker, Committee for Cultural Studies, City University of New York, June 1990; and U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Energy and Commerce, Public Communications Act of 1991, Report 102-363, November 23,1991, 13 ff.
559
Federal Communications Commission, «Applicability of the Fairness Doctrine in the Handling of Controversial Issues of Public Importance», Federal Register 29, July 25, 1964, 10415 ff.
560
См. публикацию KPFA Folio, Sonoma County Peace and Justice Center, California; also <http://www.savepaciflca.net/strike/>.
561
Старая, центральная часть городов — часто перенаселенная, застроенная старыми домами. (Примеч. пер.)
562
Ben Clarke, «NAB Moves to Kill Low Power FM», San Francisco Bay Guardian, September 20, 2000; see also <http://www.freeradio.org>.
563
Robert McChesney, Telecommunications, Mass Media and Democracy: The Battle for the Control of U.S. Broadcasting 1928-1935 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993).
564
Vanishing Voter Project, Center on the Press, Politics, and Public Policy, Harvard University, December 1999: <http://www.vanishingvoter.org>; New York Times/CBS Poll, August 12,1995.
565
Alan Altshuler, Community Control (New York: Pegasus, 1970), 74-75.
566
GOP означает «Великая старая партия» — сокращенное название Республиканской партии. Некоторые считают, что его следует расшифровывать как «Сборище плутократов».
567
Guardian, Special Report, Fall 1981.
568
Voter News Service exit polls, New York Times, November 7, 1996.
569
Речь идет о других партиях, которые потенциально могли бы стать третьей политической партией в политической системе США. (Примеч. пер.)
570
Newsletter, Ballot Access News, October 1 and November 1, 1999.
571
Newsletter, Ballot Access News, January 1, 2000.
572
Newsletter, Ballot Access News, February 6, 1999.
573
Newsletter, Ballot Access News, June 1, 1999, and various other issues.,
574
Например, судебное дело «Либертарианская партия Западной Вирджинии против Мэнчин» (West Virginia Libertarian Party u Manchin, 1982) или «Бакли против Американского фонда конституционного законодательства» (Buckley v. American Constitutional Law Foundation, 1999).
575
Судебное дело «Манро против Социалистической рабочей партии» (Munrov. Socialist Workers Party, 1986).
576
Newsletter, Ballot Access News, November 1, 1999.
577
Newsletter, Center for Voting and Democracy, Washington, D.C., December 1996.
578
Newsletter, Center for Voting and Democracy, Washington, D.C., December 1999.
579
Например, редакционная статья New York Times, «Proportional Representation Flunks», April 24, 1993.
580
David Brodsky (ed.), «Proportional Representation Handbook for Progressives: Part II», Progressive Clearinghouse Bulletin, no. 6, 1998, 7; Robert Richie and Steven Hill, «The Case for Proportional Representation», Boston Review, February/March 1988, а также соответствующие комментарии; Douglas Amy, Real Choice/New Voices: The Case for Proportional Representation Elections in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993).
581
Kathleen Barber, Proportional Representation and Election Reform in Ohio (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1996); Martin Gottlieb, «The «Golden Age» of the City Council», New York Times, August 11, 1991; Leon Weaver and Judith Baum, «Proportional Representation on New York City Community School Boards», in Wilma Rule and Joseph Zimmerman (eds.), United States Electoral Systems (New York: Praeger, 1992).
582
Ballot Access News, December 8, 1998; Steven Hill, «Lessons on the Mechanics of Democracy», Los Angeles Times, February 15, 1996.
583
Названо таким образом по имени губернатора штата Массачусетс Элбриджа Джерри, который применил его в 1812 году, и слова salamander, обозначающего странную форму этого округа.
584
Судебные дела «Шоу против Рено» (Shaw v. Reno, 1993) и «Буш против Вера» (Bush и Vera, 1996).
585
Судебное дело «Хант против Кромарти» (Hunt v. Cromartie, 1999).
586
Barry Yeoman, «Virtual Disenfranchisement», Nation, September 7—14, 1998.
587
Высказывание Rob Richie цит. по William Raspberry's в колонке Washington Post, June 27, 1996.
588
New York Times, June 24, 1998 и August 27, 1999.
589
Center for Responsible Politics, NPR news, November 8, 2000.
590
Jennifer Steen, «Self-Financing Candidates Scare Off Competitors», Public Affairs Report, Institute of Government Studies, University of California, Berkeley, September 1999; а также New York Times, November 8, 2000.
591
Micah Sifry, «How Money in Politics Hurts You», Dollars and Sense, July/August 2000.
592
Nation, October 21, 1996; а также отчет Associated Press, September 27, 2000.
593
Laura McClure, «Corporations Are Buying the Election», Labor Party Press, May 2000.
594
Комитеты политических действий — официально регистрируемые общественные организации США, занимающиеся сбором средств в поддержку кандидатов партий и на выборные должности. (Примеч. пер.)
595
«Мягкие деньги» — средства на финансирование политических партий, на объемы которых нет таких ограничений, как на прямое финансирование кандидатов на выборах. Нередко «мягкие деньги», предназначенные на «партийное строительство», — просто форма финансирования в обход ограничений закона избирательной кампании кандидата на выборную должность. (Примеч. пер.)
596
Отчет Center for Responsive Politics, Washington, D.C., in Anderson Valley Advertiser, November 27,1996; также New York Times, April 19,1992.
597
Capital Eye, Center for Responsive Politics, Summer 2000, <http://www.opensecrets.org>; «Soft Money, Big Stakes», Newsweek, October 28,1996; Solidarity, September 1996, 13.
