Примечания книги: Эмоциональность. Как чувства формируют мышление - читать онлайн, бесплатно. Автор: Леонард Млодинов

1

Некоторые нейронные последовательности (паттерны) вообще никак не связаны с амигдалой. См.: Justin S. Feinstein et al., “Fear and Panic in Humans with Bilateral Amygdala Damage,” Nature Neuroscience 16 (2013): 270. О страхе и тревоге см.: Lisa Feldman Barrett, How Emotions Are Made (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017).

2

Andrew T. Drysdale et al., “Resting-State Connectivity Biomarkers Define Neurophysiological Subtypes of Depression,” Nature Medicine 23 (2017): 28–38.

3

James Gross and Lisa Feldman Barrett, “The Emerging Field of Affective Neuroscience,” Emotion 13 (2013): 997–998.

4

James A. Russell, “Emotion, Core Affect, and Psychological Construction,” Cognition and Emotion 23 (2009): 1259–1283.

5

Ralph Adolphs and David J. Anderson, The Neuroscience of Emotion: A New Synthesis (Princeton, N. J.: Princeton University Press, 2018), 3.

6

Feldman Barrett, How Emotions Are Made, xv.

7

Charlie Burton, “After the Crash: Inside Richard Branson’s $600 Million Space Mission,” GQ, июль 2017 года.

8

Интервью с сотрудником компании «Скейлд Композитс», Мохаве, Калифорния, 30 сентября 2017 года. Интервьюируемый пожелал остаться неназванным.

9

Melissa Bateson et al., “Agitated Honeybees Exhibit Pessimistic Cognitive Biases,” Current Biology 21 (2011): 1070–1073.

10

Платон, «Федр», 253 d-e, цит. по пер. А. Егунова. – Примеч. переводчика.

11

Thomas Dixon, “‘Emotion’: The History of a Keyword in Crisis,” Emotion Review 4 (октябрь 2012 г.): 338–344; Tiffany Watt Smith, The Book of Human Emotions (New York: Little, Brown, 2016), 6–7.

12

Thomas Dixon, The History of Emotions Blog, April 2, 2020, emotionsblog.history.qmul.ac.uk.

13

Amy Maxmen, “Sexual Competition Among Ducks Wreaks Havoc on Penis Size,” Nature 549 (2017): 443.

14

Kate Wong, “Why Humans Give Birth to Helpless Babies,” Scientific American, 28 августа 2012 г.

15

Lisa Feldman Barrett, How Emotions Are Made (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2017), 167.

16

Там же, 164–165.

17

«The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals», пер. названия В. Кузина. – Примеч. переводчика.

18

Пер. Н. Левитана. – Примеч. переводчика.

19

См. главу 9 в: Rand Swenson, Review of Clinical and Functional Neuroscience, Dartmouth Medical School, 2006, www.dartmouth.edu.

20

Peter Farley, “A Theory Abandoned but Still Compelling” Yale Medicine (осень 2008 г.).

21

К тому времени самолет пересек международную линию смены дат, поэтому наступило 1 сентября 1983 г. – Здесь и далее примечания переводчика, кроме случаев, оговоренных особо.

22

Michael R. Gordon, “Ex-Soviet Pilot Still Insists KAL 007 Was Spying” New York Times, 9 декабря 1996 г.

23

См., напр.: Ellen Langer et al., “The Mindlessness of Ostensibly Thoughtful Action: The Role of ’Placebic’ Information in Interpersonal Interaction” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 36 (1978): 635–642.

24

“Black Headed Cardinal Feeds Goldfish” YouTube, 25 июля 2010 г., www.youtube.com.

25

Yanfei Liu and K. M. Passino, “Biomimicry of Social Foraging Bacteria for Distributed Optimization: Models, Principles, and Emergent Behaviors” Journal of Optimization Theory and Applications 115 (2002): 603–628.

26

Paul B. Rainey, “Evolution of Cooperation and Conflict in Experimental Bacterial Populations” Nature 425 (2003): 72; R. Craig MacLean et al., “Evaluating Evolutionary Models of Stress-Induced Mutagenesis in Bacteria” Nature Reviews Genetics 14 (2013): 221; Ivan Erill et al., “Aeons of Distress: An Evolutionary Perspective on the Bacterial SOS Response” FEMS Microbiology Reviews 31 (2007): 637–656.

27

Antonio Damasio, The Strange Order of Things: Life, Feeling, and the Making of Cultures (New York: Pantheon, 2018), 20.

28

Jerry M. Burger et al., “The Pique Technique: Overcoming Mindlessness or Shifting Heuristics?” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 37 (2007): 2086–2096; Michael D. Santos et al., “Hey Buddy, Can You Spare Seventeen Cents? Mindful Persuasion and the Pique Technique” Journal of Applied Social Psychology 24, № 9 (1994): 755–764.

29

Richard M. Young, “Production Systems in Cognitive Psychology” в: International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (New York: Elsevier, 2001).

30

В современных исследованиях голод, наряду с жаждой и болью, называется гомеостатической, или первичной эмоцией. – Примечание автора.

31

F. B. M. de Waal, Chimpanzee Politics: Power and Sex Among Apes (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1982). [Рус. пер. Д. Кралечкина. – Примеч. перев.]

32

Интервью с Эндерсоном, 13 июня 2018 г.

33

Kaspar D. Mossman, “Profile of David J. Anderson” PNAS106 (2009): 17623–17625.

34

Yael Grosjean et al., “A Glial Amino-Acid Transporter Controls Synapse Strength and Homosexual Courtship in Drosophila,” Nature Neuroscience 11, № 1 (2008): 54–61.

35

G. Shohat-Ophir et al., “Sexual Deprivation Increases Ethanol Intake in Drosophila” Science 335 (2012): 1351–1355.

36

Paul R. Kleinginna and Anne M. Kleinginna, “A Categorized List of Emotion Definitions, with Suggestions for a Consensual Definition” Motivation and Emotion 5 (1981): 345–379. См. также: Carroll E. Izard, “The Many Meanings/Aspects of Emotion: Definitions, Functions, Activation, and Regulation,” Emotion Review 2 (2010): 363–370.

37

Правильный технический термин «положительное подкрепление».

38

Stephanie A. Shields and Beth A. Koster, “Emotional Stereotyping of Parents in Child Rearing Manuals, 1915–1980,” Social Psychology Quarterly 52, № 1 (1989): 44–55.

39

Э. Шрёдингер, «Что такое жизнь», гл. 6 (пер. К. Егоровой). – Примеч. переводчика.

40

Еккл. 3:20 (синодальный перевод). – Примеч. переводчика.

41

W. B. Cannon, The Wisdom of the Body (New York: W. W. Norton, 1932).

42

См., напр.: James A. Russell, “Core Affect and the Psychological Construction of Emotion,” Psychological Review 110 (2003): 145–172; Michelle Yik, James A. Russell, and James H. Steiger, “A 12-Point Circumplex Structure of Core Affect,” Emotion 11 (2011): 705. См. также: Antonio Damasio, The Strange Order of Things: Life, Feeling, and the Making of Cultures (New York: Pantheon, 2018). В этой книге Дамасио описывает, по сути, что такое ядерный аффект, который он именует гомеостатическим чувством.

43

Christine D. Wilson-Mendenhall et al., “Neural Evidence That Human Emotions Share Core Affective Properties,” Psychological Science 24 (2013): 947–956.

44

Там же.

45

Michael L. Platt, Scott A. Huettel, “Risky Business: The Neuroeconomics of Decision Making Under Uncertainty,” Nature Neuroscience 11 (2008): 398–403; Thomas Caraco, “Energy Budgets, Risk, and Foraging Preferences in Dark-Eyed Juncos (Junco hyemalis),” Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 8 (1981): 213–217.

46

John Donne, Devotions upon Emergent Occasions (Cambridge, U. K.: Cambridge University Press, 2015), 98. [Джон Донн, «Обращений к Господу в час нужды и бедствий», размышление XVII; пер. Е. Калашниковой и Н. Волжиной. – Примеч. перев.]

47

Damasio, Strange Order of Things, глава 4.

48

Shadi S. Yarandi et al., “Modulatory Effects of Gut Microbiota on the Central Nervous System: How Gut Could Play a Role in Neuropsychiatric Health and Diseases,” Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility 22 (2016): 201.

49

Tal Shomrat, Michael Levin, “An Automated Training Paradigm Reveals Long-Term Memory in Planarians and Its Persistence Through Head Regeneration,” Journal of Experimental Biology 216 (2013): 3799–3810.

50

Stephen M. Collins et al., “The Adoptive Transfer of Behavioral Phenotype via the Intestinal Microbiota: Experimental Evidence and Clinical Implications,” Current Opinion in Microbiology 16, № 3 (2013): 240–245.

51

Peter Andrey Smith, “Brain, Meet Gut,” Nature 526, № 7573 (2015): 312.

52

См., напр.: Tyler Halverson and Kannayiram Alagiakrishnan, “Gut Microbes in Neurocognitive and Mental Health Disorders,” Annals of Medicine 52 (2020): 423–443.

53

Связь «тело – психика» (англ.).

54

Gale G. Whiteneck et al., Aging with Spinal Cord Injury (New York: Demos Medical Publishing, 1993), vii.

55

George W. Hohmann, “Some Effects of Spinal Cord Lesions on Experienced Emotional Feelings,” Psychophysiology 3 (1966): 143–156.

56

См., напр.: Francesca Pistoia et al., “Contribution of Interoceptive Information to Emotional Processing: Evidence from Individuals with Spinal Cord Injury,” Journal of Neurotrauma 32 (2015): 1981–1986.

57

Nayan Lamba et al., “The History of Head Transplantation: A Review,” Acta Neurochirurgica 158 (2016): 2239–2247.

58

Sergio Canavero, “HEAVEN: The Head Anastomosis Venture Project Outline for the First Human Head Transplantation with Spinal Linkage,” Surgical Neurology International 4 (2013): S335– S342.

59

Около 29˚С.

60

Paul Root Wolpe, “A Human Head Transplant Would Be Reckless and Ghastly. It’s Time to Talk About It,” Vox, June 12, 2018, www.vox.com.

61

Rainer Reisenzein et al., “The Cognitive-Evolutionary Model of Surprise: A Review of the Evidence,” Topics in Cognitive Science 11 (2019): 50–74.

62

Shai Danziger et al., “Extraneous Factors in Judicial Decisions,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (2011): 6889–6892.

63

Jeffrey A. Linder et al., “Time of Day and the Decision to Prescribe Antibiotics,” JAMA Internal Medicine 174 (2014): 2029–2031.

64

Shai Danziger et al., “Extraneous Factors in Judicial Decisions,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108 (2011): 6889–6892.

65

Jing Chen et al., “Oh What a Beautiful Morning! Diurnal Influences on Executives and Analysts: Evidence from Conference Calls,” Management Science (январь 2018 г.).

66

Brad J. Bushman, “Low Glucose Relates to Greater Aggression in Married Couples,” PNAS111 (2014): 6254–6257.

67

Christina Sagioglou and Tobias Greitemeyer, “Bitter Taste Causes Hostility,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 40 (2014): 1589–1597.