598
Cm. Sam Pizzigati, «Bored by Politics? A Primary Reason», Too Much, Winter 2000; Только 739 вкладчика обеспечили поступление $137 млн: Ellen Goodman, Boston Globe, August 7, 2000.
599
Associated Press, August 21, 2000; Oakland Tribune, August 8, 2000.
600
Christian Science Monitor, July 28, 1997.
601
Peter Passell, «Business Was a Big Winner, Too», New York Times, November 7, 1996; а также San Francisco Chronicle, May 19, 1998.
602
Georgia State Conference of NAACP Branches v. Massey; see Sharon Basco, «The Color of Money», Nation, February 1, 1999; Deidre Davidson, «As Maine Goes. . .» Progressive Populist, December 15, 1999; данные по штату Вермонт, см.: <http://www.progressiveparty.org>.
603
«Коренные американцы» — самоназвание американских индейцев. (Примеч. пер.)
604
Судебное дело «Смит против Олрайт» (Smith v. Allwright, 1944).
605
См. судебные дела «Харпер против Управления по делам выборов штата Вирджиния» (Harper и Virginia State Board of Elections, 1966) в отношении избирательного налога и «Данн против Блумстейн» (Dunn и Blumstein, 1972) в отношении ценза по месту жительства.
606
Протестпое голосование — подача голосов в ходе выборов за кандидата, не имеющего шансов на избрание, в знак протеста против другого кандидата. (Примеч. пер.)
607
Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, Why Americans Don't Vote (New York: Pantheon, 1988); Warren Mitofsky and Martin Plissner, «Low Voter Turnout? Don't Believe It», New York Times, November 10, 1988; Nation, April 9, 1988, 486.
608
Loretta Bass and Lynne Casper, Voting and Registration in the Election of November 1996, Census Bureau Report, Washington, D.C., 1998.
609
Report by the Sentencing Project, New York Times, October 23, 1998; and Human Rights Watch World Report 1999, United States.
610
Ronnie Dugger, «Annals of Democracy, Counting Votes», New Yorker, November 7, 1988; James Collier and Kenneth Collier, Votescam: The Stealing of America (New York: Victoria House, 1992).
611
Mark H. Levine, «Layman's Guide to the Supreme Court Decision in Bush v. Gore», неопубликованная рукопись, December 2000.
612
«The Facts on Florida», People's Weekly World, November 25, 2000; New York Times, November 30, 2000; Boston Globe, November 30, 2000; Jesse Jackson, «Election Train Wreck in Florida», Progressive Populist, January 1-15, 2001; Observer (UK), December 24, 2000; а также <http:// www.indymedia.org>, November 2000.
613
Замечание Эдварда Роллинса (Edward Rollins) цит. по Washington Post, November 9, 1993.
614
Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, «Northern Bourbons: A Preliminary Report on the National Voter Registration Act», PS: Political Science, March 1996; and New York Times, August 11, 1999.
615
New York Times, August 12, 1995 и November 25, 1997.
616
Vanishing Voter Project, WashingtonPost.com highlights, <http://www.msnbc.com /news/48543l.asp>, November 4, 2000.
617
Типичный пример такого рода представления можно найти в Seymour Lipset, Political Man (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1960), 215-19.
618
Heinz Eulau, «The Politics of Happiness», Antioch Review 16, 1956; Lipset, Political Man, 179-219.
619
New York Times, August 11, 1999.
620
О способности избирателей поводить различия между кандидатами см. отчет в New York Times, July 25, 2000.
621
«What Did U.S. Legislators Do for a Living before They Were Elected?» Labor Party Press, July 1998.
622
Комитеты политических действий — официально регистрируемые общественные организации, занимающиеся сбором средств для пропаганды и поддержки кандидатов на выборах или партий. (Примеч. пер.)
623
PACs and Lobbies, newsletter, Edward Zuckerman (ed.), Washington, D.C., June 1990.
624
См. отчет Center for Public Integrity в USA Today, March 24, 1998; исследование, проведенное Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids; см. отчет в Associated Press, September 2, 997.
625
New York Times, April 16, 1990; Philip Stern, The Best Congress Money Can Buy (New York: Pantheon, 1988) 84-85.
626
Исследование проводилось Military Spending Research Services; отчет см. Washington Part, January 23, 987.
627
Цит. по Washington Post, November 17, 1980.
628
James Abourezk, «Clear Out PACs, Clean Up Congressional Campaigns», release by Institute for Policy Studies, Washington, D.C., March 18, 1986. В то время Абурезк был сенатором и состоял членом предвыборного совещания фракции Демократической партии в Сенате.
629
Цит. по «Business Battles Back», Environmental Action, December 2,1978,14.
630
Howard Kohn, «The Hughes-Nixon-Lansky Connection», Rolling Stone, May 20, 1976, 44.
631
Ken Silverstein, Washington on $10 Million a Day (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 1998).
632
Center for Public Integrity, The Torturers* Lobby (Washington, D.C.: Center for Public Integrity, 1992); «Mobutu Money Went to Indiana Congressman», San Francisco Examiner, May 15, 1997.
633
Цит. по D. Gilbarg, «United States Imperialism», in Bill Slate (ed.), Power to the People (New York: Tower, 1970), 67.
634
New York Times, April 29, 1992.
635
Silverstein, Washington on $10 Million a Day, introduction; см. также Nation, July 19, 1999.
636
New York Times, June 30, 1996.
637
См. колонку Альберта Ханта (Albert Hunt) в Wall Street Journal, July 27, 1995; колонку Молли Айвинс (Molly Ivins) см. в San Francisco Chronicle, August 23, 1996; Lisa Friedman, «Ecologists Attack Source of Pombo Draft Bill», Oakland Tribune, September 11, 2000.