68

Почти все о Дираке взято из: Graham Farmelo, The Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom (New York: Perseus, 2009), 252–263.

69

Там же, с. 293.

70

Там же, с. 438.

71

Barry Leibowitz, “Wis. Man Got Shot – Intentionally – in ’Phenomenally Stupid’ Attempt to Win Back Ex-girlfriend,” CBS News, 28 июля 2011 г., www.cbsnews.com; Paul Thompson, “‘Phenomenally Stupid’ Man Has His Friends Shoot Him Three Times to Win Ex-girlfriend’s Pity,” Daily Mail, 28 июля 2011 г.

72

Интервью с Пёрлиссом, в Юридическом центре Пёрлисса, 9 декабря 2020 г.

73

См.: John Tooby and Leda Cosmides, “The Evolutionary Psychology of the Emotions and Their Relationship to Internal Regulatory Variables,” в: Handbook of Emotions, 3^rded., eds. Michael Lewis, Jeannette M. Haviland-Jones, and Lisa Feldman Barrett (New York: Guilford, 2008), 114–137.

74

Eric J. Johnson and Amos Tversky, “Affect, Generalization, and the Perception of Risk,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45 (1983): 20.

75

Aaron Sell et al., “Formidability and the Logic of Human Anger,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106 (2009): 15073–15078.

76

Edward E. Smith et al., Atkinson and Hilgard’s Introduction to Psychology (Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 2003), 147; Elizabeth Loftus, Witness for the Defense: The Accused, the Eyewitness, and the Expert Who Puts Memory on Trial (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2015).

77

Michel Tuan Pham, “Emotion and Rationality: A Critical Review and Interpretation of Empirical Evidence,” Review of General Psychology 11 (2007): 155.

78

Carmelo M. Vicario et al., “Core, Social, and Moral Disgust are Bounded: A Review on Behavioral and Neural Bases of Repugnance in Clinical Disorders,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 80 (2017): 185–200; Borg Schaich et al., “Infection, Incest, and Iniquity: Investigating the Neural Correlates of Disgust and Morality,” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 20 (2008): 1529–1546.

79

Simone Schnall et al., “Disgust as Embodied Moral Judgment,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34 (2008): 1096–1109.

80

Kendall J. Eskine et al., “A Bad Taste in the Mouth: Gustatory Disgust Influences Moral Judgment,” Psychological Science 22 (2011): 295–299.

81

Kendall J. Eskine et al., “The Bitter Truth About Morality: Virtue, Not Vice, Makes a Bland Beverage Taste Nice,” PLoS One 7 (2012): e41159.

82

Mark Schaller and Justin H. Park, “The Behavioral Immune System (and Why It Matters),” Current Directions in Psychological Science 20 (2011): 99–103.

83

Dalvin Brown, “‘Fact Is I Had No Reason to Do It’: Thousand Oaks Gunman Posted to Instagram During Massacre,” USA Today, 10 ноября 2018 г.

84

Pham, “Emotion and Rationality.”

85

См., напр.: Ralph Adolphs, “Emotion,” Current Biology 13 (2010).

86

Alison Jing Xu et al., “Hunger Promotes Acquisition of Nonfood Objects,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2015): 201417712.

87

Seunghee Han et al., “Disgust Promotes Disposal: Souring the Status Quo” (Faculty Research Working Paper Series, RWP10–021, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, 2010); Jennifer S. Lerner et al., “Heart Strings and Purse Strings: Carryover Effects of Emotions on Economic Decisions,” Psychological Science 15 (2004): 337–341.

88

Laith Al-Shawaf et al., “Human Emotions: An Evolutionary Psychological Perspective,” Emotion Review 8 (2016): 173–186.

89

Dan Ariely and George Loewenstein, “The Heat of the Moment: The Effect of Sexual Arousal on Sexual Decision Making,” Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 19 (2006): 87–98.

90

См., напр.: Martie G. Haselton and David M. Buss, “The Affective Shift Hypothesis: The Functions of Emotional Changes Following Sexual Intercourse,” Personal Relationships 8 (2001): 357–369.

91

См., напр.: B. Kyu Kim and Gal Zauberman, “Can Victoria’s Secret Change the Future? A Subjective Time Perception Account of Sexual-Cue Effects on Impatience,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 142 (2013): 328.

92

Donald Symons, The Evolution of Human Sexuality (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), 212–213.

93

Shayna Skakoon-Sparling et al., “The Impact of Sexual Arousal on Sexual Risk-Taking and Decision-Making in Men and Women,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 45 (2016): 33–42.

94

Charmaine Borg and Peter J. de Jong, “Feelings of Disgust and Disgust-Induced Avoidance Weaken Following Induced Sexual Arousal in Women,” PLoS One 7 (сентябрь 2012 г.): 1–7.

95

Hassan H. López et al., “Attractive Men Induce Testosterone and Cortisol Release in Women,” Hormones and Behavior 56 (2009): 84–92.

96

Sir Ernest Shackleton, The Heart of the Antarctic (London: Wordsworth Editions, 2007), 574. [Цит. из: Ernest Henry Shackleton, South: the story of Shackleton’s last expedition, 1914–1917, гл. 9.– Примеч. перев.]

97

Michelle N. Shiota et al., “Beyond Happiness: Building a Science of Discrete Positive Emotions,” American Psychologist 72 (2017): 617–643.

98

Barbara L. Fredrickson and Christine Branigan, “Positive Emotions Broaden the Scope of Attention and Thought-Action Repertoires,” Cognition and Emotion 19 (2005): 313–332.

99

Barbara L. Fredrickson, “The Role of Positive Emotions in Positive Psychology: The Broaden-and-Build Theory of Positive Emotions,” American Psychologist 56 (2001): 218; Barbara L. Fredrickson, “What Good are Positive Emotions?” Review of General Psychology 2 (1998): 300.