638
Robert Winter-Berger, The Washington Pay-Off(Nevi York: Dell, 1972), - отчет о показаниях 14 свидетелей.
639
The Business Roundtable — «Круглый стол бизнеса». (Примеч. пер.)
640
The National Association of Manufacturers — Национальная ассоциация промышленников. (Примеч. пер.)
641
USA Today, November 10, 1997.
642
Lester Milbrath, The Washington Lobbyists (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1963), 345.
643
Joel Brinkley, «Cultivating the Grass Roots to Reap Legislative Benefits», New York Times, November 1, 1993.
644
New York Times, March 25, 1996 и June 10, 2000; отчет Tim Wheeler см. People's Weekly World, November 22, 1997.
645
Alice Ann Love, «Critics Question Motives of Tennessee's Doctor Senator», см. отчет Associated Press, August 23, 1997.
646
Sheila Kaplan, «Congress's Inside Traders», Nation, July 6, 1998.
647
Цит. по New York Times, November 25, 1984.
648
Высказывание Mark Green цит. по Steven Roberts, «The Rich Get Richer and Elected», New York Times, September 24, 1985.
649
Stan Goff, «Helms Exposed as Slumlord», People's Weekly World, October 26, 1996.
650
Larry Sabato and Glenn Simpson, Dirty Little Secrets: The Persistence of Corruption in American Politics (New York: Times Books/Random House, 1996); Washington Post, July 20, 1998; Oakland Tribune, April 16, 2000.
651
Russ Baker, «The House Flunks Ethics», Nation, February 15, 1999. Еще одним примером лицемерия и моральной нечистоплотности являются действия члена Палаты представителей Генри Хайда (Henry Hyde, R-I1L); см. также Dennis Bernstein and Leslie Kean, Henry Hyde's Moral Universe (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 1999).
652
Washington Post, December 31, 1982.
653
San Francisco Examiner, September 4, 1997.
654
Отчет GAO см. Washington Post, October 10, 1981; материалы об обвинениях федеральных служащих см. U.S. Justice Department, Report to Congress on the Activities and Operations of the Public Integrity Sector for 1986 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1987).
655
О коррупции в администрации президента Рейгана после 1986 года см. также Washington Post, September 24, 1988; New York Times, July 27, 1988 и May 1, 1990.
656
Washington Post, February 5, 1988 и January 17, 1989.
657
Пример апологетического подхода к коррупции см. Peter deLeon, Thinking about Political Corruption (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1993).
658
Обе партии в обеих Палатах Конгресса проводят собрания или «конференции», в которых принимают участие все члены фракции этой партии в каждой палате. На этих конференциях избираются лидеры большинства и меньшинства и организаторы фракций партии. Собрание фракции большинства в палате также избирает председателей комитетов и подкомитетов.
659
«Бочка с салом» — на американском политическом жаргоне обозначает «кормушку», «жирный кус», то есть правительственные ассигнования, выделяемые по политическим соображениям. (Примеч. пер.)
660
«By Their Deeds», Nation, July 20, 1998. See John С Berg, Unequal Struggle: Class, Gender, Race and Power in the U.S. Congress (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1994), for an analysis of how wider class forces predetermine the scope of congressional power.
661
John С. Berg, «Vietnam, Angola, Lebanon, and Central America: Limited Possibilities for Congressional Control of Military Intervention», материалы годового отчета American Political Science Association, New Orleans, 1985.
662
New York Times, March 17, 1998.
663
Jeremy Weir Alderson, «Spooks and Brass Work the Hill», CovertAcHon Quarterly, Summer 1997.
664
Mark Green et al., Who Runs Congress?, 2nd ed. (New York: Bantam, 1972), 56.
665
«Goodies for the Rich Hidden in Wage Bill», Santa Rosa Press Democrat, October 13, 1996; «GOP Leaders' Tax Breaks for the Rich», Solidarity, May 2000.
666
Sunday Oregonian, July 12, 1998; and New York Times, September 1, 1998.
667
«Fast Track Backtrack», Nation, December 1, 1997.
668
Палата представителей объявляет себя комитетом всей палаты — для обсуждения в этом качестве какого-либо вопроса. (Примеч. пер.)
669
New York Times, August 9, 1987 и April 8, 1993; Washington Post, June 17, 1987 и August 13, 1991. Например, о том, как демократы использовали пиратов, см. Washington Post, November 16, 1989; New York Times, November 2, 1991.
670
Washington Monthly, April 1972, 18.
671
Некоторые источники указывают на больший диспаритет: Half of Senate Incumbents Seeking Election Are Financially Unopposed (Washington, D.C.: Common Cause, 1990).
672
Совещание чернокожих в Конгрессе — «фракция», собрание чернокожих депутатов Конгресса США. (Примеч. пер.)
673
Все цитаты приводятся по Robert Salladay, «Term Limits' Dark Side Coming to Light», San Francisco Examiner, July 26, 1998; см. также В. Drummond Ayres, «Term Limit Laws Are Transforming More Legislatures», New York Times, April 28, 1997.
674
Ayres, «Term Limit Laws.»
675
Материалы судебного процесса U.S. Term Limits и Thornton (1995).
676
«Election Results», Independent Politics, Winter 1998-99.
677
Высказывание президента Рейгана цит. по Seattle Times, January 15, 1989; выступление президента Клинтона по PBS в программе News Hour, October 27, 1992. Я называю президента «он» только потому, что все президенты до настоящего времени были мужчинами. Я совсем не имею в виду, что мужчины должны всегда иметь исключительное право занимать эту должность.