100

Paul Piff and Dachar Keltner, “Why Do We Experience Awe?” New York Times, 22 мая 2015 г.

101

Samantha Dockray and Andrew Steptoe, “Positive Affect and Psychobiological Processes,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 35 (2010): 69–75.

102

Andrew Steptoe et al., “Positive Affect and Health-Related Neuroendocrine, Cardiovascular, and Inflammatory Processes,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 (2005): 6508–6512.

103

Пер. А. Андреевой, Ю. Деглиной, Н. Парфеновой. – Примеч. переводчика.

104

Sheldon Cohen et al., “Emotional Style and Susceptibility to the Common Cold,” Psychosomatic Medicine 65 (2003): 652–657.

105

B. Grinde, “Happiness in the Perspective of Evolutionary Psychology,” Journal of Happiness Studies 3 (2002): 331–354.

106

Chris Tkach and Sonja Lyubomirsky, “How Do People Pursue Happiness? Relating Personality, Happiness-Increasing Strategies, and Well-Being,” Journal of Happiness Studies 7 (2006): 183–225.

107

Melissa M. Karnaze and Linda J. Levine, “Sadness, the Architect of Cognitive Change,” в: The Function of Emotions, ed. Heather C. Lench (New York: Springer, 2018).

108

Kevin Au et al., “Mood in Foreign Exchange Trading: Cognitive Processes and Performance,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 91 (2003): 322–338.

109

Anton J. M. De Craen et al., “Placebos and Placebo Effects in Medicine: Historical Overview,” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 92 (1999): 511–515.

110

Leonard A. Cobb et al., “An Evaluation of Internal-Mammary-Artery Ligation by a Double-Blind Technic,” New England Journal of Medicine 260 (1959): 1115–1118; E. Dimond et al., “Comparison of Internal Mammary Artery Ligation and Sham Operation for Angina Pectoris,” American Journal of Cardiology 5 (1960): 483–486.

111

Rasha Al-Lamee et al., “Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Stable Angina (ORBITA): A Double-Blind, Randomised Controlled Trial,” Lancet 39 (2018): 31–40.

112

Gina Kolata, “‘Unbelievable’: Heart Stents Fail to Ease Chest Pain,” New York Times, 2 ноября 2017 г.

113

Michael Boiger and Batja Mesquita, “A Socio-dynamic Perspective on the Construction of Emotion,” в: The Psychological Construction of Emotions, ed. Lisa Feldman Barrett and James A. Russell (New York: Guilford Press, 2015), 377–398.

114

Rainer Reisenstein, “The Schachter Theory of Emotion: Two Decades Later,” Psychological Bulletin 94 (1983): 239–264; Randall L. Rose and Mandy Neidermeyer, “From Rudeness to Road Rage: The Antecedents and Consequences of Consumer Aggression,” в: Advances in Consumer Research, ed. Eric J. Arnould and Linda M. Scott (Provo, Utah: Association for Consumer Research, 1999), 12–17.

115

Рус. изд.: М.: Лайвбук, 2013, 2019. Пер. Ш. Мартыновой. – Примеч. переводчика.

116

Губернаторы встретились со своими законодательными собраниями в соответствующих столицах штатов (англ.).

117

Richard M. Warren, “Perceptual Restoration of Missing Speech Sounds,” Science, 23 января 1970 г., 392–393; Richard M. Warren and Roselyn P. Warren, “Auditory Illusions and Confusions,” Scientific American 223 (1970): 30–36.

118

Robin Goldstein et al., “Do More Expensive Wines Taste Better? Evidence from a Large Sample of Blind Tastings,” Journal of Wine Economics 3, № 1 (весна 2008 г.): 1–9.

119

William James, “The Physical Basis of Emotion,” Psychological Review 1 (1894): 516–529.

120

J. S. Feinstein et al., “Fear and Panic in Humans with Bilateral Amygdala Damage,” Nature Neuroscience 16 (2013): 270–272.

121

Lisa Feldman Barrett, “Variety Is the Spice of Life: A Psychological Construction Approach to Understanding Variability in Emotion,” Cognition and Emotion 23 (2009): 1284–1306.

122

Там же.

123

Boiger and Mesquita, “Socio-dynamic Perspective on the Construction of Emotion.”

124

R. I. Levy, Tahitians: Mind and Experience in the Society Islands (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1975).

125

James A. Russell, “Culture and the Categorization of Emotions,” Psychological Bulletin 110 (1991): 426; James A. Russell, “Natural Language Concepts of Emotion,” Perspectives in Personality 3 (1991): 119–137.

126

Ralph Adolphs et al., “What Is an Emotion?” Current Biology 29 (2019): R1060–R1064.

127

David Strege, “Elephant’s Road Rage Results in Fatality,” USA Today, 30 ноября 2018 г.

128

Peter Salovey and John D. Mayer, “Emotional Intelligence,” Imagination, Cognition, and Personality 9 (1990): 185–211.

129

Adam D. Galinsky et al., “Why It Pays to Get Inside the Head of Your Opponent: The Differential Effect of Perspective Taking and Empathy in Strategic Interactions,” Psychological Science 19 (2008): 378–384.

130

Diana I. Tamir and Jason P. Mitchell, “Disclosing Information About the Self Is Intrinsically Rewarding,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109 (2012): 8038–8043.

131

Русского эквивалента этому понятию нет – им обозначается человек, способный увидеть ситуацию с точки зрения другого человека.

132

Sophie Roberts, “You Can’t Eat It,” Sun, 16 мая 2017 г., www.thesun.co.uk.