678
См. дискуссию в главе 7.
679
William Shannon, New York Times, July 22, 1975.
680
Mark Shields, Washington Post, January 28, 1989.
681
Associated Press, «Tapes Show More Dirt in Nixon's Presidency», November 1, 1997; Juan Williams, «Reagan Is the Real King of the Special Interest Groups», Washington Post, April 1, 1984; «Team 100 All-Stars», Common Cause Magazine, April/ May /June 1992.
682
Warren Lenhart, Ambassadorial Appointments: The Congressional Debate over Qualifications and Implications for U.S. Policy, Congressional Research Service, Report 91-385F, Washington, D.C., May 1, 1991; а также Associated Press, «Tapes Show More Dirt in Nixon's Presidency», November 1, 1997.
683
New York Times, June 21, 22, and 25, 1973, and April 4, 1974.
684
Bruce Miroff, Pragmatic Illusions (New York: McKay, 1976); Richard Walton, Cold War and Counter-Revolution: The Foreign Policy of John F. Kennedy (Baltimore: Penguin, 1972).
685
David Wise, The Politics of lying (New York: Vintage, 1973), рассматривает примеры манипуляций и обмана в администрациях президентов Эйзенхауэра, Кеннеди, Джонсона и Никсона; Christopher Lydon, «Jimmy Carter Revealed: He's a Rockefeller Republican», Atlantic Monthly, July 1977; Frank Browning, «Jimmy Carter's Astounding Lies», Inquiry, May 5,1980.
686
James Nathan Miller, «Ronald Reagan and the Techniques of Deception», Atlantic Monthly, February 1984; Washington Post, June 17, 19 и July 13, 1984, а также September 27, 1986; New York Times, December 27, 1985.
687
New York Times, February 20 и June 30, 1990; Washington Post, October 29, 1991; Peter Dale Scott and Jonathan Marshall, Cocaine Politics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991); Pete Brewton, The Mafia, CIA & George Bush (New York: Shapolsky, 1992).
688
New York Times, June 27, 1997 и March 16, 1998.
689
Susanne Jonas, «A New Guatemalan Tragedy in the Making?» San Francisco Chronicle, April 26, 2000.
690
New York Times, March 8, 1996 и July 2, 1997; James Petras, «Clinton and Volun-teerism: The Poverty of American Social Policy», New Political Science o. 20, № 2, 1998; Eric Alterman, «Clinton's Foundation», Nation, March 2, 1998. О развенчании иллюзий в отношении администрации Клинтона см. Robert Reich, Locked in the Cabinet (New York: Knopf, 1997).
691
Justin Lewis, Michael Morgan, and Sutjhally, «Polling Clinton's Appeal», Nation, March 9,1998.
692
Tom Foltz, «Florida Farmworkers Face Disaster», Guardian, April 3, 1971.
693
New York Times, April 2, 1971.
694
Если ни один кандидат не получает большинства голосов Коллегии выборщиков, президент избирается Палатой представителей Конгресса, при этом делегация каждого штата имеет только один голос. Двадцать третья поправка к Конституции предоставила округу Колумбия право иметь число выборщиков, равное их числу от самого малонаселенного штата (3), что вместе с числом сенаторов (100) и числом членов Палаты представителей (435) доводит число членов Коллегии выборщиков до 538. Конституция запрещает любому члену Конгресса или любому другому правительственному чиновнику выступать в качестве выборщика.
695
См. комментарии на эту тему в: Theodore Arlington и мнение противоположной стороны Saul Brenner «Should the Electoral College be Replaced by the Direct Election of the President? A Debate», PS: Political Science, Spring 1984; см. также Harvey Zeiderstein, Direct Election of the President (Lexington, Mass.: Heath, 1973).
696
New York Times, March 26, 1996; Carol O'Cleireacain, «The "New Federalism,"» Economic Notes, March/April 1991; Howard Kurtz, «Hostility to «New Federalism» Is Bipartisan among Mayors», Washington Post, December 10, 1984; а также Washington Post, January 7, 1987.
697
«Привилегия исполнительной власти» — право конфиденциальности переписки и бесед президента. (Примеч. пер.)
698
Судебное дело «США против Никсона» (United States и Nixon, 1974); см. также Raoul Berger, Executive Privilege, A Constitutional Myth (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1974).
699
Исполнительное соглашение заключается президентом с иностранным государством и не требует одобрения Сената. (Примеч. пер.)
700
Washington Post, February 7, 1988.
701
Washington Post, December 29, 1986.
702
Телеинтервью в программе Дэвида Фроста (David Frost), May 19, 1977.
703
Federal Register, vol. 59, № 108.
704
Письмо Ральфа Надера (Ralph Nader) членам Палаты представителей от February 3, 1995.
705
В отношении этих примеров см. New York Times, March 25,1986; Los Angeles Times, November 4, 1984; письмо государственному секретарю Джорджу Шульцу от члена Палаты представителей Роберта Мразека и семи других членов Конгресса с протестами против продажи оружия Гватемале, October 5, 1988; отчет General Accounting Office № В-213137, Propriety of Funding Methods Used by the Department of Defense in Combined Exercises in Honduras, Washington, D.C., June 22, 1984; отчет GAO см. Peoples Weekly World, August 21, 1993.
706
Цит. по New York Times, August 18, 1992.
707
«Хромая утка» — политический деятель, завершающий пребывание на своем посту, а на новый срок не избранный, политический «слабак», неспособный взять на себя необходимую ответственность. (Примеч. пер.)
708
См. классические высказывания Макса Вебера (Max Weber) «Bureaucracy», в Hans Gerth and C. Wright Mills (eds.), From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1958), 196-244.