133

Ella P. Lacey, “Broadening the Perspective of Pica: Literature Review,” Public Health Reports 105, № 1 (1990): 29.

134

Tom Lorenzo, “Michel Lotito: The Man Who Ate Everything,” CBS Local, 1 октября 2012 г., tailgatefan.cbslocal.com.

135

Junko Hara et al., “Genetic Ablation of Orexin Neurons in Mice Results in Narcolepsy, Hypophagia, and Obesity,” Neuron 30 (2001): 345–354.

136

Robert G. Heath, “Pleasure and Brain Activity in Man,” Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 154 (1972): 3–17.

137

О личной истории Хита можно почитать здесь: Robert Colville, “The ’Gay Cure’ Experiments That Were Written out of Scientific History,” Mosaic, 4 июля 2016 г., mosaicscience. com; Judith Hooper and Dick Teresi, The Three-Pound Universe (New York: Tarcher, 1991), 152–161; Christen O’Neal et al., “Dr. Robert G. Heath: A Controversial Figure in the History of Deep Brain Stimulation,” Neurosurgery Focus 43 (2017): 1–8; John Gardner, “A History of Deep Brain Stimulation: Technological Innovation and the Role of Clinical Assessment Tools,” Social Studies of Science 43 (2013): 707–728.

138

Dominik Gross and Gereon Schäfer, “Egas Moniz (1874–1955) and the ‘Invention’ of Modern Psychosurgery: A Historical and Ethical Reanalysis Under Special Consideration of Portuguese Original Sources,” Neurosurgical Focus 30, № 2 (2011): E8.

139

Elizabeth Johnston and Leah Olsson, The Feeling Brain: The Biology and Psychology of Emotions (New York: W. W. Norton, 2015), 125; Bryan Kolb and Ian Q. Whishaw, An Introducton to Brain and Behavior, 2^nded. (New York: Worth Publishers, 2004), 392–394; Patrick Anselme and Mike J. F. Robinson, “‘Wanting,’ ‘Liking,’ and Their Relation to Consciousness,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning and Cognition 42 (2016): 123–140.

140

Johnston and Olsson, Feeling Brain, 125.

141

#MeToo – популярный хештег в социальных сетях, широко распространившийся осенью 2017 г. по следам скандала с участием американского кинопродюсера Харви Уайнстина (р. 1952; в русскоязычных источниках обычно именуется Вайнштейном): в постах с таким хештегом женщины по всему миру рассказывали личные истории пережитых домогательств и насилия. – Примеч. переводчика.

142

Daniel H. Geschwind and Jonathan Flint, “Genetics and Genomics of Psychiatric Disease,” Science 349 (2015): 1489–1494; T. D. Cannon, “How Schizophrenia Develops: Cognitive and Brain Mechanisms Underlying Onset of Psychosis,” Trends in Cognitive Science 19 (2015): 744–756.

143

Peter Milner, “Peter M. Milner,” Society for Neuroscience, www.sfn.org.

144

Lauren A. O’Connell and Hans A. Hofmann, “The Vertebrate Mesolimbic Reward System and Social Behavior Network: A Comparative Synthesis,” Journal of Comparative Neurology 519 (2011): 3599–3639.

145

Anselme and Robinson, “‘Wanting,’ ‘Liking,’ and Their Relation to Consciousness,” 123–140.

146

Amy Fleming, “The Science of Craving,” Economist, 7 мая 2015 г.; Anselme and Robinson, “‘Wanting,’ ‘Liking,’ and Their Relation to Consciousness.”

147

Kent C. Berridge, “Measuring Hedonic Impact in Animals and Infants: Microstructure of Affective Taste Reactivity Patterns,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 24 (2000): 173–198.

148

Обзор ранних работ и взглядов Берриджа см. в: Terry E. Robinson and Kent C. Berridge, “The Neural Basis of Drug Craving: An Incentive-Sensitization Theory of Addiction,” Brain Research Reviews 18 (1993): 247–291.

149

Kent C. Berridge and Elliot S. Valenstein, “What Psychological Process Mediates Feeding Evoked by Electrical Stimulation of the Lateral Hypothalamus?” Behavioral Neuroscience 105 (1991).

150

Anselme and Robinson, “‘Wanting,’ ‘Liking,’ and Their Relation to Consciousness,” 123–140; см. также вебсайт Берриджа и: Johnston and Olsson, Feeling Brain, 123–143.

151

Обзор см. в: Kent C. Berridge and Morten L. Kringelbach, “Neuroscience of Affect: Brain Mechanisms of Pleasure and Displeasure,” Current Opinion in Neurobiology 23 (2013): 294–303; Anselme and Robinson, “‘Wanting,’ ‘Liking,’ and Their Relation to Consciousness,” 123–140.

152

Ab Litt, Uzma Khan, and Baba Shiv, “Lusting While Loathing: Parallel Counterdriving of Wanting and Liking,” Psychological Science 21, № 1 (2010): 118–125, dx.doi.org/10.1177/0956797609355633.

153

M. J. F. Robinson et al., “Roles of ‘Wanting’ and ‘Liking’ in Motivating Behavior: Gambling, Food, and Drug Addictions,” в: Behavioral Neuroscience of Motivation, eds. Eleanor H. Simpson and Peter D. Balsam (New York: Springer, 2016), 105–36.

154

Xianchi Dai, Ping Dong, and Jayson S. Jia, “When Does Playing Hard to Get Increase Romantic Attraction?” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 143 (2014): 521.

155

The History of Xenophon, пер. Henry Graham Dakyns (New York: Tandy-Thomas, 1909), 4:64–71.

156

Fleming, “Science of Craving.”

157

Anselme and Robinson, “‘Wanting,’ ‘Liking,’ and Their Relation to Consciousness,” 123–140.