709
Duane Lockard, The Perverted Priorities of American Politics (New York: Macmillan, 1971), 282.
710
См. дискуссию в отношении Всемирной торговой организации в главе 11.
711
Сравнение затрат на административные расходы и производственные издержки в государственном и частном секторах см. John Schwarz, Americas Hidden Success, rev. ed. (New York: Norton, 1988); а также Charles Goodsell, The Case of Bureaucracy, 2nd ed. (Chatham, N.J.: Chatham House, 1985).
712
«Don't Privatize Social Security», Labor Party Press, March 1999; San Francisco Chronicle, August 31, 1992; а также Lisbeth Schorr, Within Our Reach: Breaking the Cycle of Disadvantage (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday Anchor, 1988); «Ten Excellent Reasons to Strengthen Social Security and Oppose Privatization», Solidarity, July/August 2000.
713
«Health Care Crisis Is Worse», Solidarity, April/May 1997.
714
Conrail — Consolidated Rail, система государственных железных дорог в США. (Примеч. пер.)
715
По этим различным примерам см. отчет организации «Математики по исследованию политики научными методами» (Mathematica Policy Research): New York Times, November 1, 1990; отчет National Safety Council, New York Times, October 7, 1990; Susan Mayer and Christopher Jencks, «War on Poverty: No Apologies, Please», New York Times, November 9,1995.
716
Schwarz, America's Hidden Success, 59-69; Margery Turner, Rent Control and the Availability of Affordable Housing in the District of Columbia (Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute, 1988); CAP Council report, United Auto Workers, October/November 1996.
717
Christine Triano and Nancy Watzman, Voodoo Accounting, a report by Public Citizen and OMB Watch, Washington, D.C., 1992.
718
Molly Ivins's column, Fort Worth Star-Telegram, August 12, 2000; также Harvey Wasser-man, «The Mega-Battle over Utility Deregulation», Nation, March 16, 1998.
719
«Protecting Your Water Supply», newsletter, East Bay Municipal Utility District, California, September/October 2000.
720
New York Times, March 9, 1997.
721
Отчет Associated Press, January 27, 1996; Kevin Smith and Kenneth Meier, The Case against School Choice (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1995).
722
Mano Singham, «The War against Public Schools», Z Magazine, October 1995.
723
«No, The Private Sector Doesn't Do It Better», Labor Party Press, September 1998; John Hanrahan, Government by Contract (New York: Norton, 1983); New York Times, December 2, 1992.
724
Cm. Michael Parenti, Blackshirts and Reds (San Francisco: City Lights, 1997), 87-120.
725
New York Times, April 23, 1986.
726
New York Times, July 17, 1997; Associated Press, July 16 и August 1, 1998.
727
General Accounting Office, High Risk Sm*s#GAO/HR/95-l, Washington, D.C., February 1995.
728
Susan Fainstein and Norman Fainstein, «The Political Economy of American Bureaucracy», in Carol Weiss and Alien Barton (eds.), Making Bureaucracies Work (Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1980), 285.
729
Fainstein and Fainstein, «The Political Economy of American Bureaucracy», 286.
730
Jay M. Gould and Benjamin A. Goldman, with Kate Millpointer, Deadly Deceit: Low-Level Radiation, High-Level Cover-Up (New York: Four Walls Eight Windows, 1998); Leonard Cole, Clouds of Secrecy: The Army's Germ Warfare Tests over Populated Areas (Totowa, N.J.: Rowman 8c Littlefield, 1988); New York Times, January 1 и 5, 1994, and October 30,1996.
731
Washington Post, April 18, 1995; New York Times, June 28, 1996; San Francisco Examiner, June 28, 2000.
732
Myron Peretz Glazer and Penina Migdal Glazer, The Whistleblowers: Exposing Corruption in Government and Industry (New York: Basic, 1991); Scott Winokur, «Top Tax Man's Tale of Demotion», San Francisco Examiner, July 25, 2000; New York Times, May 24, 2000.
733
San Francisco Examiner, August 3, 1998.
734
Erik Larsen, «Sailor Court Martialled», On Guard (Citizen Soldier, New York), no. 14, 1993.
735
New York Times, November 16, 1996; and Nation, May 19, 1997.
736
Edwin Sutherland, White Collar Crime (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1949), 232.
737
Michael Pertshuk, Revolt against Regulation (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1982); Washington Post, February 2, 1989.
738
Washington Post, March 27, 1987.
739
Ron Nixon, «The Corporate Assault on the FDA», CovertAction Quarterly, Winter 1995-96.
740
New York Times, August 30, 1997; Gail Eisnitz, Slaughterhouse: The Shocking Story of Greed, Neglect, and Inhumane Treatment Inside the U.S. Meat Industry (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus, 1997).
741
«As Food Quality Drops, the USDA Just Shrugs» and «National Organic Rules Revised by the USDA», отчет по всем материалам см. Organic Gardening, May/June 2000.
742
«Something to Chew On», Заявление Environmental Working Group, New York Times, February 23, 1999; см. также <http://www.foodnews.org>.
743
Ron Nixon, «Working in Harm s Way», Southern Exposure, Fall/Winter 1995; General Accounting Office, Sweatshops in the U.S. (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1988).
744
San Francisco Chronicle, June 27, 2000; New York Times, February 5 and December 8, 1993; In These Times, August 7-20, 1991, 4-5; Barry Mehler, «Rightist on the Rights Panel», Nation, May 7,1988.
745
Jack Walker, «The Origins and Maintenance of Interest Groups in America», American Political Science Review 77, 1983, 397; Grant McConnell, Private Power and American Democracy (New York: Knopf, 1966), 210.
746
Капер, каперство (от нидерл. карег — морской разбойник) — нападение вооруженных частных торговых судов воюющего государства с его разрешения (т. н. каперские свидетельства) на неприятельские торговые суда или суда нейтральных государств, перевозящие грузы для неприятельского государства. Запрещено Парижской декларацией о морской войне 1856. (Примеч. пер.)
747
Следует отметить, что все эти банки частные. (Примеч. пер.)
748
Mark Evans, «The Problem with the Fed», North Coast Xpress, May 1993.
749
New York Times, March 26, 1996.
750
Высказывание Джерри Найта (Jerry Knight) в газете Washington Post, September 26, 1983.
751
Высказывание члена Палаты представителей Фернанда Джермена (Fernand St. Germain), председателя Комитета по банковской деятельности, цит. по Washington Post, April 12, 1984.
752
Max Farrand, The Framing of the Constitution of the United States (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1913), pp. 156—57. См. аргументы Верховного судьи Дж. Маршалла (John Marshall) judicial review in the landmark case по поводу судебного дела Marbury v. Madison (1803).
753
Цит. по Felix Frankfurter, Mr. Justice Holmes and the Supreme Court (New York: Atheneum, 1965), 54.
754
Russell Galloway, The Rich and the Poor in Supreme Court History, 1790-1982 (Greenbrae, Calif.: Paradigm, 1982), 163, and 180—81; см. также Sheldon Goldman, «Johnson and Nixon Appointees to the Lower Federal Courts: Some Socio-Political Perspectives», Journal of Politics 34, 1972, 934-42.
755
Joel Grossman, Lawyers and Judges: The ABA and the Politics of Judicial Selection (New York: Wiley, 1965).
756
Dexter Perkins, Charles Evans Hughes (Boston: Little, Brown, 1956), 16.
757
Herman Schwartz, Packing the Courts (New York: Scribner, 1988); Sheldon Goldman; «Reaganizing the Judiciary», Judicature 68, April-May 1985, 313-29.
758
Study by Robert Carp, Donald Songer, and Ronald St id ham reported in New York Times, August 1, 1996.
759
Time, June 3, 1996; Peoples Weekly World, June 19, 1999.
760
Судебный активизм — расширенное толкование Конституции. (Примеч. пер.)
761
Национальные банки — категория частных коммерческих банков в США. (Примеч. пер.)
762
Об этом и о принципе ненарушаемости договора см. судебные дела Allegeyer v. Louisiana (1897), Lochner u New York (1905), Adair и United States (1908).
763
Судебное дело Santa Clara County и Southern Pacific Railroad (1886).
764
Cm. Peter Kellman, в By What Authority, Spring 2000, 6.
765
См. судебные дела Hammer и Dagenhart (1918); Carter и Carter Coal Co. (1936); а также Morehead и New York (1936).
766
«Равные, но сегрегированные» — расистская доктрина сегрегации «цветных» в США. (Примеч. пер.)
767
В одном из более ранних судебных дел Верховный суд провозгласил, что женщины не имеют права заниматься юридической практикой; см. Bradwell и State (1872).
768
Сторонники свободы слова допускают ограничение законом письменной или устной клеветы, даже клеветнического заявления, когда оно направлено против общественного деятеля. Оно считается защищенным первой поправкой к Конституции. См. судебные дела New York Times Co. u Sullivan (1964) и Time Inc. и Hill (1967).
769
Слушания в одном из подкомитетов Юридического комитета Палаты представителей Конгресса США, Amnesty and Pardon for Political Prisoners (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1927), 54. См. также Charles Goodell, Political Prisoners in America (New York: Random House, 1973) и — о сравнительно недавних случаях в гла-веЮ данной книги.
770
Холмс привел аналогичный аргумент в судебном деле Debs и United States (1919). В последующих судебных делах он выступил против большинства членов Верховного суда, защищая первую поправку к Конституции; см. судебные дела Abrams и United States (1919) и Gitlow и New York (1925).
771
Судебное дело Yates et al. u United States (1957).
772
Судебное дело First National Bank и Bellotti (1978); см. также судебное дело Buckley и Valeo (1976).
773
Burt Neuborne, «Pushing Free Speech Too Far», New York Times, July 15, 1996.
774
Судебное дело Reno и American Civil Liberties Union (1997).
775
Для ознакомления с образцами такого мышления см. высказывания Уинсона и Джексона (Vinson and Jackson) в судебном деле Dennis и United States.
776
Билль о правах — 10 первых поправок к Конституции США. Совокупность конституционных норм, гарантирующих права граждан в их взаимоотношениях с органами государственной власти. (Примеч. пер.)
777
См. судебные дела Near и Minnesota (1931), Dejongeu Oregon (1937), McCollum u Board of Education (1948).
778
В отношении гражданских свобод см. судебное дело Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), Escobedo v. Illinois (1964) и Miranda v. Arizona (1966); в отношении перераспределения избирательных участков см. судебные дела Baker и Сагг (1962), Reynolds v. Sims (1964), Wesberry v. Sanders (1964); в отношении экономических прав бедных см. King v. Smith (1968), Sniadich u Family Finance Corporation (1969), Shapim и Thompson (1969) и Hunter и Erickson (1969).
779
Galloway, The Rich and the Poor in Supreme Court History, 163.
780
Судебное дело Loving и Virginia (1967).
781
Общие критические материалы см. Tlnsley Yarbrough, The Rehnquist Court and the Constitution (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000); David Kairys, With Liberty and Justice for Some: A Critique of the Conservative Supreme Court (New York: New Press, 1993); Herman Schwartz (ed.), The Burger Years (New York: Penguin, 1988).