158

Wilhelm Hofmann et al., “Desire and Desire Regulation,” в: The Psychology of Desire, ed. Wilhelm Hofmann and Loran F. Nordgren (New York: Guilford Press, 2015).

159

Центр удовольствия получает дофаминовый сигнал от вентральной области покрышки. Все наркотики воздействуют на «мезолимбический дофаминовый путь» от вентральной области покрышки в центр удовольствия.

160

Anselme and Robinson, “‘Wanting,’ ‘Liking,’ and Their Relation to Consciousness,” 123–140; Todd Love et al., “Neuroscience of Internet Pornography Addiction: A Review and Update,” Behavioral Sciences 5, № 3 (2015): 388–433.

161

Morten Kringelbach, Kent Berridge, “Motivation and Pleasure in the Brain,” в: Hofmann and Nordgren, Psychology of Desire.

162

Около 75 кг.

163

Wendy Foulds Mathes et al., “The Biology of Binge Eating,” Appetite 52 (2009): 545–553.

164

“Sara Lee Corp.,” Advertising Age, сентябрь 2003 г., adage.com.

165

Paul M. Johnson and Paul J. Kenny, “Addiction-Like Reward Dysfunction and Compulsive Eating in Obese Rats: Role for Dopamine D2 Receptors,” Nature Neuroscience 13 (2010): 635.

166

Для справки: классический нью-йоркский чизкейк «Сара Ли» содержит сливочный мягкий сыр, сахар, яйца, обогащенную муку, кукурузный сироп с высоким содержанием фруктозы, частично гидрогенизированное растительное масло (соевое и/или хлопковое), декстрозу, мальтодекстрин, непросеянную пшеничную муку, воду, забродившее обезжиренное молоко, сливки, кукурузный крахмал, обезжиренное молоко, соль, разрыхлитель (дигидропирофосфат натрия, пищевую соду, дигидроортофосфат кальция, сульфат кальция), модифицированный кукурузный или тапиоковый крахмал, камедь (ксантановую, рожкового дерева, гуаровую), ванилин, патоку, корицу, каррагинан, хлорид кальция, соевую муку.

167

Michael Moss, “The Extraordinary Science of Addictive Junk Food,” New York Times, 20 февраля 2013 г.

168

Ashley N. Gearhardt et al., “The Addiction Potential of Hyperpalatable Foods,” Current Drug Abuse Reviews 4 (2011): 140–145.

169

Robinson et al., “Roles of ‘Wanting’ and ‘Liking’ in Motivating Behavior.”

170

Bernard Le Foll et al., “Genetics of Dopamine Receptors and Drug Addiction: A Comprehensive Review,” Behavioural Pharmacology 20 (2009): 1–17.

171

Nikolaas Tinbergen, The Study of Instinct (New York: Oxford University Press, 1951); Deirdre Barrett, Supernormal Stimuli: How Primal Urges Overran Their Evolutionary Purpose (New York: W. W. Norton, 2010).

172

Gearhardt et al., “Addiction Potential of Hyperpalatable Foods.”

173

Moss, “Extraordinary Science of Addictive Junk Food.”

174

K. M. Flegal et al., “Estimating Deaths Attributable to Obesity in the United States,” American Journal of Public Health 94 (2004): 1486–1489.

175

Этот рассказ составлен по материалам из: John Johnson and Bill Long, Tyson-Douglas: The Inside Story of the Upset of the Century (Lincoln, Neb.: Potomac Books, 2008), и Joe Layden, The Last Great Fight: The Extraordinary Tale of Two Men and How One Fight Changed Their Lives Forever (New York: Macmillan, 2008); Martin Domin, “Buster Douglas Reveals His Mum Was the Motivation for Mike Tyson Upset as Former World Champion Recalls Fight 25 Years On,” Mail Online, 11 февраля 2015 г., www.dailymail.co.uk.

176

Muhammad Ali, The Greatest: My Own Story, with Richard Durham (New York: Random House, 1975).

177

Martin Fritz Huber, “A Brief History of the Sub-4-Minute Mile,” Outside, 9 июня 2017 г., www.outsideonline.com.

178

Уильям Шекспир, «Гамлет», акт 3, сцена 1. [Цит. по пер. П. Гнедича. – Примеч. перев.]

179

David D. Daly and J. Grafton Love, “Akinetic Mutism,” Neurology 8 (1958).

180

William W. Seeley et al., “Dissociable Intrinsic Connectivity Networks for Salience Processing and Executive Control,” Journal of Neuroscience 27 (2007): 2349–2356.

181

Emily Singer, “Inside a Brain Circuit, the Will to Press On,” Quanta Magazine, 5 декабря 2013 г., www.quantamagazine.org.

182

Josef Parvizi et al., “The Will to Persevere Induced by Electrical Stimulation of the Human Cingulate Gyrus,” Neuron 80 (2013): 1259–1367.

183

Singer, “Inside a Brain Circuit, the Will to Press On.”

184

Erno J. Hermans et al., “Stress-Related Noradrenergic Activity Prompts Large-Scale Neural Network Reconfiguration,” Science 334 (2011): 1151–1153; Andrea N. Goldstein and Matthew P. Walker, “The Role of Sleep in Emotional Brain Function,” Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 10 (2014): 679–708.

185

Tingting Zhou et al., “History of Winning Remodels Thalamo-PFC Circuit to Reinforce Social Dominance,” Science 357 (2017): 162–168.

186

См., напр.: M. C. Pensel et al., “Executive Control Processes Are Associated with Individual Fitness Outcomes Following Regular Exercise Training: Blood Lactate Profile Curves and Neuroimaging Findings,” Science Reports 8 (2018): 4893; S. F. Sleiman et al., “Exercise Promotes the Expression of Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) Through the Action of the Ketone Body β-hydroxybutyrate,” eLife 5 (2016): e15092.