782
Соответственно судебные дела: Gateway Coal Co. и United Mine Workers (1974); First National Maintenance Corp. и NLRB (1981); Communications Workers of America v. Beck (1988); Lehnert и Ferris Faculty Association (1991).
783
Судебные дела Lying и International Union (1988); Public Employees Retirement System of Ohio и Betts (1989j; Pauley и Bethenergy Mines (1991); Trans World Airlines и Independent Federation of Flight Attendants (1989).
784
Судебное дело Frank Greenberg Executor и Н&Н Music Company (1992).
785
Dandridge и Williams (1970); Rosado и Wyman (1970). О неспособности федеральных и штатных судов выполнить обещание в отношении равноправия Charles Haar and Daniel Fessler, The Wrong Side of the Tracks (New York: Simon &: Schuster, 1986).
786
San Antonio Independent School District и Rodriguez (1973).
787
Eric Nadler, «Supreme Court Backs Agribusiness», Guardian, July 2, 1980.
788
Nordlingerv. Hahn(9S2).
789
Судебные дела Laird и Tatum (1972) и Greer и Spock (1976).
790
Судебное дело United States и Caldwell (1972); Zurcheru Stanford Daily (1978).
791
Судебные дела Members of the City Council of Los Angeles et al. и Taxpayers for Vincent et al. (1984); Clark и Community for Creative Non-Violence (1984).
792
Судебные дела Hazelwood School District и Kuhlmeir (1988); Todd и Rush County (1998); см. также Los Angeles Times, October 6, 1998.
793
Судебное дело Hustler Magazine и Falwell (1988).
794
Судебное дело Board of Regents, University of Wisconsin и Southworth (2000).
795
Судебное дело Will и Michigan Department of State Police (1989). По поводу коллизий в суде с проигрышем для штата см. Alexander Charns, Cloak and Gavel: FBI Wiretaps, Bugs, Informers, and the Supreme Court (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1992).
796
Судебное дело/. Roderick McArthur Fund и FBI (1996).
797
Теории эволюции Чарльза Дарвина. (Примеч. пер.)
798
Об игроках школьных команд: судебные дела Engels и Vitale (1962); Wallace и Jaffree (1985); and Santa Fe Independent School District и Doe (2000). О «креационизме»: судебное дело Edwards и Aguillard (1987).
799
Судебные дела Murray и Curlett (1963); Lemon и Kurtzman (1971); Wah u Tax Commission (1970); David Burnham, «Alter the Catholic Church's Tax Status?» New York Times, July 29, 1988.
800
Пятью голосами против четырех — т.е. с минимальным перевесом голосов, так как в Верховном суде всего девять членов. (Примеч. пер.)
801
Судебные дела соответственно Bowen и Kendrick (1988), Mueller и Alien (1983), Rosenberger и University of Virginia (1995), Agostini и Felton (1997), Mitchell и Helms (2000).
802
Правило по делу Миранды — предупреждение задержанного или арестованного полицией об оценке судом самоинкриминирующих показаний. Задержанного официально предупреждают о том, что у него есть право молчать, право на адвоката и право не говорить ничего порочащего в отношении себя. (Примеч. пер.)
803
Solem и Helm (1983). О самых худших решениях Верховного суда см. Joel Joseph, Black Mondays (Bethesda, Md.: National, 1987).
804
Судебное дело Harmelin и Michigan (1991).
805
Судебное дело United States и Watts (1997).
806
Судебное дело Ingraham и Wright (1977), а также судебное дело De Shaney u Winnebago County Department of Social Services (1989).
807
Судебное дело Coy и Iowa (1988).
808
Судебные дела Maryland и Blue (1990); Florida и Bostick (1991); County of Riverside и McLaughlin (1991).
809
О праве на апелляцию: судебное дело McCleshey и Zant (1991) и Кеепеу и Татауо-Reyes (1992). О негуманных условиях: судебное дело Wilson и Seiter (1991).
810
Судебное дело Coker и Georgia (1977).
811
Судебные дела Ford v. Wainwright (1986); Penry u Lynaugh (1989).
812
Судебное дело McClesky и Kemp (1987).
813
Судебные дела: Wilkins и Missouri (1989); Standford и Kentucky (1989); Thompson и Oklahoma (1988).
814
Судебное дело Herrera и Collins (1993).
815
Судебное дело Crosby и National Foreign Trade Council (2000).
816
Судебные дела Haig и Agee (1981) и Regan и Wald (1984).
817
Судебные дела Mahan и Howell (1973) и Davis и Bandemer (1986).
818
См. соответственно судебные дела: First National Bank of Boston u Bellotti (1978); Citizens Against Rent Control et al. и City of Berkeley et al (1981); Buckley и Valeo (1976); Colorado Republican Committee и Federal Election Commission (1996).
819
Судебное дело Nixon и Shrink Missouri Government РАС (2000).
820
Судебное дело U.S. Term Limits и Thornton (1995).
821
Судебное дело Timmons и Twin Cities Area New Party (1997).
822
Судебное дело Alesander и Mineta (2000); Adams и Clinton (2000).
823
Судебное дело Wisconsin и New York (1996).
824
Судебный активизм — расширенное толкование Конституции. (Примеч. пер.)
825
См. судебные дела Mentor Savings Bank, FSB и Vinson (1986); Palmare и Sidoti (1984); Franklin и Gwinnett County Public Schools (1992); Davis и Monroe County Board of Education (1999).
826
Судебное дело United States и Virginia (1996).