187

BDNF (англ. brain-derived neurotrophic factor, мозговой нейротрофический, или нейротропный, фактор) – белок человека, кодируемый геном BDNF; этот белок относится к нейротрофинам – веществам, стимулирующим и поддерживающим развитие нейронов. – Примеч. перев.

188

Y. Y. Tang et al., “Brief Meditation Training Induces Smoking Reduction,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 110 (2013): 13971–12975.

189

Robert S. Marin, Ruth C. Biedrzycki, and Sekip Firinciogullari, “Reliability and Validity of the Apathy Evaluation Scale,” Psychiatry Research 38 (1991): 143–162; Robert S. Marin and Patricia A. Wilkosz, “Disorders of Diminished Motivation,” Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation 20 (2005): 377–388; Brendan J. Guercio, “The Apathy Evaluation Scale: A Comparison of Subject, Informant, and Clinician Report in Cognitively Normal Elderly and Mild Cognitive Impairment,” Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease 47 (2015): 421–432; Richard Levy and Bruno Dubois, “Apathy and the Functional Anatomy of the Prefrontal Cortex – Basal Ganglia Circuits,” Cerebral Cortex 16 (2006): 916–928.

190

Goldstein and Walker, “Role of Sleep in Emotional Brain Function.”

191

Там же.

192

Matthew Walker, Why We Sleep: Unlocking the Power of Sleep and Dreams (New York: Scribner, 2017), 204.

193

См., напр.: Richard J. Davidson, “Well-Being and Affective Style: Neural Substrates and Biobehavioural Correlates,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences 359 (2004): 1395–1411.

194

Mary K. Rothbart, “Temperament, Development, and Personality,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 16 (2007): 207–212.

195

Richard J. Davidson and Sharon Begley, The Emotional Life of Your Brain (New York: Plume, 2012), 97–102.

196

Greg Miller, “The Seductive Allure of Behavioral Epigenetics,” Science 329 (2010): 24–29.

197

Приведенные опросники не проходили профессиональной адаптации на русскоязычных выборках и не подготовлены для серьезной психологической диагностики.

198

June Price Tangney and Ronda L. Dearing, Shame and Guilt (New York: Guilford Press, 2002), 207–214.

199

См., напр., результаты в контрольной группе в: Giorgio Coricelli, Elena Rusconi, and Marie Claire Villeval, “Tax Evasion and Emotions: An Empirical Test of Re-integrative Shaming Theory,” Journal of Economic Psychology 40 (2014): 49–61; Jessica R. Peters and Paul J. Geiger, “Borderline Personality Disorder and Self-Conscious Affect: Too Much Shame but Not Enough Guilt?” Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment 7, № 3 (2016): 303; Kristian L. Alton, “Exploring the Guilt-Proneness of Non-traditional Students” (магистерская диссертация, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale, 2012); Nicolas Rüsch et al., “Measuring Shame and Guilt by Self-Report Questionnaires: A Validation Study,” Psychiatry Research 150, № 3 (2007): 313–325.

200

Tangney and Dearing, Shame and Guilt.

201

См., напр.: Souheil Hallit et al., “Validation of the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and State Trait Anxiety Inventory A and B in Arabic Among the Lebanese Population,” Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health 7 (2019): 464–470; Ana Carolina Monnerat Fioravanti-Bastos, Elie Cheniaux, and J. Landeira-Fernandez, “Development and Validation of a Short-Form Version of the Brazilian State-Trait Anxiety Inventory,” Psicologia: Reflexo e Crtica 24 (2011): 485–494.

202

Konstantinos N. Fountoulakis et al., “Reliability and Psychometric Properties of the Greek Translation of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Form Y: Preliminary Data,” Annals of General Psychiatry 5, № 2 (2006): 6.

203

См., напр. там же: Tracy A. Dennis, “Interactions Between Emotion Regulation Strategies and Affective Style: Implications for Trait Anxiety Versus Depressed Mood,” Motivation and Emotion 31 (2007): 203.

204

Arnold H. Buss and Mark Perry, “The Aggression Questionnaire,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63 (1992): 452–459.

205

Judith Orloff, Emotional Freedom (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2009), 346.

206

Peter Hills and Michael Argyle, “The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: Compact Scale for the Measurement of Psychological Well-Being,” Personality and Individual Differences 33 (2002): 1073–1082.

207

Средние баллы в Оксфордском опроснике счастья оказались удивительно сходными с теми, какие обнаружились в исследованиях среди людей разных профессий по всему земному шару.

208

См., напр.: Ellen Chung, Vloreen Nity Mathew, and Geetha Subramaniam, “In the Pursuit of Happiness: The Role of Personality,” International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences 9 (2019): 10–19; Nicole Hadjiloucas and Julie M. Fagan, “Measuring Happiness and Its Effect on Health in Individuals That Share Their Time and Talent While Participating in ‘Time Banking’” (2014); Madeline Romaniuk, Justine Evans, and Chloe Kidd, “Evaluation of an Equine-Assisted Therapy Program for Veterans Who Identify as ‘Wounded, Injured, or Ill’ and Their Partners,” PLoS One 13 (2018); Leslie J. Francis and Giuseppe Crea, “Happiness Matters: Exploring the Linkages Between Personality, Personal Happiness, and Work-Related Psychological Health Among Priests and Sisters in Italy,” Pastoral Psychology 67 (2018): 17–32; Mandy Robbins, Leslie J. Francis, and Bethan Edwards, “Prayer, Personality, and Happiness: A Study Among Undergraduate Students in Wales,” Mental Health, Religion, and Culture 11 (2008): 93–99.