827
Судебное дело United States v. Morrison (2000). Иск был предъявлен студенткой Вирджинского политехнического института против двух игроков студенческой спортивной команды после того, как она узнала, что колледж не наложит на них дисциплинарного взыскания.
828
См. судебные дела соответственно Planned Parenthood и Casey (1992) и Hodgson и Minnesota (1990). In Webster v. Reproductive Health Services (1989). Верховный суд предоставил штатам широкие полномочия вводить ограничения на аборты путем запрета использования государственных денежных средств, медицинского персонала, оборудования и помещений.
829
Судебное дело Jane Bray и Alexandria Women s Clinic (1993).
830
Судебное дело Madsen и Women’s Health Clinic (1994), а также судебное дело National Organization for Women и Scheidler (1994).
831
Судебное дело Stenberg и Carhart (2000).
832
Правовая защита интересов исторически ущемленных групп населения — такими группами населения в США являются чернокожие и американские индейцы. (Примеч. пер.)
833
Судебные дела Lorance v. AT&T Technologies (1989); City of Richmond и J. A. Crosson Co, (1989); Martin и Wilks (1989); Adarand Constructors и Репа (1995).
834
Судебное дело Ward’s Cove Packing Co. и Atonio (1989).
835
Судебные дела Missouri и Jenkins (1995); Montgomery County, Md.y Public Schools и Eisenberg (2000).
836
Судебное дело Presley и Etowah County Commission (1992).
837
Судебное дело Reno и Bossier Parish (2000). О предыдущем примере лишения афроамериканцев права голоса см. также Shaw и Reno (1993).
838
Janis Judson, The Hidden Agenda: Non-Decision-Making on the U.S. Supreme Court (University of Maryland, Ph.D. dissertation, 1986); Los Angeles Times, November 9, 1989.
839
Herman Schwartz, «Second Opinion», Nation, June 17, 1991.
840
Garrett Epps, «Black Robe Activism», Nation, May 5, 1997.
841
Различные соображения в отношении предельных сроков пребывания судей в должности см. главу 14.
842
В отношении классических высказываний плюралистов см. The Group Basis of Politics (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1952); Robert Dahl, Who Governs? (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1961).
843
Max Lerner, America as a Civilization (New York: Simon 8c Schuster, 1957), 398.
844
Dahl, Who Governs?, 272. См. также Robert Dahl, Modern Political Analysis (Engle-wood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1970).
845
COINTELPRO — программа контрразведки. (Примеч. пер.)
846
В отношении убийства Джона Кеннеди см. также цитаты в главе 10. См. также Philip Melanson, The Martin Luther King Assassination (New York: Shapolsky, 1991); Mark Lane and Dick Gregory, Murder in Memphis: The FBI and the Assassination of Martin Luther King (New York: Thunder Mouth, 1993); Baba Zak A. Kondo, Conspiracies: Unraveling the Assassination of Malcolm X (Washington, D.C.: Nubia, 1993); Karl Evanzz, The Judas Factor: The Plot to Kill Malcolm X (New York: Thunder Mouth, 1992); George Breitman et al., The Assassination of Malcolm X (New York: Pathfinder, 1976).
847
Война в Персидском заливе против Ирака сразу же после ее начала пробудила пыл ура-патриотов. Но до самого начала боевых действий, несмотря на беспрерывную интервенционистскую пропаганду всех крупных средств массовой информации, большинство американской общественности выступало за дипломатическое урегулирование, а не за военное столкновение.
848
Makani Themba, Making Policy, Making Change: How Communities Are Taking the Law into Their Own Hands (Oakland: Chardon, 1999); Center for Public Integrity, Citizen Muckraking: How to Investigate and Right Wrongs in Your Community (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 2000); Not for Sale!, newsletter of Center for Commercial-Free Public Education, Spring 2000.
849
Washington Post, March 9, 980.
850
Frank Kofcky, Harry S. Truman and the War Scare of 1948 (New York: St. Martins, 1993), 190.
851
Брандеса цитирует David McGowan, Derailing Democracy (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage, 2000), 42; см. также H. H. Gerth and C. Wright Mills (eds.), From Max Weber: Essays in Sociology (New York: Oxford University Press, 1958).
852
Обзор приводится в National Law Journal, отчет — в People's Daily World, September 12, 1986.
853
Открытое предприятие — предприятие, принимающее на работу как членов профсоюза, так и тех, кто не состоит в профсоюзе. (Примеч. пер.)
854
James Ridgeway, «Mondo Washington», Village Voice, June 27, 2000.
855
Bernard Sanders, Outsider in the House (New York and London: Verso, 1997), 207-9.
856
See Daniel M. Berman and John T. O'Connor, Who Owns the Sun? Preparing for the New Solar Economy (White River Junction, Vt: Chelsea Green, 1996).
857
Correspondence, New York Times, July 20, 1993.
858
Хиропрактика — разновидность мануальной терапии. (Примеч. пер.)
859
Nation, January 17, 1994.
860
Christopher Gunn and Hazel Dayton Gunn, Reclaiming Capital: Democratic Initiatives and Community Development (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1991); PBS brochure for Lively hood, documentary series on work in America with Will Durst, 1999.
861
Martin Espinoza, «The Public Power Advantage», San Francisco Bay Guardian, August 19, 992, 19-23.
862
New York Times, June 3, 1987.
863
См., например, Tor Wennerberg, «Undermining the Welfare State in Sweden», Z Magazine, June 1995.
864
См. Michael Parenti, Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism (San Francisco: City Lights, 1997), chapters 6 and 7; а также Parenti, To Kill a Nation: The Attack on Yugoslavia (New York and London: Verso, 2000), chapters 18 and 19.
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