209

Ed Diener et al., “Happiness of the Very Wealthy,” Social Indicators Research 16 (1985): 263–274.

210

Kennon M. Sheldon and Sonja Lyubomirsky, “Revisiting the Sustainable Happiness Model and Pie Chart: Can Happiness Be Successfully Pursued?” Journal of Positive Psychology (2019): 1–10.

211

Sonja Lyubomirsky, The How of Happiness: A Scientific Approach to Getting the Life You Want (New York: Penguin Press, 2008).

212

R. Chris Fraley, “Information on the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised (ECR-R) Adult Attachment Questionnaire,” labs.psychology.illinois.edu.

213

Semir Zeki, “The Neurobiology of Love,” FEBS Letters 581 (2007): 2575–2579.

214

T. Joel Wade, Gretchen Auer, and Tanya M. Roth, “What Is Love: Further Investigation of Love Acts,” Journal of Social, Evolutionary, and Cultural Psychology 3 (2009): 290.

215

Piotr Sorokowski et al., “Love Influences Reproductive Success in Humans,” Frontiers in Psychology 8 (2017): 1922.

216

Jeremy Axelrod, “Philip Larkin: ‘An Arundel Tomb,’” www.poetryfoundation.org.

217

Robert E. Bartholomew et al., “Mass Psychogenic Illness and the Social Network: Is It Changing the Pattern of Outbreaks?” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 105 (2012): 509–512; Donna M. Goldstein and Kira Hall, “Mass Hysteria in Le Roy, New York,” American Ethologist 42 (2015): 640–657; Susan Dominus, “What Happened to the Girls in Le Roy,” New York Times, 7 марта 2012 г.

218

L. L. Langness, “Hysterical Psychosis: The Cross-Cultural Evidence,” American Journal of Psychiatry 124 (август 1967 г.): 143–152.

219

Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759; New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1966). [Адам Смит, «Теория нравственных чувств», цит. по пер. А. Грязнова. – Примеч. перев.]

220

Frederique de Vignemont and Tania Singer, “The Empathic Brain: How, When, and Why?” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 10 (2006): 435–441.

221

Elaine Hatfield et al., “Primitive Emotional Contagion,” Review of Personality and Social Psychology 14 (1992): 151–177.

222

W. S. Condon and W. D. Ogston, “Sound Film Analysis of Normal and Pathological Behavior Patterns,” Journal of Nervous Mental Disorders 143 (1966): 338–347.

223

James H. Fowler and Nicholas A. Christakis, “Dynamic Spread of Happiness in a Large Social Network: Longitudinal Analysis over 20 Years in the Framingham Heart Study,” BMJ 337 (2008): a2338.

224

Adam D. I. Kramer, Jamie E. Guillory, and Jeffrey T. Hancock, “Experimental Evidence of Massive-Scale Emotional Contagion Through Social Networks,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111 (2014): 8788–8790.

225

Emilio Ferrara and Zeyao Yang, “Measuring Emotional Contagion in Social Media,” PLoS One 10 (2015): e0142390.

226

Allison A. Appleton and Laura D. Kubzansky, “Emotion Regulation and Cardiovascular Disease Risk,” в: Handbook of Emotion Regulation, ed. J. J. Gross (New York: Guilford Press, 2014), 596–612.

227

James Stockdale, “Tranquility, Fearlessness, and Freedom” (лекция в Школе командного состава морских десантных сил в Куантико, Вирджиния, 18 апреля 1995 г.); “Vice Admiral James Stockdale,” некролог, Guardian, 7 июля 2005 г.

228

Epictetus, The Enchiridion (New York: Dover, 2004), 6. [Эпиктет, «Энхиридион. Краткое руководство к нравственной жизни», XIV, § 2. Цит. по пер. А. Тыжова. – Примеч. перев.]

229

Там же, I, § 5.

230

J. McMullen et al., “Acceptance Versus Distraction: Brief Instructions, Metaphors, and Exercises in Increasing Tolerance for Self-Delivered Electric Shocks,” Behavior Research and Therapy 46 (2008): 122–129.

231

Amit Etkin et al., “The Neural Bases of Emotion Regulation,” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 16 (2015): 693–700.

232

Grace E. Giles et al., “Cognitive Reappraisal Reduces Perceived Exertion During Endurance Exercise,” Motivation and Emotion 42 (2018): 482–496.

233

Mark Fenton-O’Creevy et al., “Thinking, Feeling, and Deciding: The Influence of Emotions on the Decision Making and Performance of Traders,” Journal of Organizational Behavior 32 (2010): 1044–1061.

234

Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2011).

235

Matthew D. Lieberman et al., “Subjective Responses to Emotional Stimuli During Labeling, Reappraisal, and Distraction,” Emotion 11 (2011): 468–480.

236

Andrew Reiner, “Teaching Men to Be Emotionally Honest,” New York Times, 4 апреля 2016 г.

237

Matthew D. Lieberman et al., “Putting Feelings into Words,” Psychological Science 18 (2007): 421–428.

238

Rui Fan et al., “The Minute-Scale Dynamics of Online Emotions Reveal the Effects of Affect Labeling,” Nature Human Behaviour 3 (2019): 92.

239

VADER (Valence Aware Dictionary for Sentiment Reasoning) – букв. «Словарь осознавания валентности для осмысления умонастроения»; обыгрывается имя Дарта Вейдера, главного злодея в кинофраншизе «Звездные войны». – Примеч. перев.

240

Уильям Шекспир, «Макбет», акт 4, сцена 3. [Цит. по пер. А. Радловой. – Примеч. перев.]

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